Tolerability and safety of galcanezumab in patients with chronic cluster headache with up to 15 months of galcanezumab treatment

Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of eptinezumab in chronic cluster headache (CHRONICLE): an open-label safety trial

BACKGROUND

Chronic cluster headache is an uncommon but highly debilitating primary headache disorder characterised by excruciating head pain recurring in daily attacks and without remission periods longer than 3 months. Treatment is challenging due to the few strategies available. Eptinezumab, approved for migraine prevention, is a humanised monoclonal antibody that targets calcitonin gene-related peptide, which has been implicated in the pathophysiology of cluster headaches. The CHRONICLE trial evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of eptinezumab for the treatment of chronic cluster headache.

METHODS

CHRONICLE was a 60-week, open-label, fixed-dose trial conducted in 28 specialist headache centres in nine countries (Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, the UK, and the USA). Participants were aged 18-75 years with a diagnosis of chronic cluster headache according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Eptinezumab 400 mg was administered intravenously every 12 weeks. The primary objective was to evaluate the long-term safety and tolerability of eptinezumab by assessing treatment-emergent adverse events. The efficacy of eptinezumab was assessed by attack frequency, pain severity, and patient-reported outcomes. CHRONICLE is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05064397) and EudraCT (2020-001968-28) and is completed.

FINDINGS

From Sept 17, 2021, to June 29, 2023, 131 participants were enrolled and treated, of whom 108 (82%) completed the trial. The participants were primarily male (n=84 [64%]), with a mean age of 45·2 years (SD 10·8), and a mean time since diagnosis of 7·3 years (5·8). Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 106 participants (81%), with few leading to treatment withdrawal (four participants) or infusion interruption (one participant). The three most common treatment-emergent adverse events were COVID-19 (n=29; 22%), nasopharyngitis (n=24; 18%), and fatigue (n=23; 18%, most commonly on the first day of infusion). There were no treatment-related serious adverse events and no deaths during the trial. Consistent improvements in attack frequency, pain severity, and patient-reported outcomes were observed.

INTERPRETATION

Eptinezumab was generally well tolerated in participants with chronic cluster headache, with a similar safety profile as previously seen in participants with migraine. Although clinical efficacy over 12 months was observed, randomised controlled trials (when feasible) or trials with an innovative design are needed to confirm the clinical relevance of these observations.

FUNDING

H Lundbeck A/S.

Current and Novel Therapies for Cluster Headache: A Narrative Review

Cluster headache (CH) is an excruciating and debilitating primary headache disorder. The prevalence is up to 1.3%, and the typical onset is around age 30. Often misdiagnosed as migraine, particularly in children, the diagnosis rate of CH has been increasing among women. CH is characterized by intense unilateral pain and autonomic symptoms, significantly impacting patients' quality of life, mental health, and productivity.Genetic associations suggest a familial risk for developing CH, with lifestyle factors also potentially playing a role. The pathophysiology involves alterations in both central and peripheral nervous system, with the hypothalamus, trigeminocervical complex, and neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) being implicated.Nonpharmacological treatments focus on patient education and lifestyle modifications, while pharmacological treatments include acute therapies such as oxygen and subcutaneous or nasal sumatriptan, as well as preventive therapies like verapamil, lithium, and CGRP monoclonal antibodies. Transitional options include oral corticosteroids and greater occipital nerve injections. Emerging interventional procedures offer new avenues for managing refractory cases. Noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation and occipital nerve stimulation show promise for both acute and preventive treatment. Careful consideration of safety profiles is crucial in specific populations such as pregnant patients and children.Current treatments still leave patients highly burdened by limited efficacy and side effects. Future research continues to explore novel pharmacological targets, interventional procedures, and the potential role of psychedelics in CH management. Comprehensive, multifaceted treatment strategies are essential to improve the daily functioning and quality of life for individuals with CH.

Efficacy and safety of galcanezumab for cluster headache preventive treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Galcanezumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting the CGRP pathway and represents the latest disease-specific and mechanism-based therapeutic option for cluster headache (CH).

