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Ham-Karim H, Negm O, Ahmad N, Ilyas M. Investigating genomic, proteomic, and post-transcriptional regulation profiles in colorectal cancer: a comparative study between primary tumors and associated metastases. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:192. [PMID: 37670299 PMCID: PMC10478430 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Approximately 50% of patients with primary colorectal carcinoma develop liver metastases. This study investigates the possible molecular discrepancies between primary colorectal cancer (pCRC) and their respective metastases. METHODS A total of 22 pairs of pCRC and metastases were tested. Mutation profiling of 26 cancer-associated genes was undertaken in 22/22primary-metastasis tumour pairs using next-generation sequencing, whilst the expression of a panel of six microRNAs (miRNAs) was investigated using qPCRin 21/22 pairs and 22 protein biomarkers was tested using Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA)in 20/22 patients' tumour pairs. RESULTS Among the primary and metastatic tumours the mutation rates for the individual genes are as follows:TP53 (86%), APC (44%), KRAS (36%), PIK3CA (9%), SMAD4 (9%), NRAS (9%) and 4% for FBXW7, BRAF, GNAS and CDH1. The primary-metastasis tumour mutation status was identical in 54/60 (90%) loci. However, there was discordance in heterogeneity status in 40/58 genetic loci (z-score = 6.246, difference = 0.3793, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, there was loss of concordance in miRNA expression status between primary and metastatic tumours, and 57.14-80.95% of the primary-metastases tumour pairs showed altered primary-metastasis relative expression in all the miRNAs tested. Moreover, 16 of 20 (80%) tumour pairs showed alteration in at least 3 of 6 (50%) of the protein biomarker pathways analysed. CONCLUSION The molecular alterations of primary colorectal tumours differ significantly from those of their matched metastases. These differences have profound implications for patients' prognoses and response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hersh Ham-Karim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq-Qualaraisi, Sulaimani, Iraq.
| | - Ola Negm
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Narmeen Ahmad
- Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies and Scientific Research, Qirga, Sulaimani, KRG, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Komar University of Science and Technology, Chaq-Chaq-Qualaraisi, Sulaimani, Iraq
- Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Integrated Decision-Making in the Treatment of Colon-Rectal Cancer: The Case of KRAS-Mutated Tumors. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020395. [PMID: 36836752 PMCID: PMC9967356 DOI: 10.3390/life13020395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, precision medicine has taken an increasing place in various branches of medical oncology, including colorectal cancer. Among the potentially relevant mutations for this cancer is the KRAS mutation, initially defined as "untargetable"; today, we see the birth of new molecules that target one of the variants of the KRAS mutation, KRAS G12C, having a significant impact on the therapeutic options for other malignancies, such as metastatic lung cancer. This fundamental step forward has stimulated scientific research on other potential targets of KRAS, both indirect and direct, and combination treatments aiming to overcome the mechanisms of resistance to these drugs that decrease in efficacy in colorectal cancer. What was once a negative predictive marker of response to anti-EGFR drugs today has become a potential target for targeted treatments. In turn, the prognostic role of the mutation has become extremely interesting, making it a potentially useful element in therapeutic decision-making, not only regarding oncological treatments but also in a more complex and complete manner within a global vision of the patient, involving other figures on the multidisciplinary team, such as surgeons, radiotherapists, and interventional radiologists.
