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Reza Lotfi M, Khani M, Moradi A, Razaghiha E, Shokri B. Development and characterization of a spark plasma device designed for medical and aesthetic applications. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33042. [PMID: 38994050 PMCID: PMC11238043 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma devices have shown high potential to be useful for different medical applications. In this study, it has been tried to develop and characterize a cold atmospheric spark plasma device that can be used safely as a tool for medical and aesthetic applications. The schematic of the device is presented in the paper, and the signals of each block are also tested. A special handpiece for this device is designed to make the device as safe as possible. The device's properties that can impose a risk to users' health have been under consideration. The device's electrical properties have been tested, and results show that the electrical current of the device is below the safety thresholds and can be used safely. The radiation power of the device also has been tested. It is shown that the time needed for the radiation power to reach the danger threshold is much longer than the treatment time. The device will not impose any risk regarding radiation from the UV spectrum. Optical emission spectroscopy is also used to investigate the neutral and charged species that are the by-products of electrical discharge. The presence of NOx and OH locally in the discharge can be helpful for various medical applications. This paper presents one of the first studies conducted to investigate the engineering aspect and the immunometry of the spark plasma that can be used in medicine and other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Lotfi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Khani
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abootaleb Moradi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Razaghiha
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Shokri
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Evin, 1983963113, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physics, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C. Evin, 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran
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Muniz AB, Vegian MRDC, Pereira Leite LD, da Silva DM, Moreira Milhan NV, Kostov KG, Koga-Ito CY. Non-Thermal Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Application in Endodontics. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051401. [PMID: 37239072 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of endodontic treatment is frequently associated with the presence of remaining microorganisms, mainly due to the difficulty of eliminating the biofilm and the limitation of conventional irrigation solutions. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTPP) has been suggested for many applications in the medical field and can be applied directly to biological surfaces or indirectly through activated liquids. This literature review aims to evaluate the potential of NTPP application in Endodontics. A search in the databases Lilacs, Pubmed, and Ebsco was performed. Seventeen manuscripts published between 2007 and 2022 that followed our established inclusion criteria were found. The selected manuscripts evaluated the use of NTPP regarding its antimicrobial activity, in the direct exposure and indirect method, i.e., plasma-activated liquid. Of these, 15 used direct exposure. Different parameters, such as working gas and distance from the apparatus to the substrate, were evaluated in vitro and ex vivo. NTPP showed a disinfection property against important endodontic microorganisms, mainly Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial potential was dependent on plasma exposure time, with the highest antimicrobial effects over eight minutes of exposure. Interestingly, the association of NTPP and conventional antimicrobial solutions, in general, was shown to be more effective than both treatments separately. This association showed antimicrobial results with a short plasma exposure time, what could be interesting in clinical practice. However, considering the lack of standardization of the direct exposure parameters and few studies about plasma-activated liquids, more studies in the area for endodontic purposes are still required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bessa Muniz
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Raquel da Cruz Vegian
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Lady Daiane Pereira Leite
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Diego Morais da Silva
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Noala Vicensoto Moreira Milhan
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
| | - Konstantin Georgiev Kostov
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering in Guaratinguetá, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Guaratinguetá 12516-410, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Yumi Koga-Ito
- Department of Environment Engineering and Sciences Applied to Oral Health Graduate Program, São José dos Campos Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos 12247-016, SP, Brazil
