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Péron M, Simon V, Le Grand F, Soudant P, Mazurais D, Vagner M. Non-lethal sampling method for the analysis of white muscle fatty acid profiles in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1381-1390. [PMID: 37948014 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01262-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel non-lethal sampling method for assessing fatty acid (FA) composition in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using subcutaneous white muscle biopsies. This research aimed to evaluate the suitability of the biopsy for FA analysis using two lipid extraction protocols and comparing them to a lethal routine method. The results showed that a mass of fresh tissue as low as 1.4 mg provided good quality FA chromatograms for both reserve and membrane lipids. Although the biopsy method displayed high variability in terms of FA quantity among intra-individual replicates, it showed good FA profile repeatability in both reserve and membrane lipids. The study highlights the potential of this non-lethal approach for studying FA dynamics in fish, with its application being particularly promising for ecological and experimental studies. However, careful biopsy implementation is recommended to account for potential lipid droplet and lipid distribution variability within the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Péron
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France.
| | - Victor Simon
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | | | - Philippe Soudant
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - David Mazurais
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
| | - Marie Vagner
- Univ Brest, CNRS, IRD, Ifremer, LEMAR, F-29280, Plouzané, France
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2
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Méndez L, Rodríguez A, Aubourg SP, Medina I. Low-Toxicity Solvents for the Extraction of Valuable Lipid Compounds from Octopus ( Octopus vulgaris) Waste. Foods 2023; 12:3631. [PMID: 37835284 PMCID: PMC10572350 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study focused on the recovery of valuable lipid compounds from octopus (Octopus vulgaris) by-products. Extraction conditions of total lipids (TLs), phospholipids (PLs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were optimized by employing a Simplex-Lattice design; for it, different relative concentrations of three low-toxicity solvents (ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate) were considered. The optimization process was also addressed in reference to fatty acid (FA) ratios (total polyunsaturated FAs/total saturated FAs and total ω3 FAs/total ω6 FAs). The variance analysis of multiple regression data demonstrated that the quadratic model was significant (p < 0.05) for TL, PL, and DHA values and the ω3/ω6 ratio. As a result, the following optimized values were obtained: 113.8 g·kg-1 dry by-products (TLs), 217.3 g·kg-1 lipids (PLs), 22.55 g·100 g-1 total FAs (DHA), and 3.70 (ω3/ω6 ratio). According to the model developed, optimized values were shown to correspond to the following relative solvent concentrations (ethanol/acetone/ethyl acetate): 0.46/0.00/0.54, 0.93/0.07/0.00, 0.83/0.17/0.00, and 0.64/0.00/0.36, respectively. Comparison to yields obtained by the conventional chloroform/methanol method was carried out. A novel strategy based on the employment of low-toxicity solvents is proposed for the extraction of valuable lipid constituents from octopus waste. A different solvent ratio would be necessary according to the lipid compound concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Méndez
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Santiago P Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
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3
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Aubourg SP, Rodríguez A, Trigo M, Medina I. Yield Enhancement of Valuable Lipid Compounds from Squid ( Doryteuthis gahi) Waste by Ethanol/Acetone Extraction. Foods 2023; 12:2649. [PMID: 37509742 PMCID: PMC10379310 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The study focused on the extraction of valuable lipid compounds from squid (Doryteuthis gahi) waste by a low-toxicity solvent mixture (ethanol/acetone, 50:50, v/v). The effect of the waste weight/solvent volume (WW/SV, g·mL-1) ratio and the number of extractions (NoE) on the total lipid (TL), phospholipid (PL), and tocopherol yields and on the fatty acid (FA) profile (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid contents; polyunsaturated FAs/saturated FAs and ω3/ω6 ratios) was investigated. As a result, an increased NoE led to an increased (p < 0.05) TL yield but a decreased (p < 0.05) proportion of PLs in the lipid extract. Additionally, a lower (p < 0.05) polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio was detected by increasing the NoE. Some differences (p < 0.05) could be outlined as a result of increasing the WW/SV ratio; however, a definite trend for this extraction condition could not be concluded for any of the lipid parameters measured. Yield results were compared to those obtained by the conventional chloroform/methanol procedure. In order to attain an increased yield, the NoE required would depend on the polarity degree of the lipid molecule concerned. All ethanol/acetone extracting conditions tested led to remarkable yields for lipid compounds (PLs, α-tocopherol, ω3 FAs) and FA ratios with healthy, nutritional, and preserving properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago P Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, c/Santos Dumont, 964, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
