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Wang S, Ma H, Yan Y, Chen Y, Fu S, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen H, Liu J. cMET promotes metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal carcinoma by repressing RKIP. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:3963-3978. [PMID: 33151569 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that c-mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (cMET) plays an important role in the malignant progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. As a metastasis suppressor, raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) loss has been reported in many cancer types. In this study, the expression levels of cMET and RKIP in CRC tissues and cell lines were determined, and their crosstalk and potential biological effects were explored in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that cMET was inversely correlated with RKIP. Both cMET upregulation and RKIP downregulation indicated poor clinical outcomes. Moreover, the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway was implicated in the regulation of cMET and RKIP. Overexpression of cMET promoted tumor cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, migration, and chemoresistance, whereas the effects could be efficiently inhibited by increased RKIP. Notably, small hairpin RNA-mediated cMET knockdown dramatically suppressed cell proliferation, although no RKIP-induced influence on cell growth was observed in CRC. Altogether, cMET overexpression may contribute to tumor progression by inhibiting the antioncogene RKIP, providing preclinical justification for targeting RKIP to treat cMET-induced metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Wang
- Department of PET Center, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haiqing Ma
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sirui Fu
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Zhuhai Interventional Medical Center, Zhuhai City People's Hospital/Zhuhai Hospital of Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Junjiang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Shao GL, Wang MC, Fan XL, Zhong L, Ji SF, Sang G, Wang S. Correlation Between Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway and Clinicopathological Features and Prognosis for Patients With Breast Cancer Having Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019. [PMID: 29529946 PMCID: PMC5858680 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617754024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to investigate the correlations between rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway and clinicopathological features and prognosis for patients with breast cancer having axillary lymph node metastasis. Methods: A total of 118 breast cancer tissues with axillary lymph node metastasis (axillary lymph node metastasis group), 150 breast cancer tissues with non-axillary lymph node metastasis (non-axillary lymph node metastasis group), and 216 normal breast tissues (normal group) were enrolled in this study. The messenger RNA and protein expressions of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and their phosphorylated (p-) proteins were examined by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. All patients received a 1-year follow-up, and the clinical follow-up data were collected. The multiple factors on the prognosis of patients with breast cancer having axillary lymph node metastasis were tested by Cox regression analysis. Results: The messenger RNA expressions of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase and positive rates of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK, phosphorylated MEK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the axillary lymph node metastasis group were higher than in the non-axillary lymph node metastasis and normal groups (all P < .05). The protein expressions of rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK, phosphorylated MEK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase were associated with tumor size, clinical stage, and axillary lymph node metastasis number (all P < .05). Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase expressions were significantly correlated with the prognosis of patients with breast cancer (all P < .05). Patients with BC having positive rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma, MEK, phosphorylated MEK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphorylated ERK expressions had a higher survival rate than patients with BC having the negative ones (all P < .05). Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma and extracellular signal-regulated kinase protein expressions, clinical stage, pathological grade, and axillary lymph node metastasis number were independent prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer having axillary lymph node metastasis (all P < .05). Conclusion: Our study proved that rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma/MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway is significantly correlated with the clinicopathological features and prognosis for patients with BC having axillary lymph node metastasis. Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma and extracellular signal-regulated kinase protein expressions are independent prognostic factors for patients with breast cancer having axillary lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Li Shao
- 1 Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Chuan Wang
- 2 Department of General Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Long Fan
- 3 Department of Breast Surgery, Foshan Women and Children Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- 1 Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Feng Ji
- 1 Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guo Sang
- 1 Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shui Wang
- 1 Special Medical Service Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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RKIP: A Key Regulator in Tumor Metastasis Initiation and Resistance to Apoptosis: Therapeutic Targeting and Impact. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090287. [PMID: 30149591 PMCID: PMC6162400 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RAF-kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a well-established tumor suppressor that is frequently downregulated in a plethora of solid and hematological malignancies. RKIP exerts antimetastatic and pro-apoptotic properties in cancer cells, via modulation of signaling pathways and gene products involved in tumor survival and spread. Here we review the contribution of RKIP in the regulation of early metastatic steps such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and invasion, as well as in tumor sensitivity to conventional therapeutics and immuno-mediated cytotoxicity. We further provide updated justification for targeting RKIP as a strategy to overcome tumor chemo/immuno-resistance and suppress metastasis, through the use of agents able to modulate RKIP expression in cancer cells.