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Kumar P, Soundharrajan P, Prakash R, Kombade SP, Yadav P, Chugh A, Patnana AK. An in-vitro analysis to evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma jet in Enterococcus faecalis infected root canals. Biomater Investig Dent 2023; 10:2193214. [PMID: 37101697 PMCID: PMC10124976 DOI: 10.1080/26415275.2023.2193214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold Atmospheric Pressure (CAP) plasma has shown successful antibacterial efficacy in different medical applications which have prompted researchers to explore its possible use in endodontics. The aim of the present study was to comparatively evaluate the disinfection effectiveness of CAP Plasma jet with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and Qmix in Enterococcus Faecalis infected root canals at different time intervals (2, 5, and 10 min). 210 single-rooted mandibular premolars were chemomechanically prepared and infected with E. faecalis. The test samples were exposed to CAP Plasma jet, 5.25% NaOCl, and Qmix for 2, 5, and 10 min. The residual bacteria from the root canals if any were collected and evaluated for colony-forming units (CFUs) growth. ANOVA and Tukey's tests were used to evaluate the significant difference between treatment groups. 5.25% NaOCl showed significantly more antibacterial effectiveness (<0.001) when compared with all other test groups except Qmix at 2 and 10 min of exposure time. A minimum contact time of 5 min with 5.25% NaOCl is recommended to get zero bacterial growth in E. faecalis infected root canals. QMix requires a minimum contact time of 10 min to achieve optimal CFUs reduction and CAP plasma jet requires a minimum contact time of 5 min to achieve substantial CFUs reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
- CONTACT Pravin Kumar Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, 342005, Rajasthan, India
| | - P. Soundharrajan
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ram Prakash
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
| | | | - Pankaj Yadav
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ankita Chugh
- Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Arun Kumar Patnana
- Department of Dentistry, All India Insitute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
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Haghighi L, Azizi A, Vatanpour M, Ramezani G. Antibacterial Efficacy of Cold Atmospheric Plasma, Photodynamic Therapy with Two Photosensitizers, and Diode Laser on Primary Mandibular Second Molar Root Canals Infected with Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. Int J Dent 2023; 2023:5514829. [PMID: 37123349 PMCID: PMC10147525 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5514829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to compare the antibacterial efficacy of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), photodynamic therapy (PDT) with two photosensitizers (PSs), and diode laser for disinfection of primary mandibular second molar root canals infected with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis). Materials and Methods In this in vitro experimental study, 50 primary second primary molars underwent chemomechanical preparation of root canals. The root canals were then inoculated with E. faecalis. After 3 weeks of incubation, the teeth were randomly assigned to five groups of CAP, 940 nm diode laser, PDT with 445 nm laser and curcumin PS, PDT with 660 nm laser and methylene blue (MB) PS, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). Samples were collected from the vortexed root canals and cultured on agar, and the number of colonies was counted. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. Results The percentage of reduction in bacterial count was significantly different among the study groups (P < 0.001). The highest reduction in bacterial count was noted in 2.5% NaOCl and the lowest in 940 nm diode laser group. The difference in bacterial count reduction between 445 nm laser + curcumin and 660 nm laser + MB (P = 0.989), and CAP and NaOCl (P = 1.000) groups was not significant. Conclusion CAP was found to be more effective than PDT and diode laser as an adjunct to mechanical root canal disinfection of primary molars for elimination of E. faecalis and can serve as an alternative to 2.5% NaOCl irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyli Haghighi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19395/1495, Iran
| | - Arash Azizi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine, Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19395/1495, Iran
| | - Mehdi Vatanpour
- Department of Endodontics, Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19395/1495, Iran
| | - Gholamhossein Ramezani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tehran Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 19395/1495, Iran