OBJECTIVE

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of galcanezumab for CH.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for studies implementing galcanezumab for episodic and chronic CH. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Reporting Guidelines for Meta-analyses of Observational Studies (MOOSE) guidelines. The primary outcome was efficacy, defined by a reduction from the baseline of at least 50% in the weekly frequency of CH attacks and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement scale (PGI-I). Secondary outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious adverse events (SAEs).

RESULTS

A total of 504 patients were included from 6 studies, of which 2 were RCTs. The follow-up period ranged from 3 weeks to 15 months. The mean age was 44.4 ± 10.2 years, with 24.4% female patients. Overall efficacy was 76.0% (95% CI 0.67-0.85), TEAEs were observed in 48.0% of patients (95% CI 0.25-0.72), and the most common were nasopharyngitis, local injection pain, and local injection swelling. TEAEs were, however, considerably higher within the 300 mg dose group compared with the 240 mg dose group, 80.0% (95% CI 0.65-0.87) versus 28.0% (95% CI 0.12-0.47), respectively.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggests that galcanezumab is effective in reducing the number of CH attacks and can be considered a safe medication.

Managing Cluster Headache in Patients with Medical, Psychiatric, and Surgical Comorbidities

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

What should a provider know about medications and other treatments in patients with cluster headache who have medical, psychiatric, and surgical comorbidities? What conversations should providers have with patients about living with and managing cluster headache?

RECENT FINDINGS

While the number of treatments used in cluster headache is relatively small, numerous considerations were identified related to managing patients with comorbidities. Many of these touch on cardiac, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular health, but full histories are needed to guide safe and effective treatment. Both older and newer treatments may be contraindicated in certain patients with cluster headache or should be considered carefully. In addition to incorporating medical, psychiatric, and surgical histories in the management plan, collaboration with other providers may be beneficial. Providers should also inquire about patient practices and discuss participation in clinical trials that might be a good fit for the individual.

Galcanezumab add-on in refractory cluster headache. A case series

Cluster headache (CH), a highly disabling condition, lacks disease-specific, mechanism-based prophylactic treatment. Galganezumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the calcitonin gene-related peptide, reduced the weekly attacks of CH in one randomized, placebo-controlled trial for the prevention of episodic CH (eCH), but this effect was not detected in people with chronic CH (cCH). In this case series, we systematically monitored the efficacy and safety outcomes of adjunctive therapy in 11 people with refractory CH (failure of ≥ 3 prophylactic treatments; eCH n = 5, cCH, n = 6) who received galcanezumab (120-360 mg monthly) for 3 consecutive months. All participants received intermediate treatment with oral steroids or a great occipital nerve block ≥ 2 months before starting galcanezumab treatment. After galcanezumab treatment, the average number of weekly CH attacks and weekly days with any symptomatic treatment for CH decreased significantly from 16.0 ± 9.4 and 6.50 ± 3.59 before treatment to 1.8 ± 1.32 (p = 0.002) and 1.8 ± 3.36 (p = 0.001) at month 3 of treatment, respectively. Two participants with cCH showed no change in the number of attacks with galcanezumab. No serious adverse events were recorded. These data, along with those of previous real-world reports, suggest that galcanezumab may help people with refractory CH as an add-on treatment.

Cluster Headache, SUNCT, and SUNA

OBJECTIVE

This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management of three types of trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias: cluster headache (the most common), short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT), and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with cranial autonomic symptoms (SUNA).

LATEST DEVELOPMENTS

The first-line treatments for trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias have not changed in recent years: cluster headache is managed with oxygen, triptans, and verapamil, and SUNCT and SUNA are managed with lamotrigine. However, new successful clinical trials of high-dose prednisone, high-dose galcanezumab, and occipital nerve stimulation provide additional options for patients with cluster headache. Furthermore, new genetic and imaging tests in patients with cluster headache hold promise for a better understanding of its pathophysiology.

ESSENTIAL POINTS

The trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias are a group of diseases that appear similar to each other and other headache disorders but have important differences. Proper diagnosis is crucial for proper treatment.

Efficacy and safety of galcanezumab as chronic cluster headache preventive treatment under real world conditions: Observational prospective study

BACKGROUND

Calcitonin gene-related peptide has shown to play a central role in cluster headache (CH) pathophysiology. A clinical trial with galcanezumab was carried out in chronic cluster headache (CCH) but did not meet its primay endpoint. However, its off-label use in patients with CCH refractory to other therapies could be considered. We aimed to asses the efficacy and safety of galcanezumab as CCH preventive treatment in a real-life setting.