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4
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Rodríguez A, Trigo M, Aubourg SP, Medina I. Optimisation of Low-Toxicity Solvent Employment for Total Lipid and Tocopherol Compound Extraction from Patagonian Squid By-Products. Foods 2023; 12:foods12030504. [PMID: 36766033 PMCID: PMC9914702 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraction of total lipids and tocopherol compounds from Patagonian squid (Doriteuthis gahi) by-products (viscera, heads, skin, etc.), resulting from squid mantel commercialisation, was studied. An optimisation simplex-lattice design by employing low-toxicity solvents (ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate) was carried out taking into account their relative concentrations. The variance analysis of data showed that the quadratic model was statistically significant (p < 0.05); empirical coded equations were obtained as a function of the low-toxicity solvent ratios. The optimised lipid extraction was obtained by employing the 0.642/0.318/0.040 (ethanol/acetone/ethyl acetate) solvent ratio, respectively, leading to an 84% recovery of the total lipids extracted by the traditional procedure. In all extracting systems tested, the presence of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol compounds was detected, α-tocopherol being the most abundant. For α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol compounds, the optimisation process showed that acetone extraction led to the highest concentrations in the lipid extract obtained (2736.5, 36.8, and 2.8 mg·kg-1 lipids, respectively). Taking into account the recovery yield on a by-product basis, the values obtained for the three tocopherols were included in the 88.0-97.7%, 80.0-95.0%, and 25-75% ranges, respectively, when compared to the traditional extraction. This study provides a novel and valuable possibility for α-tocopherol extraction from marine by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rodríguez
- Department of Food Science and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, C/Santos Dumont 964, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6., 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Santiago P. Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6., 36208 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-231-930
| | - Isabel Medina
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6., 36208 Vigo, Spain
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5
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Kendler S, Thornes FW, Jakobsen AN, Lerfall J. Nutritional profiling and contaminant levels of five underutilized fish species in Norway. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1118094. [PMID: 36969808 PMCID: PMC10031004 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1118094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploring and making use of underutilized marine resources can be a sustainable approach to achieve future demands of fish consumption by the ever-growing population. Five species, namely European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), European flounder (Platichthys flesus), lemon sole (Microstomus kitt), megrim (Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis), and thornback ray (Raja clavate), often captured as by-catch in Norway, were characterized for their nutritional value and potential accumulation of hazardous components. The proximate composition, protein profile, fatty acid profile as well as essential and toxic trace elements and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed. Digestible indispensable amino acid (DIAA) ratios and scores (DIAAS) and contributions of omega-3 fatty acids to the diet were calculated. Analysis on proximate composition revealed low fat contents of 0.74 to 1.25% and sufficient protein contents between 16.9 and 24% in the five species. Results of DIAA indicate a profitable distribution, with contributions exceeding the daily intake recommendations for an adult person related to a 200 g fillet. Moreover, findings on the distribution of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) showed remarkable results, considering that the investigated species are lean fish. All five investigated fish exceed the recommended average daily intake level (AI) of EPA + DHA in a 200 g portion. As to toxic trace elements and PCBs, no significantly elevated levels were found considering a portion size of 200 g. Consequently, the nutritional quality of the investigated fish can be regarded as profitable with overall low potential health risks.