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Lata S, Chakravorty S, Mitra T, Pradhan PK, Mohanty S, Patel P, Jha E, Panda PK, Verma SK, Suar M. Aurora Borealis in dentistry: The applications of cold plasma in biomedicine. Mater Today Bio 2022; 13:100200. [PMID: 35036896 PMCID: PMC8743205 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma is regularly alluded to as the fourth form of matter. Its bounty presence in nature along with its potential antibacterial properties has made it a widely utilized disinfectant in clinical sciences. Thermal plasma and non-thermal (or cold atmospheric) plasma (NTP) are two types of plasma. Atoms and heavy particles are both available at the same temperature in thermal plasma. Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) is intended to be non-thermal since its electrons are hotter than the heavier particles at ambient temperature. Direct barrier discharge (DBD), atmospheric plasma pressure jet (APPJ), etc. methods can be used to produce plasma, however, all follow a basic concept in their generation. This review focuses on the anticipated uses of cold atmospheric plasma in dentistry, such as its effectiveness in sterilizing dental instruments by eradicating bacteria, its advantage in dental cavity decontamination over conventional methods, root canal disinfection, its effects on tooth whitening, the benefits of plasma treatment on the success of dental implant placement, and so forth. Moreover, the limitations and probable solutions has also been anticipated. These conceivable outcomes thus have proclaimed the improvement of more up-to-date gadgets, for example, the plasma needle and plasma pen, which are efficient in treating the small areas like root canal bleaching, biofilm disruption, requiring treatment in dentistry. Non-thermal plasma (NTP) has regarded as an important tool for biomedical application especially dental application. The surface application of NTP can be used for disinfecting microbial infection in endodontic issues. NTP can be used to eradicate the microorganism biofilm responsible for dental caries. NTP can also be utilized in would healing, implant modifications and adhesive restoration. NTP is potential candidate for clinical application in dentistry based on the experimental proofs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lata
- Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Shibani Chakravorty
- Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Tamoghni Mitra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Prasanti Kumari Pradhan
- Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Soumyakanta Mohanty
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SCB Dental College and Hospital, Cuttack, 753007, India
| | - Paritosh Patel
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Ealisha Jha
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
| | - Pritam Kumar Panda
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Suresh K Verma
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India.,Condensed Matter Theory Group, Materials Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mrutyunjay Suar
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
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Laroussi M, Bekeschus S, Keidar M, Bogaerts A, Fridman A, Lu XP, Ostrikov KK, Hori M, Stapelmann K, Miller V, Reuter S, Laux C, Mesbah A, Walsh J, Jiang C, Thagard SM, Tanaka H, Liu DW, Yan D, Yusupov M. Low Temperature Plasma for Biology, Hygiene, and Medicine: Perspective and Roadmap. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2021.3135118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Swimberghe RCD, Crabbé A, De Moor RJG, Coenye T, Meire MA. Model system parameters influence the sodium hypochlorite susceptibility of endodontic biofilms. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1557-1570. [PMID: 33932297 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in a laboratory setting the influence of several model system parameters on the sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) susceptibility of endodontic biofilms. Based on these findings, a relevant in vitro endodontic biofilm model is proposed. METHODOLOGY In vitro biofilms were cultured, varying the following experimental model parameters: biofilm composition (monospecies Enterococcus faecalis and a multispecies biofilm including E. faecalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis), incubation time (24 h or 11 days), incubation atmosphere (aerobically or anaerobically) and biofilm substrate (polystyrene microtiter plate wells, hydroxyapatite or dentine). Biofilms were subjected to treatment with NaOCl (0.025%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 2.5%) for 1 min, control groups included treatment with purified water. Biofilms were harvested and the number of surviving cells was determined by plate counting using general (monospecies biofilms) or selective (multispecies biofilms) media. A two-way ANOVA was used to explore the effect of the model parameters on biofilm eradication. Finally, the most physiologically relevant biofilm model (11-day-old multispecies biofilm grown anaerobically on dentine discs) was characterized by selective media plate counting, NaOCl susceptibility testing, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS There was no difference in NaOCl eradication between the anaerobically and aerobically grown E. faecalis biofilms. One-day-old biofilms of E. faecalis were more susceptible to most tested NaOCl concentrations than 11-day-old biofilms (p < .05). When grown in a multispecies biofilm, E. faecalis was significantly less susceptible to NaOCl treatment than in a monospecies biofilm (p < .05). E. faecalis in a multispecies biofilm grown in a MTP was more susceptible to NaOCl (0.025% and 0.1%) than when grown on hydroxyapatite or dentine. No difference in biofilm NaOCl susceptibility was seen between hydroxyapatite and dentine. The multispecies biofilm proved to be a reproducible model with high NaOCl resistance, complex structure and organization. CONCLUSION The parameters biofilm age, biofilm composition and substrate had a significant influence on the NaOCl susceptibility of E. faecalis biofilms. Older biofilms, multispecies biofilms and biofilms grown on dentine and hydroxyapatite had reduced NaOCl susceptibility. These findings emphasize the importance of selecting relevant parameters when designing a laboratory biofilm model system for the evaluation of antimicrobial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie C D Swimberghe