METHODS

An observational study was conducted. Patients with CCH who received at least one dose of 240 mg of galcanezumab.

RESULTS

Twenty-one patients who tried a mean of 6.3 ± 1.9 preventive therapies, including onabotulinumtoxinA in 90.5%. At baseline, the median of frequency was 60 (37.5-105) monthly attacks with 10 (8.3-10) points in pain intensity (Numerical Rating Scale). After one month, the frequency decreased to 31 (10.5-45) (p = 0.003) with 8.5 (8-9.5) intensity (p = 0.007); 10 (47.6%) patients were 50% responders of whom four (19%) were 75% responders. Of the 15 patients with 3 months of follow-up, seven (46.6%) reduced their frequency by 50% and four (26.6%) by 75%, with 40 (10-60) monthly attacks (p = 0.07) and pain intensity of 8 (5-10) (p = 0.026). Some 52% patients experienced adverse events, mostly mild.

CONCLUSIONS

In our cohort of refractory CCH, galcanezumab was effective in almost 50% of patients. This finding supports individual off-label treatment attempts.

Cardiovascular Adverse Drug Reactions of Anti-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Monoclonal Antibodies for Migraine Prevention: An Analysis from the European Spontaneous Adverse Event Reporting System

INTRODUCTION

Anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (anti-CGRP-mAbs) have recently been approved for the prevention of migraine, and their safety profile is not fully characterized.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of anti-CGRP-mAbs through the analysis of individual case safety reports (ICSRs) collected in the EudraVigilance (EV) database, with a specific focus on cardiovascular (CV) ADRs.

METHODS

Data on ICSRs recorded between July 2018 and December 2022 in the EV database, involving one of the anti-CGRP-mAbs for migraine prevention-erenumab (ERE), galcanezumab (GMB), fremanezumab (FMB), and eptinezumab (EPT)-were included in the analysis. All ICSRs reporting at least one CV ADR, as identified within the MedDRA® System Organ Classes (SOCs) "cardiac disorders" or "vascular disorders," were selected for the analysis. The frequency of disproportionate reporting was expressed as the reporting odds ratio (ROR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI), to evaluate the frequency of reporting of CV ADRs for each anti-CGRP-mAb compared with all other monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A case-by-case analysis was conducted paying particular attention to serious CV ADR reports, focusing on the type of seriousness, age group, sex, and concomitant drugs.

RESULTS

A total of 9441 ICSRs were recorded in the EV database from 2018 to 2022, of which more than half were related to ERE (58.9%), followed by GMB (21.4%), FMB (19.0%), and EPT (0.7%). CV ICSRs accounted for 1205 cases (12.8%), with a total of 1599 CV ADRs. The CV ICSRs were mainly related to female patients (82.6%) aged 18-64 years (73.4%). Of the reported CV ADRs, 67.5% were considered serious. Among the total number of ICSRs related to each anti-CGRP-mAb, those associated with FMB had a higher percentage of CV ADRs (n = 253; 14.1%), followed by ERE (n = 707; 12.7%), EPT (n = 8; 12.7%), and GMB (n = 237; 11.7%). A higher frequency of reporting hypertension was shown for ERE (ROR = 1.45; 95% CI = 1.14-1.85). Pallor was mainly observed with FMB (5.00; 1.68-14.89), as well as deep vein thrombosis (3.86; 1.57-9.51), hot flush (2.16; 1.43-3.25), and palpitations (1.48; 1.05-2.08). Atrial fibrillation (2.36; 1.02-5.46) and myocardial infarction (2.21; 1.37-3.58) were mostly reported for GMB.

CONCLUSION

The analysis of anti-CGRP-related CV ADRs was consistent with the information reported in the literature. However, hypertension with ERE, atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction with GMB, as well as pallor, deep vein thrombosis, hot flush, and palpitations with FMB were not reported in the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPCs). Considering this, more post-marketing analyses are needed to improve knowledge on the CV safety profiles of anti-CGRP-mAbs, especially for the last approved medication, EPT.