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Comparative Study of Bioactive Lipid Extraction from Squid ( Doryteuthis gahi) by-Products by Green Solvents. Foods 2022; 11:foods11152188. [PMID: 35892773 PMCID: PMC9330110 DOI: 10.3390/foods11152188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel approach of bioactive lipid extraction by different green solvents was carried out on squid (Doryteuthis gahi) by-products. By-products (viscera, heads, skin, tails, etc.), considered as a single product, were subjected to the following solvent systems: ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, 1/1 ethanol/acetone, 1/1 ethanol/ethyl acetate, and 1/1 acetone/ethyl acetate. Analyses carried out included lipid yield, lipid class content, and fatty acid (FA) composition. Results were compared to the lipid extract obtained by the traditional procedure (1/1 chloroform/methanol). Lipid yields obtained by green solvents led to a 33.4−73.2% recovery compared to traditional extraction; the highest values (p < 0.05) were obtained by ethanol-containing systems. Compared to the traditional procedure, ethanol systems showed an 85.8−90.3% recovery of phospholipid compounds and no differences (p > 0.05) in the ω3/ω6 ratio. Green-extracting systems led to higher average values for eicosapentaenoic acid content (15.66−18.56 g·100 g−1 total FAs) and polyene index (1.93−3.29) than chloroform/methanol extraction; differences were significant (p < 0.05) for systems including acetone and ethyl acetate. No differences (p > 0.05) were detected for docosahexaenoic acid content between the traditional procedure and green systems, with all values being included in the 31.12−32.61 g·100 g−1 total FA range. The suitability of EtOH-containing green systems for extraction of bioactive lipid compounds from squid by-products was concluded.
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Aubourg SP, Trigo M, González MJ, Lois S, Medina I. Evolution of lipid damage and volatile amine content in Patagonian squid (
Doryteuthis gahi
) by‐products during frozen storage. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago P. Aubourg
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) c/E. Cabello, 6 36208 Vigo Spain
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) c/E. Cabello, 6 36208 Vigo Spain
| | - Mª Jesús González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) c/E. Cabello, 6 36208 Vigo Spain
| | - Salomé Lois
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) c/E. Cabello, 6 36208 Vigo Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, CSIC) c/E. Cabello, 6 36208 Vigo Spain
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8
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Malga JM, Trigo M, Martínez B, Aubourg SP. Preservative Effect on Canned Mackerel ( Scomber colias) Lipids by Addition of Octopus ( Octopus vulgaris) Cooking Liquor in the Packaging Medium. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030739. [PMID: 35164004 PMCID: PMC8840104 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The preservative properties of waste liquor obtained from octopus (Octopus vulgaris) cooking were investigated. Three different concentrations (high, medium, and low) of octopus cooking liquor (OCL) were included, respectively, in the aqueous packaging medium employed for mackerel (Scomber colias) canning. As a result, the canning process led to an increase (p < 0.05) of lipid content, lipid oxidation (development of fluorescent compounds and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS), lipid hydrolysis (formation of free fatty acids, FFA) and ω3/ω6 ratio in fish muscle. In all canned samples, primary (peroxides) and secondary (TBARS) levels of lipid oxidation were low. Remarkably, the presence in the packaging medium of the high and medium OCL concentrations led to lower (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation development (fluorescent compound and TBARS detection, respectively). Furthermore, an increasing OCL presence led to an average decrease of peroxide and FFA content and to an average increase of the polyene index (PI). All OCL-packaged muscle showed lower average values of saturated fatty acids and ω3/ω6 ratio and higher average values of PI and monounsaturated fatty acid presence. This study provides a first approach to novel and beneficial use of the present marine waste to inhibit lipid damage of commercial canned fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Malga
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Beatriz Martínez
- Department of Food Technologies, CIFP Coroso, Avda. da Coruña, 174, 15960 Ribeira, Spain;
| | - Santiago P. Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/Eduardo Cabello, 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (J.M.M.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
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9
