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Moonen EJM, Ul Islam T, van Kemenade S, Pelssers E, Heikenfeld J, den Toonder JMJ. A versatile artificial skin platform for sweat sensor development. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2268-2275. [PMID: 37043225 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Research targeting the development of on-body sensors has been significantly growing in recent years - an example is on-skin sweat sensing. However, the wide inter and intra person variability of skin characteristics make in vivo testing of these sensors and included materials such as skin adhesives difficult, which hampers especially the initial development phase of such wearables. Besides the development of wearable sweat sensors, companies developing deodorants, cosmetics, medical adhesives and wearable textiles now need to perform expensive human subjects testing with little control over the exact sweat mechanisms. Hence, there is a need for a realistic, adaptable and stable test platform, or artificial skin. We present a versatile artificial skin platform that faithfully recapitulates skin topography, active sweat pores, skin wetting behaviour and sweat rate, and that can be tuned to mimic the specifications of the targeted body location and sweating characteristics. The developed artificial skin is capable of generating sweat rates as low as 0.1 nL min-1 pore-1 and as high as 100 nL min-1 pore-1, spanning the whole range of physiological sweat rates. Specifically, the platform can be used for the development of sweat sensors for sedentary persons whose sweat rates are commonly lower than currently delivered by any other artificial skin platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J M Moonen
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Tanveer Ul Islam
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan van Kemenade
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Eduard Pelssers
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Philips Research, Royal Philips, High Tech Campus, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Novel Devices Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Dept., Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, USA
| | - Jaap M J den Toonder
- Microsystems, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Zidarič T, Skok K, Orthaber K, Pristovnik M, Gradišnik L, Maver T, Maver U. Multilayer Methacrylate-Based Wound Dressing as a Therapeutic Tool for Targeted Pain Relief. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2361. [PMID: 36984241 PMCID: PMC10053588 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study presents an innovative wound dressing system that offers a highly effective therapeutic solution for treating painful wounds. By incorporating the widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac, we have created an active wound dressing that can provide targeted pain relief with ease. The drug was embedded within a biocompatible matrix composed of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate and polyhydroxypropyl methacrylate. The multilayer structure of the dressing, which allows for sustained drug release and an exact application, was achieved through the layer-by-layer coating technique and the inclusion of superparamagnetic iron platinum nanoparticles. The multilayered dressings' physicochemical, structural, and morphological properties were characterised using various methods. The synergistic effect of the incorporated drug molecules and superparamagnetic nanoparticles on the surface roughness and release kinetics resulted in controlled drug release. In addition, the proposed multilayer wound dressings were found to be biocompatible with human skin fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the developed wound dressing system can contribute to tailored therapeutic strategies for local pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zidarič
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kristijan Skok
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Location West, Göstinger Straße 22, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Kristjan Orthaber
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matevž Pristovnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Lidija Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Tina Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Saroglu O, Karadag A, Cakmak ZHT, Karasu S. The formulation and microstructural, rheological, and textural characterization of salep-xanthan gum-based liposomal gels. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wang J, Xing Y, Gui X, Li G, Cao Y. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study on wetting interaction between water droplets and kaolinite surface. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Skok K, Zidarič T, Orthaber K, Pristovnik M, Kostevšek N, Rožman KŽ, Šturm S, Gradišnik L, Maver U, Maver T. Novel Methacrylate-Based Multilayer Nanofilms with Incorporated FePt-Based Nanoparticles and the Anticancer Drug 5-Fluorouracil for Skin Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040689. [PMID: 35456523 PMCID: PMC9024491 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite medical advances, skin-associated disorders continue to pose a unique challenge to physicians worldwide. Skin cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer, with more than one million new cases reported each year. Currently, surgical excision is its primary treatment; however, this can be impractical or even contradictory in certain situations. An interesting potential alternative could lie in topical treatment solutions. The goal of our study was to develop novel multilayer nanofilms consisting of a combination of polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA), polyhydroxypropyl methacrylate (PHPMA), sodium deoxycholate (NaDOC) with incorporated superparamagnetic iron–platinum nanoparticles (FePt NPs), and the potent anticancer drug (5-fluorouracil), for theranostic skin cancer treatment. All multilayer systems were prepared by spin-coating and characterised by atomic force microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle measurement. The magnetic properties of the incorporated FePt NPs were evaluated using magnetisation measurement, while their size was determined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Drug release performance was tested in vitro, and formulation safety was evaluated on human-skin-derived fibroblasts. Finally, the efficacy for skin cancer treatment was tested on our own basal-cell carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Skok
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Graz II, Location West, Göstinger Straße 22, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Zidarič
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Kristjan Orthaber
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Matevž Pristovnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Nina Kostevšek
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.K.); (K.Ž.R.); (S.Š.)