Supporting the Young Adulthood Transitions in Women With Migraine

Migraine is a painful neurological disorder that disproportionately affects women and has a significant impact on quality of life. This article summarizes the critical role of women's health nurses in supporting young adult women with migraine during major life transitions. Nurses can advocate for workplace or school disability accommodations for women with migraine. Nurses can also support young adult women with migraine by providing education about available treatment that becomes available after an individual's 18th birthday. Women's health nurses can also provide counseling on healthy lifestyle habits to sustain through life transitions, such as guidance on safe alcohol consumption and wellness approaches to migraine management. Through these interventions, women's health nurses can help women with migraine to succeed personally, professionally, and academically while effectively managing migraine symptoms.

Cluster headache: state of the art in treatment

Cluster headache (CH) is the most common and devastating autonomic headache with multiple and recent advances in treatment. However, it usually goes unrecognized and is found to have a delayed and inappropriate treatment. This paper aims to review the current therapeutic options for patients with CH. We conducted a narrative literature review on the treatments available for this condition using the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) classification of therapeutic evidence. We found effective and safe pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies with heterogeneity of clinical trial designs for patients with CH, and they are divided into three phases, namely, transitional, acute, and preventive interventions. Prednisone (A) is the most studied treatment in the transitional phase; acute attacks are treated using triptans (A), oxygen (A), and non-invasive transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (A). Verapamil (A) and monoclonal antibodies (possible A) are considered the first options in preventive treatments, followed by multiple pharmacological and non-pharmacological options in prophylactic treatments. In conclusion, numerous effective and safe treatments are available in treating patients with episodic, chronic, and pharmacoresistant CH according to the clinical profile of each patient.

Efficacy and safety of galcanezumab as a treatment of refractory episodic and chronic cluster headache: Case series and narrative review

BACKGROUND

Galcanezumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), has demonstrated clinical benefit as a preventive treatment of episodic cluster headache (ECH) but not in chronic cluster headache (CCH) to this date. Our objective was to analyze our clinical experience of the compassionate use of galcanezumab in cluster headache and to conduct a narrative review of the published literature.

METHODS

We present a case series of patients with refractory ECH and CCH treated with 240 mg galcanezumab monthly in an outpatient headache clinic. We recorded epidemiologic and clinical data and analyzed the disease evolution after 3 and 6 months. The review was performed following the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

RESULTS

We included three patients with ECH who were treated during a refractory cluster bout (mean duration of 83.7 days since the first attack, range 46.0-105.0 days) and six patients with CCH who had a high frequency of attacks (mean 35.8 attacks/week, range 7-56) and refractory to a mean of 5.2 preventive treatments (range, 3-9). In the CCH group, >50% frequency reduction was seen in 83% (5/6 patients) and the number of attacks per week showed a mean reduction of -24.2 at month 3 (range, -6 to -49) and -27.6 at month 6 (range, -7 to -49). In the ECH group, the bout ended a mean 17.3 days (range, 10-28) after galcanezumab administration. One third of patients reported mild adverse events, none of them leading to discontinuation.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, our clinical experience supports the use of galcanezumab in patients with refractory cluster headache. These results might encourage the possibility of continuing clinical development with randomized controlled trials of anti-CGRP treatments in patients with cluster headache.

Real-world experience with 240 mg of galcanezumab for the preventive treatment of cluster headache

Background

Galcanezumab of 300 mg monthly is the FDA approved preventive medication for cluster headache (CH) during the cluster period. Compared to the 120 mg galcanezumab syringe for the treatment of migraines, the 100 mg syringe for CH has globally not been as widely available. The aim of our study was to investigate the preventive efficacy and tolerability of two 120 mg galcanezumab doses for episodic CH in clinical practices.

Methods

We evaluated patients with CH who received at least 1 dose of 240 mg (2 prefilled syringe of 120 mg) of galcanezumab in the 3 university hospitals from February 2020 to September 2021. In the patients with episodic CH, the efficacy and safety data of galcanezumab were analyzed regarding to the presence of the conventional preventive therapy at the timing of therapy of galcanezumab. The data of other subtypes of CH were separately described.