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section of Endodontology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Crabbé
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roeland J G De Moor
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section of Endodontology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten A Meire
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Section of Endodontology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jungbauer G, Moser D, Müller S, Pfister W, Sculean A, Eick S. The Antimicrobial Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma against Dental Pathogens-A Systematic Review of In-Vitro Studies. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:211. [PMID: 33672690 PMCID: PMC7924351 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in the application of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) in the medical field has been increasing. Indications in dentistry are surface modifications and antimicrobial interventions. The antimicrobial effect of CAP is mainly attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species. The aim of this article is to systematically review the available evidence from in-vitro studies on the antimicrobial effect of CAP on dental pathogens. A database search was performed (PubMed, Embase, Scopus). Data concerning the device parameters, experimental set-ups and microbial cultivation were extracted. The quality of the studies was evaluated using a newly designed assessment tool. 55 studies were included (quality score 31-92%). The reduction factors varied strongly among the publications although clusters could be identified between groups of set pathogen, working gases, and treatment time intervals. A time-dependent increase of the antimicrobial effect was observed throughout the studies. CAP may be a promising alternative for antimicrobial treatment in a clinically feasible application time. The introduced standardized protocol is able to compare the outcome and quality of in-vitro studies. Further studies, including multi-species biofilm models, are needed to specify the application parameters of CAP before CAP should be tested in randomized clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Jungbauer
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.M.); (A.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Dominick Moser
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.M.); (A.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Steffen Müller
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of the University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Wolfgang Pfister
- Department of Hospital Hygiene, Sophien- und Hufeland-Klinikum Weimar, 99425 Weimar, Germany;
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.M.); (A.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (D.M.); (A.S.); (S.E.)
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The Emerging Role of Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Implantology: A Review of the Literature. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10081505. [PMID: 32751895 PMCID: PMC7466481 DOI: 10.3390/nano10081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technologies have received increasing attention in the field of biomedical applications. The aim of this article is to review the currently available literature to provide an overview of the scientific principles of CAP application, its features, functions, and its applications in systemic and oral diseases, with a specific focus on its potential in implantology. In this narrative review, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus databases were searched using key words like “cold atmospheric plasma”, “argon plasma”, “helium plasma”, “air plasma”, “dental implants”, “implantology”, “peri-implantitis”, “decontamination”. In vitro studies demonstrated CAP’s potential to enhance surface colonization and osteoblast activity and to accelerate mineralization, as well as to determine a clean surface with cell growth comparable to the sterile control on both titanium and zirconia surfaces. The effect of CAP on biofilm removal was revealed in comparative studies to the currently available decontamination modalities (laser, air abrasion, and chlorhexidine). The combination of mechanical treatments and CAP resulted in synergistic antimicrobial effects and surface improvement, indicating that it may play a central role in surface “rejuvenation” and offer a novel approach for the treatment of peri-implantitis. It is noteworthy that the CAP conditioning of implant surfaces leads to an improvement in osseointegration in in vivo animal studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review of the literature providing a summary of the current state of the art of this emerging field in implantology and it could represent a point of reference for basic researchers and clinicians interested in approaching and testing new technologies.