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Ye C, Shen Z, Wang B, Li Y, Li T, Yang Y, Jiang K, Ye Y, Wang S. A novel long non-coding RNA lnc-GNAT1-1 is low expressed in colorectal cancer and acts as a tumor suppressor through regulating RKIP-NF-κB-Snail circuit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2016; 35:187. [PMID: 27912775 PMCID: PMC5135755 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-016-0467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background The role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression has not fully been elucidated. This study was designed to report the identification of a novel lncRNA, lnc-GNAT1-1, and its functional role in CRC progression. Methods lncRNA expression profile microarray was performed in three paired primary and liver metastatic tissues of CRC, and a novel lncRNA, lnc-GNAT1-1, was identified to be a potential functional lncRNA. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to detect its expression in CRC tissues, cell lines, and patients’ plasma, cell fractionation was used to evaluate its subcellular location. lnc-GNAT1-1 was knockdown by siRNA or overexpressed by a lentivirus vector, then in vitro an vivo experiments were performed to evaluate its biological role and the underlying mechanisms in CRC. Results Expression of lnc-GNAT1-1 was decreased in liver metastasis than the primary tumor, while the later one is lower than the paired normal mucosa. Decreased lnc-GNAT1-1 expression was associated unfavorable clinicopathological features and a poor prognosis of CRC patients. In multivariate analysis, lnc-GNAT1-1 was proved to be an independent prognostic factor. In plasma, lnc-GNAT1-1 was significant decreased in CRC patients than healthy donors, and with the TNM stages advanced, the plasma lnc-GNAT1-1 level decreased; Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) showed that plasma lnc-GNAT1-1 had a moderate to well diagnostic efficiency for CRC. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of lnc-GNAT1-1 could inhibit the aggressive phenotypes of CRC cell lines. In vivo study showed that overexpression of lnc-GNAT1-1 could suppress the liver metastasis of CRC cells. Finally, we explored the underlying mechanism of the role lnc-GNAT1-1 plays in CRC, and found a positive correlation between lnc-GNAT1-1 and Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) expression both in cells and in patients’ tissues. We further found that lnc-GNAT1-1 could regulate the RKIP-NF-κB-Snail circuit in CRC. Conclusions We have demonstrated in this study that a novel lncRNA, lnc-GNAT1-1, is low expressed in colorectal cancer tissues and plasma, and acts as a tumor suppressor through regulating RKIP-NF-κB-Snail circuit. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-016-0467-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanlong Shen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yansen Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjiang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Laboratory of Surgical Oncology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, People's Republic of China. .,Peking University People's Hospital, No. 11 Xizhimen South Street Xicheng District, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Regulation of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition and metastasis by Raf kinase inhibitory protein-dependent Notch1 activity. Oncotarget 2016; 7:4632-46. [PMID: 26716415 PMCID: PMC4826232 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, has been implicated as a suppressor of metastasis and a prognostic marker in cancers. However, how RKIP acts as a suppressor during metastasis is not fully understood. Here, we show that RKIP activity in cervical and stomach cancer is inversely correlated with endogenous levels of the Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD), which stimulates the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis. The levels of RKIP were significantly decreased in tumor tissues compared to normal tissues, whereas NICD levels were increased. Overexpression of RKIP in several cell lines resulted in a dramatic decrease of NICD and subsequent inhibition of several mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin, N-cadherin, and Snail. In contrast, knockdown of RKIP exhibited opposite results both in vitro and in vivo using mouse models. Nevertheless, knockdown of Notch1 in cancer cells had no effect on the expression of RKIP, suggesting that RKIP is likely an upstream regulator of the Notch1 pathway. We also found that RKIP directly interacts with Notch1 but has no influence on the intracellular level of the γ-secretase complex that is necessary for Notch1 activation. These data suggest that RKIP plays a distinct role in activation of Notch1 during EMT and metastasis, providing a new target for cancer treatment.