Results

In 47 patients with episodic CH, galcanezumab was started median 18 days after the onset of current bout (range 1–62 days) and 4 patients (10.8%) received second dose of galcanezumab. The median time to the first occurrence of 100% reduction from baseline in CH attacks per week after galcanezumab therapy was 17 days (25% to 75% quartile range: 5.0 ~ 29.5) in all patients with episodic CH, 15.5 days (3.8 ~ 22.1) in 36 patients with galcanezumab therapy add-on conventional preventive therapy, 21.0 days (12.0 ~ 31.5) in 11 patients started galcanezumab as initial preventive therapy. Among 33 patients with headache diary, the proportion of patients with 50% or more reduction in weekly CH attacks at week 3 from baseline were 78.8%. There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients with a reduction of at least 50% in weekly frequency of CH attacks at week 3 between 24 patients received galcanezumab therapy add-on conventional preventive therapy and 9 patient who received initial galcanezumab therapy. (83.3%, vs 66.7%, p = 0.36). There were no significant differences in proportion of “very much better or “much better” between 36 patients received galcanezumab therapy add-on conventional preventive therapy and 11 patient who received initial GT (86.1%, vs 63.6%, p = 0.18).

Conclusion

One 240 mg dose of galcanezumab with/without conventional therapy for the prevention of CH is considered effective and safe in clinical practices, as seen in the clinical trial of galcanezumab.

Long-term open-label safety study of galcanezumab in patients with episodic or chronic cluster headache

BACKGROUND

CGAR, a Phase 3b open-label study, evaluated the long-term safety of galcanezumab in patients with cluster headache who completed one of two Phase 3 double-blind studies in chronic or episodic cluster headache.

METHODS

Patients (N = 164) received galcanezumab 300 mg subcutaneously up to once a month. Primary endpoint was safety, as assessed by treatment-emergent adverse events, serious adverse events, and suicidality. Other endpoints included discontinuation rates, immunogenicity, efficacy as assessed by the Patient Global Impression of Improvement, and health values.

RESULTS

At baseline, mean (standard deviation) age was 48.3 (9.8) years, 75.0% were men, and 85.4% were white. Treatment-emergent adverse events (n = 119 [72.6%]) were mostly mild-to-moderate, with nasopharyngitis the most commonly reported (22.0%). One of 18 serious adverse events was judged as treatment related (constipation). Two patients (1.2%) reported suicidal ideation. Five patients (3.1%) discontinued due to an adverse event. Eight patients were treatment-emergent anti-drug antibody positive, two of whom were not treatment-emergent anti-drug antibody positive in the parent studies. On the Patient Global Impression of Improvement, ≥81% reported their cluster headache status as very much, much, or a little better at Months 1, 6, and 12. Health value scores generally improved from baseline.

CONCLUSIONS

In this open-label study, galcanezumab was generally well tolerated and improved patient-reported cluster headache status.Trial registration number: NCT02797951; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02797951.

[Galcanezumab for episodic and chronic cluster headache]

BACKGROUND

Cluster headache (CH) is a highly debilitating headache disorder characterized by frequent attacks of excruciating unilateral pain accompanied by cranial autonomic symptoms. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is implicated in the pathophysiology of CH.

OBJECTIVES

Preventive efficacy and tolerability of the anti-CGRP antibody galcanezumab in patients with episodic (eCH) and chronic CH (cCH). Review of the study results and the challenges in developing drugs for the preventive treatment of CH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In two international multicenter phase III trials galcanezumab 300 mg given subcutaneously every 4 weeks was compared with placebo. The double-blind study period (8 weeks in eCH, 12 weeks in cCK) was preceded by a baseline period in both trials. The primary endpoint was the reduction in weekly attack frequency.

RESULTS

In the eCH trial, 106 patients were randomized to either galcanezumab (n = 49) or placebo (n = 57). The mean weekly attack frequency during the first 3 weeks decreased by 52% in the galcanezumab group compared with 27% in the placebo group (p = 0.036). In the cCH trial, 237 patients were randomized to galcanezumab (n = 117) or placebo (n = 120). The primary endpoint was not met in this study. The reduction in mean weekly attack rate was 5.4 with galcanezumab versus 4.6 with placebo (p = 0.334). Galcanezumab was well tolerated in both studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Galcanezumab had a significant effect in the prevention of eCH attacks but not in cCH. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.