| | - Kristina Žužek Rožman
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.K.); (K.Ž.R.); (S.Š.)
| | - Sašo Šturm
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (N.K.); (K.Ž.R.); (S.Š.)
| | - Lidija Gradišnik
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
| | - Uroš Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (U.M.); (T.M.)
| | - Tina Maver
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.S.); (T.Z.); (K.O.); (M.P.); (L.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (U.M.); (T.M.)
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Feng S, Liu F, Guo Y, Ye M, He J, Zhou H, Liu L, Cai L, Zhang Y, Li R. Exploring the role of chitosan in affecting the adhesive, rheological and antimicrobial properties of carboxymethyl cellulose composite hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:554-563. [PMID: 34492250 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels are promising in food and pharmaceutical applications. In this study, the potential of composite hydrogels prepared by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and chitosan as glue for cigar wrapping applications was firstly studied. The impacts of degree of carboxymethyl substitution (DS) and the ratio of CMC:chitosan on the adhesive performance and rheological behaviors of composite hydrogels have been investigated. And the results indicated that relatively low DS of CMC and relatively low ratio of chitosan might be favorable for the adhesive properties of composite hydrogels. But a higher ratio of chitosan may significantly improve the rheological properties of composite hydrogels and alter their thermal-sensitivity. The impacts of chitosan on the wet ability with tobacco leaf, the morphology and the XRD patterns of composite hydrogels were also observed. The CMC-chitosan composite hydrogel could significantly decrease the total molds on tobacco leaf brought by CMC, and therefore may show great potential to improve the quality of cigar during long-term storage. All the information in this study is new, which could be useful for exploring the application of CMC-chitosan composite hydrogel in food, pharmaceutical, even other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Feng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yunsi Guo
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Mingqiao Ye
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Jiewang He
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Hongshen Zhou
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Lei Cai
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
| | - Ran Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China.
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Jeon H, Kwon TG, Shin YW, Cho Y, Yang H, Park SW, Song YS. Improving and evaluating the adhesion and stability of make-up by enhancing the affinity between skin/make-up layer. Skin Res Technol 2021; 28:84-88. [PMID: 34455650 PMCID: PMC9907639 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE upMake-up clumps, bumps and collapses are the three factors that determine how well make-up has been performed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the three factors mentioned above by using amphiphilic substances to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer. In addition, it aims to evaluate the improvement of the make-up layer by developing an objective make-up layer evaluation method. METHODS Experiments were performed in an attempt to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer by minimizing the difference in surface energy between the two. Multiple types of artificial skin (leather and bio-skin) were used and treated to form the liquid foundation layer. Qualitative evaluation of the make-up layer was conducted by analyzing the surface, cross-section, and fracture area of the make-up layer, using the evaluation method proposed in this study. RESULTS After applying this method and taking measurements by 3D surface analysis, the surface roughness of the make-up layer reduced by 46%, and the maximum thickness of the make-up layer reduced by about 50% in comparison with the control group (method not applied). In the case of the make-up layer to which this method was applied, two-dimensional cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image analysis confirmed that agglomeration was reduced, and the thickness of the make-up layer was also reduced by an average of 54%. According to this result, the technique of increasing the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer reduces the level of aggregation of make-up and encourages the formation of a uniform and thin make-up layer. Also, the fracture area after motion simulation was reduced by 33%. These results indicate that the method of increasing the affinity between skin/make-up membranes positively affects the formation of a uniform make-up layer. CONCLUSION Increasing the affinity by reducing the surface energy between the skin and the make-up layer plays an important role in forming a thin and uniform make-up layer by improving the problems of lifting, agglomeration, and collapse of the make-up. In addition, it has been confirmed that through this method, the quality of consumer experience related to make-up satisfaction can be improved. The results show that objective analyses of make-up help the understanding of the quality of consumer experience on make-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjoon Jeon
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Geun Kwon
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Won Shin
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeeun Cho