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Davudian S, Mansoori B, Shajari N, Mohammadi A, Baradaran B. BACH1, the master regulator gene: A novel candidate target for cancer therapy. Gene 2016; 588:30-7. [PMID: 27108804 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACH1 (BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 1) is a transcriptional factor and a member of cap 'n' collar (CNC) and basic region leucine zipper factor family. In contrast to other bZIP family members, BACH1 appeared as a comparatively specific transcription factor. It acts as transcription regulator and is recognized as a recently hypoxia regulator and functions as an inducible repressor for the HO-1 gene in many human cell types in response to stress oxidative. In regard to studies lately, although, BACH1 has been related to the regulation of oxidative stress and heme oxidation, it has never been linked to invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have showed that BACH1 is involved in bone metastasis of breast cancer by up-regulating vital metastatic genes like CXCR4 and MMP1. This newly discovered aspect of BACH1 gene provides new insight into cancer progression study and stands on its master regulator role in metastasis process, raising the possibility of considering it as a potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaf Davudian
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Mansoori
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Shajari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hill B, De Melo J, Yan J, Kapoor A, He L, Cutz JC, Feng X, Bakhtyar N, Tang D. Common reduction of the Raf kinase inhibitory protein in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 5:7406-19. [PMID: 25277181 PMCID: PMC4202132 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in our understanding of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCCs), the etiology of ccRCC remains unclear. We reported here a prevailing reduction of the raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) in ccRCC. In our examination of more than 600 ccRCC patients by western blot and immunohistochemistry, RKIP was significantly reduced in 80% of tumors. Inhibition of RKIP transcription in ccRCC occurs to greater levels than VHL transcription based on the quantification analysis of their transcripts in six large datasets of DNA microarray available in Oncomine™ with the median rank of suppression being 582 and 2343 for RKIP and VHL, respectively. Collectively, the magnitude of RKIP reduction and the levels of its downregulation match those of VHL. Furthermore, RKIP displays tumor suppressing activity in ccRCC. While modulation of RKIP expression did not affect the proliferation of A498 and 786-0 ccRCC cells and neither their ability to form xenograft tumors in NOD/SCID mice, ectopic expression or knockdown of RKIP inhibited or enhanced A498 and 786-0 ccRCC cell invasion, respectively. This was associated with robust changes in vimentin expression, a marker of EMT. Taken together, we demonstrate here that downregulation of RKIP occurs frequently at a rate that reaches that of VHL, suggesting RKIP being a critical tumor suppressor for ccRCC. This is consistent with RKIP being a tumor suppressor for other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Hill
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason De Melo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lizhi He
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology (BCMP), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean-Claude Cutz
- Department of Pathology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xingchang Feng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nazihah Bakhtyar
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y, Wang LY, Feng F, Zhao Y, Huang MY, Shao Q, Chen C, Sheng H, Chen DL, Zeng ZL, Xu RH, Li YH. Effect of Raf kinase inhibitor protein expression on malignant biological behavior and progression of colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2106-14. [PMID: 26238523 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) is a novel metastasis suppressor. RKIP was previously found to have low expression in a colorectal cancer (CRC) patient cohort by immunohistochemistry. However, the role of RKIP in CRC remains undetermined. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was performed to compare RKIP expression between 129 paired stage II CRC and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. The correlations between clinical parameters, prognosis and RKIP expression were evaluated. To investigate the effect of RKIP on proliferation and metastasis, RKIP was overexpressed and knocked down in colon cancer cell lines. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), Transwell and wound-healing assays were performed. Murine models were established to confirm the influence of RKIP on malignant tumor phenotypes in vivo. Our results showed that RKIP expression was significantly decreased in the CRC tissues compared to the adjacent non‑cancerous tissues (p<0.001) and was correlated with the risk of relapse in stage II CRC (p<0.05). Overexpression of RKIP suppressed HCT116 cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo, whereas knockdown of RKIP expression in SW480 cells and its murine model increased metastatic ability (p<0.05). No effect of RKIP on cell proliferation in CRC was observed. These data suggest that RKIP is an important metastasis-suppressor gene in CRC. The re-expression of RKIP could be a potential therapeutic target for antimetastatic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Yun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fen Feng