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Aubourg SP, Trigo M, Prego R, Cobelo-García A, Medina I. Nutritional and Healthy Value of Chemical Constituents Obtained from Patagonian Squid ( Doryteuthis gahi) By-Products Captured at Different Seasons. Foods 2021; 10:foods10092144. [PMID: 34574251 PMCID: PMC8465112 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focuses on the extraction of nutritional and healthy constituents of whole by-products resulting from the commercialisation of Patagonian squid (Doriteuthis gahi). By-products corresponding to squid individuals captured at different seasons were comparatively analysed for proximate composition, lipid classes content, fatty acid (FA) profile, and macroelement and trace element composition. As a result, moisture, lipid, protein, and ash values were included in the ranges 829.0-842.8, 17.5-21.8, 106.0-123.7, and 9.3-13.3 g·kg-1 by-products, respectively. Phospholipids showed to be the most abundant lipid class (359.2-463.5 g·kg-1 lipids), while triacylglycerols were only present in a 9.5-13.1 g·kg-1 lipids range. Valuable levels were detected for α-tocopherol (539.6-973.3 mg·kg-1 lipids), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; 50.5-52.6 g·100 g-1 FA), ω3 PUFA (47.0-48.6 g·100 g-1 FA), PUFA/saturated FA ratio (1.4-1.6), and ω3/ω6 ratio (12.1-13.4). Among macroelements, S, P, and Na showed to be more abundant than K, Mg, and Ca. Profitable levels of Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn were detected in all kinds of individuals. In spite of content variations found as a result of the capture season of Patagonian squid individuals, whole by-products of this cephalopod species can be considered as a profitable source to provide the food and pharmaceutical industries with useful value-added constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago P. Aubourg
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.T.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-986-231-930; Fax: +34-986-292-762
| | - Marcos Trigo
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.T.); (I.M.)
| | - Ricardo Prego
- Department of Oceanography, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (R.P.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Antonio Cobelo-García
- Department of Oceanography, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (R.P.); (A.C.-G.)
| | - Isabel Medina
- Department of Food Technology, Marine Research Institute (CSIC), c/E. Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; (M.T.); (I.M.)
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Domiszewski Z, Duszyńska K, Stachowska E. Influence of different heat treatments on the lipid quality of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus). JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2020.1817219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zdzislaw Domiszewski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Food Industry Processes and Facilities, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Duszyńska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Food Industry Processes and Facilities, Koszalin University of Technology, Koszalin, Poland
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Bienkiewicz G, Tokarczyk G, Czerniejewska-Surma B, Suryn J. Changes in the EPA and DHA content and lipids quality parameters of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and carp ( Cyprinus carpio, L.) at individual stages of hot smoking. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02964. [PMID: 31879706 PMCID: PMC6920263 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate qualitative changes in lipids of two most popular freshwater farmed fish (rainbow trout and carp) at particular stages of hot smoking process (brining, drying, smoking and heating). In order to characterize qualitative changes, the amount of peroxides (PV), secondary oxidation products (AsV) and the degree of hydrolysis of lipids (AV) was determined during the smoking process. The studies were carried out both in the fraction of lipids extracted using chloroform-based method (free lipids), as well as the fraction extracted by Bligh and Dyer method of the 1:1 chloroform: methanol ratio (bound lipids). Heat smoking results in loss of fat, especially at the last two stages of the process and the final contents of lipids were about 18% lower in the carp samples and about 10% lower in the trout samples. The dynamics of free lipid oxidation (Ch-lipids) was much smaller than the lipids extracted using B-D method, but the trend of lipid changes was similar. There was no significant difference in the anisidine value between two species, both for free lipids (Ch-lipids) and bound lipids (B-D-lipids), except for the last stage of smoking. No statistically significant differences between the studied species were found also in the case of lipid hydrolysis level, but after the smoking process an amount of free fatty acids increased. Subsequent stages of smoking process resulted in statistically significant losses of EPA and DHA in both fish species and in both types of lipids, i.e. B-D-lipids and Ch-lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Bienkiewicz
- Department of Food Quality, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Papieża Pawła VI nr 3, 71-459, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Tokarczyk
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Papieża Pawła VI nr 3, 71-459, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Czerniejewska-Surma
- Department of Food Quality, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Papieża Pawła VI nr 3, 71-459, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jacek Suryn
- Lisner Sp. z o.o., Poznań, Strzeszyńska 38/42, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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