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Nikolic A, Krivokapic Z. Nucleic acid-based markers of response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer. Surg Oncol 2022; 41:101743. [PMID: 35358913 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2022.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The progress that has been made in the treatment of rectal cancer has mostly resulted from multimodality strategy approach that combines surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC), surgery remains the primary treatment, while neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is used to downsize or downstage the tumor before surgical resection. Highly variable response to nCRT observed in LARC patients raises the need for biomarkers to enable prediction and evaluation of treatment response in a more efficient and timely manner than currently available tools. The search for predictive biomarkers continues beyond blood proteins, which have failed in subsequent validation studies. This review presents nucleic acids-based markers and their predictive potential in LARC patients. Most of the candidate biomarkers come from relatively small single-institution studies. The only candidate biomarker that emerged as relevant in more than a single study was elevated levels of Fusobacterium nucleatum nucleic acids in tumor tissue. Considering that this marker is easily accessible through non-invasive analysis of faecal samples, its predictive potential is worth further validation. The other candidate nucleic acid-based biomarkers require more consistent studies on larger cohorts before they can be considered for use in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Nikolic
- Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zoran Krivokapic
- Clinic for Digestive Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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Jin J, Shi Y, Zhang S, Yang S. PIK3CA mutation and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Acta Oncol 2020; 59:66-74. [PMID: 31545109 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2019.1664764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: There is conflicting evidence regarding the association between PIK3CA mutations and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer (CRC). We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis investigating the association between PIK3CA mutations and clinicopathological features in CRC, including subgroup analysis of mutations in exons 9 and 20, to elucidate the role of PIK3CA mutations in CRC.Materials and Methods: A detailed literature search was performed within the PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases, examining the associations between PIK3CA mutations and demographic characteristics, clinicopathologic parameters, and molecular features in patients with CRC. The odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to estimate the effect of PIK3CA mutations on outcome parameters.Results: Forty-four studies enrolling 17621 patients were eligible for inclusion. PIK3CA mutations were associated with proximal tumor location, mucinous differentiation, KRAS mutations, and microsatellite instability (MSI). Subgroup analysis demonstrated that PIK3CA exon 9 mutations were positively associated with proximal tumor location and KRAS mutations, and negatively associated with BRAF mutations and MSI; exon 20 mutations were associated with proximal tumor location, KRAS mutations, BRAF mutations and MSI.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that overall or exon-specific PIK3CA mutations showed null associations with key clinicopathological parameters, including disease stage and tumor differentiation, indicating that PIK3CA mutations do not predict aggressive clinicopathological characteristics in CRC. As PIK3CA mutations were found to be closely associated with KRAS mutations, their relationship warrants further investigation. Since PIK3CA exon 9 and 20 mutations showed different tendencies with regard to BRAF mutation and MSI status, they may have distinct molecular impacts on CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqin Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuofei Yang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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Ham-Karim HA, Ebili HO, Bradshaw K, Richman SD, Fadhil W, Domingo E, Tomlinson I, Ilyas M. Targeted next generation sequencing reveals a common genetic pathway for colorectal cancers with chromosomal instability and those with microsatellite and chromosome stability. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152445. [PMID: 31153694 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microsatellite stable sporadic colorectal cancers (CRCs) can be classified as either tumours with chromosomal instability (CIN+) or tumours that are 'Microsatellite and Chromosomal Stable' (MACS). The CIN + tumours are aneuploid whilst MACS are near-diploid; little else is known about their differences. We compared the mutation profiles of CIN + and MACS CRCs. METHOD Targeted Next Generation Sequencing for mutation in 26 driver genes (TruSight-26 kit) was undertaken in 46 CIN + and 35 MACSCRCs. Tumours were compared for mutation frequency, allelic imbalance and clonal heterogeneity. RESULTS Mutations were detected in 58% genes and, overall, mutation in driver genes was at expected frequencies. Comparison of classes revealed similar mutation frequencies in most genes and allelic imbalance atAPC and TP53. Differences were seen in mutation frequency in KRAS (41% CIN+ vs 68% MACS, p = 0.015) and GNAS (0% CIN+ vs 12% MACS, p = 0.032). Twenty percent CIN + CRCs harboured mutations only in TP53 - a profile not seen in the MACS tumours (p = 0.009). None of the differences were significant after multiple testing corrections. CONCLUSIONS The mutation profiles of CIN and MACS CRCs are similar. The events allowing aneuploidy (or forcing retention of diploidy) remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hersh A Ham-Karim
- Academic Unit of Pathology and Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
| | - Henry O Ebili
- Academic Unit of Pathology and Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK.