- Department of Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan City, Foshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ma-Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cui Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhao-Lei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Bonavida B. RKIP-mediated chemo-immunosensitization of resistant cancer cells via disruption of the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP resistance-driver loop. Crit Rev Oncog 2015; 19:431-45. [PMID: 25597353 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2014011929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the most dreadful diseases. Whereas most treatment regimens for various cancers have resulted in improved clinical responses and sometimes cures, unfortunately, subsets of cancer patients are either pretreatment resistant or develop resistance following therapy. These subsets of patients develop cross-resistance to unrelated therapeutics and usually succumb to death. Thus, delineating the underlying molecular mechanisms of resistance of various cancers and identifying molecular targets for intervention are the current main focus of research investigations. One approach to investigate cancer resistance has been to identify pathways that regulate resistance and develop means to disrupt these pathways in order to override resistance and sensitize the resistant cells to cell death. Hence, we have identified one pathway that is dysregulated in cancer, namely, the NF-κB/Snail/YY1/RKIP loop, that has been shown to regulate, in large part, tumor cell resistance to apoptosis by chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic cytotoxic drugs. The dysregulated resistant loop is manifested by the overexpression of NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 activities and the underexpression of RKIP. The induction of RKIP expression results in the downregulation of NF-κB, Snail, and YY1 and the sensitization of resistant cells to drug-induced apoptosis. These findings identified RKIP, in addition to its antiproliferative and metastatic suppressor functions, as an anti-resistance factor. This brief review describes the role of RKIP in the regulation of drug sensitivity via disruption of the NF-κB/Snail/ YY1/RKIP loop that regulates resistance in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Bonavida
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, USA
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10
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Caie PD, Turnbull AK, Farrington SM, Oniscu A, Harrison DJ. Quantification of tumour budding, lymphatic vessel density and invasion through image analysis in colorectal cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:156. [PMID: 24885583 PMCID: PMC4098951 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour budding (TB), lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and lymphatic vessel invasion (LVI) have shown promise as prognostic factors in colorectal cancer (CRC) but reproducibility using conventional histopathology is challenging. We demonstrate image analysis methodology to quantify the histopathological features which could permit standardisation across institutes and aid risk stratification of Dukes B patients. METHODS Multiplexed immunofluorescence of pan-cytokeratin, D2-40 and DAPI identified epithelium, lymphatic vessels and all nuclei respectively in tissue sections from 50 patients diagnosed with Dukes A (n = 13), Dukes B (n = 29) and Dukes C (n = 8) CRC. An image analysis algorithm was developed and performed, on digitised images of the CRC tissue sections, to quantify TB, LVD, and LVI at the invasive front. RESULTS TB (HR =5.7; 95% CI, 2.38-13.8), LVD (HR =5.1; 95% CI, 2.04-12.99) and LVI (HR =9.9; 95% CI, 3.57-27.98) were successfully quantified through image analysis and all were shown to be significantly associated with poor survival, in univariate analyses. LVI (HR =6.08; 95% CI, 1.17-31.41) is an independent prognostic factor within the study and was correlated to both TB (Pearson r =0.71, p <0.0003) and LVD (Pearson r =0.69, p <0.0003). CONCLUSION We demonstrate methodology through image analysis which can standardise the quantification of TB, LVD and LVI from a single tissue section while decreasing observer variability. We suggest this technology is capable of stratifying a high risk Dukes B CRC subpopulation and we show the three histopathological features to be of prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Caie
- Digital Pathology Unit, Laboratory medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK.