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10
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Swimberghe RCD, Coenye T, De Moor RJG, Meire MA. Biofilm model systems for root canal disinfection: a literature review. Int Endod J 2018; 52:604-628. [PMID: 30488449 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to present an overview of laboratory root canal biofilm model systems described in the endodontic literature and to critically appraise the various factors that constitute these models. The electronic databases MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE were searched up to and including December 2016 to identify laboratory studies using endodontic biofilm models. The following search terms were used in various combinations: biofilm, root canal, in vitro, endodontic, bacteria, root canal infection model, colony-forming unit. Only English papers from journals with an impact factor were selected. The records were screened by two reviewers, and full-text articles were assessed according to pre-defined criteria. The following data were extracted from the included studies: the microbial composition of the biofilm, the substrate, growth conditions, validation and quantification. Seventy-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. In the majority (86%) of the studies, a monospecies biofilm was cultured. In two studies, a dual-species biofilm was grown; others cultivated a multispecies biofilm, containing at least three species. Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently used test species (in 79% of all studies, 92% of the monospecies studies). Four studies used an inoculum derived directly from the oral cavity. Human dentine was the most frequently used substratum (88% of the studies). Incubation times differed considerably, ranging from one to seventy days. The most common quantification method (in 87% of the studies) was bacterial culturing, followed by microscopy techniques. The variation in laboratory root canal biofilm model systems is notable. Because of substantial variation in experimental parameters, it is difficult to compare results between studies. This demonstrates the need for a more standardized approach and a validated endodontic biofilm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C D Swimberghe
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - T Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - R J G De Moor
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - M A Meire
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontology, Dental School, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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Julák J, Scholtz V, Vaňková E. Medically important biofilms and non-thermal plasma. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 34:178. [PMID: 30456518 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-018-2560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the non-thermal plasma, i.e. partially or completely ionized gas produced by electric discharges at ambient temperature, has become of interest for its microbiocidal properties with potential of use in the food industry or medicine. Recently, this interest focuses not only on the planktonic forms of microorganisms but also on their biofilms. The works in this interdisciplinary field are summarized in this review. The wide range of biofilm-plasma interactions is divided into studies of general plasma action on bacteria, on biofilm and on its oral and dental application; a short overview of plasma instrumentation is also included. In addition, not only biofilm combating but also an important area of biofilm prevention is discussed. Various DC discharges of the point-to-plane type. Author's photograph, published in Khun et al. (Plasma Sources Sci Technol 27:065002, 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Julák
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Studničkova 7, 128 00, Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimír Scholtz
- Department of Physics and Measurements, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Vaňková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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12
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Ohshima T, Ikawa S, Kitano K, Maeda N. A Proposal of Remedies for Oral Diseases Caused by Candida: A Mini Review. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1522. [PMID: 30038607 PMCID: PMC6046406 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An opportunistic pathogen, Candida is not only related to oral problems such as oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis, but also to systemic diseases such as aspiration pneumonia and fungemia. The carriage rate of Candida species in the oral cavity of individuals wearing dentures and with removable orthodontic appliances, has increased. Moreover, it is one of the causal pathogens in refractory infected root canals because of its resistance to antifungal drugs in root canal therapy and poses a great challenge during the treatment of patients. This problem has led to the search for alternative strategies for the treatment and management of C. albicans infections. In this mini review, recent preventive strategies against Candida infection in the oral mucosa with natural product-derived antifungal molecules were discussed. Inhibitory strategies by introducing competitive naturally-derived antifungal peptide molecules with Candida adhesion molecules were specifically introduced. In addition, novel sterilization methods for Candida-infected root canals and tooth structures in the oral cavity were considered, with focused attention on the activities of reactive oxygen species. The possibility of application of these novel strategies in clinical treatments and daily life was also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ohshima
- School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikawa
- Technology Research Institute of Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kitano
- School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
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13
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Gherardi M, Tonini R, Colombo V. Plasma in Dentistry: Brief History and Current Status. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 36:583-585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Ballout H, Hertel M, Doehring J, Kostka E, Hartwig S, Paris S, Preissner S. Effects of plasma jet, dielectric barrier discharge, photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite on infected curved root canals. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700186. [PMID: 29024574 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of 2 different cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) sources, photodynamic therapy and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), on infected root canals. Therefore, 50 standardized curved human root canals were infected with Enterococcus faecalis and assigned to 5 groups-negative control (NC), plasma jet (CAP I), dielectric barrier discharge (CAP II), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and NaOCl + passive ultrasonic irrigation-for 30 s. Colony forming units (CFUs) were determined. NaOCl was significantly more effective at reducing CFUs than all test groups (P < .0001 [Mann-Whitney U test]) in both parts of the root canal. CFUs in PDT were significantly lower than those in CAP II (P = .015), and those in CAP I were lower than those in CAP II (P = .05). Among all other groups and in the apical parts, no significant differences were found (P > .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Ballout
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Hertel