| | - Kirsty Bradshaw
- Centre for Medical Genetics, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital Campus, UK
| | - Susan D Richman
- Department of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Wakkas Fadhil
- Academic Unit of Pathology and Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohammad Ilyas
- Academic Unit of Pathology and Nottingham Molecular Pathology Node, University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, UK
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Susanti S, Fadhil W, Ebili HO, Asiri A, Nestarenkaite A, Hadjimichael E, Ham-Karim HA, Field J, Stafford K, Matharoo-Ball B, Hassall JC, Sharif A, Oniscu A, Ilyas M. N_LyST: a simple and rapid screening test for Lynch syndrome. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:713-720. [DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AimsWe sought to use PCR followed by high-resolution melting analysis to develop a single closed-tube screening panel to screen for Lynch syndrome. This comprises tests for microsatellite instability (MSI), MLH1 methylation promoter and BRAF mutation.MethodsFor MSI testing, five mononucleotide markers (BAT25, BAT26, BCAT25, MYB, EWSR1) were developed. In addition, primers were designed to interrogate Region C of the MLH1 promoter for methylation (using bisulphite-modified DNA) and to test for mutations in codon 600 of BRAF. Two separate cohorts from Nottingham (n=99, 46 with MSI, 53 being microsatellite stable (MSS)) and Edinburgh (n=88, 45 MSI, 43 MSS) were tested.ResultsAll the cases (n=187) were blind tested for MSI and all were correctly characterised by our panel. The MLH1 promoter and BRAF were tested only in the Nottingham cohort. Successful blinded analysis was performed on the MLH1 promoter in 97 cases. All MSS cases showed a pattern of non-methylation while 41/44 cases with MSI showed full methylation. The three cases with MSI and a non-methylated pattern had aberrations in MSH2 and MSH6 expression. BRAF mutation was detected in 61% of MSI cases and 11% of MSS cases.Finally, 12 cases were blind screened by using the whole panel as a single test. Of these, five were identified as MSS, four as MSI/non-LS and three as MSI/possible LS. These results were concordant with the previous data.ConclusionWe describe the Nottingham Lynch Syndrome Test (N_LyST). This is a quick, simple and cheap method for screening for Lynch syndrome.
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Roszkowski K, Zurawski B, Jozwicki W, Basta P, Lewandowska MA. Impact of specific KRAS mutation in exon 2 on clinical outcome of chemotherapy- and radiotherapy-treated colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. Mol Diagn Ther 2015; 18:559-66. [PMID: 24859378 PMCID: PMC4171587 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-014-0107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Knowledge obtained via high-throughput technologies, used for tumor genome sequencing or identifying gene expression and methylation signatures, is clinically applicable thanks to molecular characterization in the context of tumor development and progression. This study was conducted to assess the impact of specific KRAS mutation in codons 12 and 13 on clinical outcome of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in colorectal cancer patients. Methods A total of 239 samples of colorectal adenocarcinoma underwent histological evaluation and DNA isolation. Results and Conclusions Patients with a mutation in KRAS codon 13 experienced worse outcome than those with a mutation in KRAS codon 12. Moreover, the cases of mutations in KRAS codons 12 or 13 were associated with a significantly higher mortality than the cases of wild-type KRAS, and some patients with KRAS mutated in codon 12 had an exceptionally long overall survival. Finally, primary preoperative radiation therapy followed by surgery significantly increased overall survival more efficiently than surgery followed by chemotherapy. This should be investigated in further studies. The fact that all patients treated with radiotherapy + surgery were alive, again focused our attention on the effect of preoperative radiation therapy on the prognosis for colorectal cancer patients. However, the number of patients in this subgroup is too small to allow any specific explanation for this observation. We should, rather, point out a problem for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Roszkowski
- Department of Radiotherapy, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bogdan Zurawski
- Outpatient Chemotherapy, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Jozwicki
- Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Pawel Basta
- Department of Gynecology and Oncology, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- I Department of Surgery, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marzena Anna Lewandowska
- Molecular Oncology and Genetics Unit, Department of Tumor Pathology and Pathomorphology, The F. Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Romanowskiej 2, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Thoracic Surgery and Tumors, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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