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Mallini P, Chen M, Mahkamova K, Lennard TWJ, Pan Y, Wei D, Stemke-Hale K, Kirby JA, Lash GE, Meeson A. Hypoxia-Driven TGFβ Modulation of Side Population Cells in Breast Cancer: The Potential Role of ERα. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1108. [PMID: 36831452 PMCID: PMC9954173 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is known to be important in regulating the behaviour of cancer cells enabling them to acquire stem cell characteristics or by enhancing the stem cell characteristics of cancer stem cells, resulting in these cells becoming more migratory and invasive. EMT can be driven by a number of mechanisms, including the TGF-β1 signalling pathway and/or by hypoxia. However, these drivers of EMT differ in their actions in regulating side population (SP) cell behaviour, even within SPs isolated from the same tissue. In this study we examined CoCl2 exposure and TGF-β driven EMT on SP cells of the MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cell lines. Both TGF-β1 and CoCl2 treatment led to the depletion of MDA-MB-231 SP. Whilst TGF-β1 treatment significantly reduced the MCF7 SP cells, CoCl2 exposure led to a significant increase. Single cell analysis revealed that CoCl2 exposure of MCF7 SP leads to increased expression of ABCG2 and HES1, both associated with multi-drug resistance. We also examined the mammosphere forming efficiency in response to CoCl2 exposure in these cell lines, and saw the same effect as seen with the SP cells. We suggest that these contrasting effects are due to ERα expression and the inversely correlated expression of TGFB-RII, which is almost absent in the MCF7 cells. Understanding the EMT-mediated mechanisms of the regulation of SP cells could enable the identification of new therapeutic targets in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Mallini
- Biosciences Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Miaojuan Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Kamilla Mahkamova
- Biosciences Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Thomas W. J. Lennard
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, 3rd Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yue Pan
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Dan Wei
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Katherine Stemke-Hale
- Department of Systems Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - John A. Kirby
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, 3rd Floor William Leech Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Gendie E. Lash
- Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Jinsui Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Annette Meeson
- Biosciences Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Kim JB, Lee S, Kim HR, Park SY, Lee M, Yoon JH, Kim YJ. Transforming growth factor-β decreases side population cells in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:8723-8728. [PMID: 29805610 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can result from hepatitis B or C infection, fibrosis or cirrhosis. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is one of the main growth factors associated with fibrosis or cirrhosis progression in the liver, but its role is controversial in hepatocarcinogenesis. In the present study, the effect of TGF-β on the HCC Huh-7 and Huh-Bat cell lines was evaluated. To study the effect of TGF-β, Huh-7 and Huh-Bat cells were treated with TGF-β and a TGF-β receptor inhibitor (SB431542). Cell survival, cell cycle, numbers of side population (SP) cells and expression of the cancer stem cell marker cluster of differentiation (CD)133, epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers (E-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin) and TGF-β-regulated proteins [phospho-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), p-c-Jun and p-smad2] were investigated. TGF-β treatment resulted in decreased cell survival with a targeted effect on SP cells. Expression of CD133 and vimentin was upregulated by treatment with the TGF-β receptor antagonist SB431542, but not with TGF-β. By contrast, TGF-β induced accumulation of cells at G0/G1, and upregulated expression of p-JNK, p-c-Jun and p-smad2. However, these effects were blocked when cells were treated with TGF-β plus SB431542, indicating the specificity of the TGF-β effect. The present results indicated that TGF-β has anticancer effects mediated by survival inhibition of cancer stem cells, which may be developed as a novel therapy for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ri Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Park
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjong Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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Li T, Niu L, Li M, Liu Y, Xu Z, Gao X, Liu D. Effects of small interfering RNA-mediated downregulation of the Krüppel-like factor 4 gene on collagen metabolism in human hepatic stellate cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3972-3978. [PMID: 26018498 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) has an important role in cellular biological processes. However, the influence of KLF4 on collagen metabolism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects and underlying mechanism of action of KLF4 on collagen metabolism was investigated in human hepatic stellate cells (HSC), by downregulating KLF4 expression using small interfering RNA (siRNA). The effects of KLF4 silencing by three predesigned siRNAs (siRNA1‑3) were evaluated using both reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR) and western blotting in the human LX2 HSC line. The mRNA expression levels of KLF4 were decreased by ~34, 40, and 69% in the siRNA1, siRNA2, and siRNA3 groups, respectively, as compared with the control group. These results were concordant with the protein expression levels of KLF4, as determined by western blot analysis. In the siRNA3 group, the quantity of type Ⅰ and type III collagen, and the expression levels of collagen metabolism proteins including matrix metalloproteinase‑1 (MMP‑1) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases‑1 (TIMP‑1), were determined using both RT‑qPCR and western blotting. Both the mRNA and protein expression levels of type I and type III collagen were significantly decreased in the siRNA3 group, as compared with the control group. The mRNA and protein expression levels of TIMP‑1 were also significantly reduced in the siRNA3‑treated cells, whereas the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP‑1 were significantly upregulated. Furthermore, KLF4 gene silencing significantly decreased the expression levels of numerous cytokines, including transforming grow factor‑β1, tumor necrosis factor‑α, and interleukin‑1β. The results of the present study provide evidence of siRNA‑mediated silencing of KLF4 expression, which may promote extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, and inhibition of ECM synthesis. Therefore, KLF4 may be a promising target for the development of novel antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Niu
- Department of Oncology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
| | - Dianwu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050000, P.R. China
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Abstract
The side population (SP) assay has been utilized as a method for isolation and characterization of normal and cancer stem cells from a variety of tissues. However, the SP phenotype may not be a common property of all stem cells. This chapter reviews the principle and potential pitfalls of the SP assay with an emphasis on mammary gland SP cell analysis.
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