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dental Radiology and Oral Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonas Doehring
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckehard Kostka
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Hartwig
- Department for Oral and Maxillofacial and Facial Plastic Surgery, Johannes Wesling Hospital Minden, University Hospital of the Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Paris
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Preissner
- Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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15
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Human health risk evaluation of a microwave-driven atmospheric plasma jet as medical device. CLINICAL PLASMA MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpme.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Generation and Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induced by Plasma, Lasers, Chemical Agents, and Other Systems in Dentistry. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7542540. [PMID: 29204250 PMCID: PMC5674515 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7542540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) has been found to occur during inflammatory procedures, during cell ischemia, and in various crucial developmental processes such as cell differentiation and along cell signaling pathways. The most common sources of intracellular RONS are the mitochondrial electron transport system, NADH oxidase, and cytochrome P450. In this review, we analyzed the extracellular and intracellular sources of reactive species, their cell signaling pathways, the mechanisms of action, and their positive and negative effects in the dental field. In dentistry, ROS can be found—in lasers, photosensitizers, bleaching agents, cold plasma, and even resin cements, all of which contribute to the generation and prevalence of ROS. Nonthermal plasma has been used as a source of ROS for biomedical applications and has the potential for use with dental stem cells as well. There are different types of dental stem cells, but their therapeutic use remains largely untapped, with the focus currently on only periodontal ligament stem cells. More research is necessary in this area, including studies about ROS mechanisms with dental cells, along with the utilization of reactive species in redox medicine. Such studies will help to provide successful treatment modalities for various diseases.
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17
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Neuber JU, Song S, Malik MA, Heller L, Jiang C. Nanosecond Pulsed Plasma Brush for Bacterial Inactivation on Laminate. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON RADIATION AND PLASMA MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2017.2697760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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18
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Puligundla P, Mok C. Potential applications of nonthermal plasmas against biofilm-associated micro-organisms in vitro. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1134-1148. [PMID: 28106311 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms as complex microbial communities attached to surfaces pose several challenges in different sectors, ranging from food and healthcare to desalination and power generation. The biofilm mode of growth allows microorganisms to survive in hostile environments and biofilm cells exhibit distinct physiology and behaviour in comparison with their planktonic counterparts. They are ubiquitous, resilient and difficult to eradicate due to their resistant phenotype. Several chemical-based cleaning and disinfection regimens are conventionally used against biofilm-dwelling micro-organisms in vitro. Although such approaches are generally considered to be effective, they may contribute to the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution. Consequently, advanced green technologies for biofilm control are constantly emerging. Disinfection using nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) is one of the novel strategies having a great potential for control of biofilms of a broad spectrum of micro-organisms. This review discusses several aspects related to the inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria and fungi by different types of NTPs under in vitro conditions. A brief introduction summarizes prevailing methods in biofilm inactivation, followed by introduction to gas discharge plasmas, active plasma species and their inactivating mechanism. Subsequently, significance and aspects of NTP inactivation of biofilm-associated bacteria, especially those of medical importance, including opportunistic pathogens, oral pathogenic bacteria, foodborne pathogens and implant bacteria, are discussed. The remainder of the review discusses majorly about the synergistic effect of NTPs and their activity against biofilm-associated fungi, especially Candida species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Puligundla
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - C Mok
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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19
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Mohmmed SA, Vianna ME, Hilton ST, Boniface DR, Ng YL, Knowles JC. Investigation to test potential stereolithography materials for development of anin vitroroot canal model. Microsc Res Tech 2016; 80:202-210. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saifalarab A. Mohmmed
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London; London UK
| | - Morgana E. Vianna
- Department of Learning and Scholarship, School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
| | - Stephen T. Hilton
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Sciences; University College London; London UK
| | - David R. Boniface
- Biostatistics Unit, UCL Eastman Dental institute, University College London; London UK
| | - Yuan-Ling Ng
- Unit of Endodontology, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute, University College London; London United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering; UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London; London UK
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20
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Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas for bacterial biofilm prevention and eradication. Biointerphases 2015; 10:029404. [PMID: 25869456 DOI: 10.1116/1.4914382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are three-dimensional structures formed by surface-attached microorganisms and their extracellular products. Biofilms formed by pathogenic microorganisms play an important role in human diseases. Higher resistance to antimicrobial agents and changes in microbial physiology make treating biofilm infections very complex. Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas (NTPs) are a novel and powerful tool for antimicrobial treatment. The microbicidal activity of NTPs has an unspecific character due to the synergetic actions of bioactive components of the plasma torch, including charged particles, reactive species, and UV radiation. This review focuses on specific traits of biofilms, their role in human diseases, and those effects of NTP that are helpful for treating biofilm infections. The authors discuss NTP-based strategies for biofilm control, such as surface modifications to prevent bacterial adhesion, killing bacteria in biofilms, and biofilm destruction with NTPs. The unspecific character of microbicidal activity, proven polymer modification and destruction abilities, low toxicity for human tissues and absence of long-living toxic compounds make NTPs a very promising tool for biofilm prevention and control.