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11
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Cross-Knorr S, Lu S, Perez K, Guevara S, Brilliant K, Pisano C, Quesenberry PJ, Resnick MB, Chatterjee D. RKIP phosphorylation and STAT3 activation is inhibited by oxaliplatin and camptothecin and are associated with poor prognosis in stage II colon cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:463. [PMID: 24098947 PMCID: PMC3856511 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A major obstacle in treating colorectal cancer (CRC) is the acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. An important protein in the regulation of cancer cell death and clinical outcome is Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP). In contrast, activated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a protein that promotes tumor cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis and has an important role in cancer progression in many of cancer types. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulation of RKIP and STAT3 after treatment with clinically relevant chemotherapeutic agents (camptothecin (CPT) and oxaliplatin (OXP)) and the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) in HCT116 colon cancer cells as well as evaluate the association between RKIP and STAT3 with clinical outcome of Stage II colon cancer patients. Methods HCT-116 colon cancer cells were treated with CPT, OXP, and IL-6 separately or in combination in a time and dose-dependent manner and examined for phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated RKIP and STAT3 via Western blot analysis. STAT3 transcriptional activity was measured via a luciferase reporter assay in HCT116 cells treated with CPT, IL-6 or transfected with JAK 1, 2 separately or in combination. We extended these observations and determined STAT3 and RKIP/ pRKIP in tumor microarrays (TMA) in stage II colon cancer patients. Results We demonstrate IL-6-mediated activation of STAT3 occurs in conjunction with the phosphorylation of RKIP in vitro in human colon cancer cells. OXP and CPT block IL-6 mediated STAT3 activation and RKIP phosphorylation via the inhibition of the interaction of STAT3 with gp130. We determined that STAT3 and nuclear pRKIP are significantly associated with poor patient prognosis in stage II colon cancer patients. Conclusions In the analysis of tumor samples from stage II colon cancer patients and the human colon carcinoma cell line HCT116, pRKIP and STAT3, 2 proteins potentially involved in the resistance to conventional treatments were detected. The phosphorylation of pRKIP and STAT3 are induced by the cytokine IL-6 and suppressed by the chemotherapeutic drugs CPT and OXP. Therefore, these results suggest that STAT3 and pRKIP may serve as prognostic biomarkers in stage II colon cancer patients and may improve chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Cross-Knorr
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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Koelzer VH, Karamitopoulou E, Dawson H, Kondi-Pafiti A, Zlobec I, Lugli A. Geographic analysis of RKIP expression and its clinical relevance in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:2088-96. [PMID: 23632477 PMCID: PMC3670488 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study evaluates the geographic expression pattern of Raf-1 Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) in colorectal cancer (CRC) in correlation with clinicopathological and molecular features, markers of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and survival outcome. Methods: Whole-tissue sections of 220 well-characterised CRCs were immunostained for RKIP. NF-κB and E-Cadherin expression was assessed using a matched multi-punch tissue microarray. Analysis of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression, B-Raf and KRAS mutations was performed. RKIP expression in normal mucosa, tumour centre, invasion front and tumour buds was each assessed for clinical relevance. Results: RKIP was diffusely expressed in normal mucosa and progressively lost towards tumour centre and front (P<0.0001). Only 0.9% of tumour buds were RKIP-positive. In the tumour centre, RKIP deficiency predicted metastatic disease (P=0.0307), vascular invasion (P=0.0506), tumour budding (P=0.0112) and an invasive border configuration (P=0.0084). Loss of RKIP correlated with NF-κB activation (P=0.0002) and loss of E-Cadherin (P<0.0001). Absence of RKIP was more common in MMR-deficient cancers (P=0.0191), while no impact of KRAS and B-Raf mutation was observed. RKIP in the tumour centre was identified as a strong prognostic indicator (HR (95% CI): 2.13 (1.27–3.56); P=0.0042) independently of TNM classification and therapy (P=0.0474). Conclusion: The clinical relevance of RKIP expression as an independent prognostic factor is restricted to the tumour centre. Loss of RKIP predicts features of EMT and correlates with frequent distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Koelzer
- Clinical Pathology Division and Translational Research Unit, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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