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmi Yang
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Park
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Song
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H), LG Science Park R&D Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Dong S, Feng S, Liu F, Li R, Li W, Liu F, Shi G, Chen L, Zhang Y. Factors influencing the adhesive behavior of carboxymethyl cellulose-based hydrogel for food applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:398-406. [PMID: 33684429 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels have been used as adhesive materials for food and other newly emerged innovative applications. To increase the knowledge of CMC hydrogel-based adhesives and optimize the preparation and storage conditions in practical, we prepared CMC hydrogels for cigar wrapper application and investigated their adhesive performance as affected by different CMC type, concentration, pH, temperature, and storage time, etc. Two parameters, initial adhesiveness and peel strength were used to evaluate the adhesive behavior of CMC with paper and tobacco leaf. Sample C2 with relatively medium molecular weight and medium degree of substitution values showed the best adhesive performance. Hydrogels prepared using boiled water at neutral pH presented better adhesive behavior, which was not significantly affected by storage temperature (up to 13 days). The wettability, steady shear flow behavior, dynamic rheological properties, and stress recovery performance of CMC hydrogel were measured, and their correlations to the adhesive behavior were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Dong
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Sirui Feng
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Ran Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Wenhua Li
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Fengfeng Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Gang Shi
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China
| | - Lin Chen
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, PR China.
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Huang Y, Guo M, Feng S. Synthesis and Solution Behavior of Sulfonate-Based Silicone Surfactants with Specific, Atomically Defined Hydrophobic Tails. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9785-9793. [PMID: 31280568 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A series of sulfonate-based silicone surfactants with different hydrophobic groups were synthesized. Two synthetic strategies are introduced to permit exquisite control over the hydrophobic moieties. Solution behavior of these surfactants was investigated by surface tensiometry, electrical conductivity, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering. The results indicate that the aqueous behavior of the surfactants was distinctly influenced by the hydrophobic groups. Subtle distinctions in surfactant-related properties, which can be attributed to the three-dimensional molecular structures of the surfactants, can be seen for compounds with different hydrophobic moieties. Contact angle results of these surfactants indicate that they have super dispersal ability with the potential value in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Mengdong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
| | - Shengyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials & Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Shandong University), Ministry of Education; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shandong University , Jinan 250100 , PR China
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Eudier F, Savary G, Grisel M, Picard C. Skin surface physico-chemistry: Characteristics, methods of measurement, influencing factors and future developments. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 264:11-27. [PMID: 30611935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Physico-chemical properties such as surface free energy, polarity or hydrophobicity of solid surfaces have been largely studied in literature because they are involved in many physical phenomena: adhesion, friction, wetting … Nowadays, the study of biointerfaces is of great interest for the medical, the pharmaceutical or the cosmetic field but also for material design researches, especially for the development of biomimetic surfaces. The present paper focuses on a particular biointerface, namely skin, which is the most extended organ of the human body. The different ways for the study of skin physico-chemistry are first reviewed, followed by their practical uses, from pharmaceutical to cosmetic science. Those properties depict the ways skin interacts with topical products, its lipid composition but also its hydration state. In addition, this article aims to present recent approaches using original model materials in order to mimic human skin; indeed, in vivo experiments are often limited by the inter and intra individual variability, the safety regulation and above all the time and the cost of such studies. Finally, further data clearly highlight the importance of skin surface properties for dermatological and pharmaceutical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florine Eudier
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Géraldine Savary
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France
| | - Michel Grisel
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France.
| | - Céline Picard
- Normandie Univ, UNILEHAVRE, FR 3038 CNRS, URCOM, EA 3221, 76600 Le Havre, France.
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