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21
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Shi Q, Song K, Zhou X, Xiong Z, Du T, Lu X, Cao Y. Effects of non-equilibrium plasma in the treatment of ligature-induced peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:478-87. [PMID: 25867215 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shi
- Department of Stomatology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Ke Song
- Department of Stomatology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xincai Zhou
- Department of Stomatology; Shenzhen Baoan Maternal and Child Health Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Zilan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Tianfeng Du
- Department of Stomatology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Xinpei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Yingguang Cao
- Department of Stomatology; Tongji Hospital; Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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22
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Cold air plasma to decontaminate inanimate surfaces of the hospital environment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:2004-10. [PMID: 24441156 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03480-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hospital environment harbors bacteria that may cause health care-associated infections. Microorganisms, such as multiresistant bacteria, can spread around the patient's inanimate environment. Some recently introduced biodecontamination approaches in hospitals have significant limitations due to the toxic nature of the gases and the length of time required for aeration. This study evaluated the in vitro use of cold air plasma as an efficient alternative to traditional methods of biodecontamination of hospital surfaces. Cultures of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii were applied to different materials similar to those found in the hospital environment. Artificially contaminated sections of marmoleum, mattress, polypropylene, powder-coated mild steel, and stainless steel were then exposed to a cold air pressure plasma single jet for 30 s, 60 s, and 90 s, operating at approximately 25 W and 12 liters/min flow rate. Direct plasma exposure successfully reduced the bacterial load by log 3 for MRSA, log 2.7 for VRE, log 2 for ESBL-producing E. coli, and log 1.7 for A. baumannii. The present report confirms the efficient antibacterial activity of a cold air plasma single-jet plume on nosocomial bacterially contaminated surfaces over a short period of time and highlights its potential for routine biodecontamination in the clinical environment.
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23
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Ercan UK, Joshi SS, Yost A, Gogotsi N, O’Toole S, Paff M, Melchior E, Joshi SG. Inhibition of Biofilms by Non-Thermal Plasma Treated Novel Solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2014.416128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Hoffmann C, Berganza C, Zhang J. Cold Atmospheric Plasma: methods of production and application in dentistry and oncology. Med Gas Res 2013; 3:21. [PMID: 24083477 PMCID: PMC4016545 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9912-3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold Atmospheric Plasma is an ionized gas that has recently been extensively studied by researchers as a possible therapy in dentistry and oncology. Several different gases can be used to produce Cold Atmospheric Plasma such as Helium, Argon, Nitrogen, Heliox, and air. There are many methods of production by which cold atmospheric plasma is created. Each unique method can be used in different biomedical areas. In dentistry, researchers have mostly investigated the antimicrobial effects produced by plasma as a means to remove dental biofilms and eradicate oral pathogens. It has been shown that reactive oxidative species, charged particles, and UV photons play the main role. Cold Atmospheric Plasma has also found a minor, but important role in tooth whitening and composite restoration. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that Cold Atmospheric Plasma induces apoptosis, necrosis, cell detachment, and senescence by disrupting the S phase of cell replication in tumor cells. This unique finding opens up its potential therapy in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Hoffmann
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Carlos Berganza
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - John Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 223, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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