1
|
Adarsh Krishna TP, Ajeesh Krishna TP, Edachery B, Antony Ceasar S. Guggulsterone - a potent bioactive phytosteroid: synthesis, structural modification, and its improved bioactivities. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:55-69. [PMID: 38283224 PMCID: PMC10809385 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00432e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Guggulsterone is a phytosteroid derived from the oleo-gum resin of the critically endangered plant Commiphora wightii. This molecule has attracted increasing attention due to its excellent biochemistry potential and the compound has consequently been evaluated in clinical trials. With a low concentration in natural resources but wide medicinal and therapeutic value, chemists have developed several synthetic routes for guggulsterone starting from various steroid precursors. Moreover, numerous studies have attempted to modify its structure to improve the biological properties. Nowadays, green and sustainable chemistry has also attracted more attention for advanced chemical processes and reactions in steroid chemistry. The present review aimed to summarize the literature and provide an update about the improvements in the chemical synthesis and structural modification of guggulsterone from the view of green chemistry. Moreover, this review encompasses the improved activities of structurally modified guggulsterone derivatives. We expect that the information provided here will be useful to researchers working in this field and on this molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Adarsh Krishna
- R & D Division, Sreedhareeyam Farmherbs India Pvt. Ltd Kerala 686 662 India
| | - T P Ajeesh Krishna
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
| | - Baldev Edachery
- R & D Division, Sreedhareeyam Farmherbs India Pvt. Ltd Kerala 686 662 India
| | - S Antony Ceasar
- Division of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
- Division of Phytochemistry and Drug-Design, Department of Bioscience, Rajagiri College of Social Sciences Kochi Kerala 683 104 India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khosh manzar M, Mohammadi M, Hamishehkar H, Piruzifard MK. Nanophytosome as a promising carrier for improving cumin essential oil properties. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
3
|
Huang Z, Brennan CS, Zhao H, Liu J, Guan W, Mohan MS, Stipkovits L, Zheng H, Kulasiri D. Fabrication and assessment of milk phospholipid-complexed antioxidant phytosomes with vitamin C and E: A comparison with liposomes. Food Chem 2020; 324:126837. [PMID: 32339791 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidences have shown that phytosome assemblies are novel drug delivery system. However, studies of phytosomes in food applications are scarce. The characteristics of milk phospholipid assemblies and their functionality in terms of in vitro digestibility and bioavailability of encapsulated nutrients (ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol) were studied. The phytosomes were fabricated using ethanolic evaporation technique. Spectral analysis revealed that polar parts of phospholipids formed hydrogen bonds with ascorbic acid hydroxyl groups, further, incorporating ascorbic acid or α-tocopherol into the phospholipid assembly changed the chemical conformation of the complexes. Phospholipid-ascorbic acid phytosomes yielded an optimal complexing index of 98.52 ± 0.03% at a molar ratio of 1:1. Phytosomes exhibited good biocompatibility on intestinal epithelial cells. The cellular uptake of ascorbic acid was 29.06 ± 1.18% for phytosomes. It was higher than that for liposomes (24.14 ± 0.60%) and for ascorbic acid aqueous solution (1.17 ± 0.70%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Huang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand; Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Charles Stephen Brennan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand; Riddet Research Institute, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Hui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Jianfu Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Wenqiang Guan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology and Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Maneesha S Mohan
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand
| | - Letitia Stipkovits
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand
| | - Haotian Zheng
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, United States; Dairy Innovation Institute, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, United States
| | - Don Kulasiri
- Department of Wine, Food and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Christchurch 7647, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
In-vitro metabolism, CYP profiling and metabolite identification of E- and Z- guggulsterone, a potent hypolipidmic agent. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 160:202-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|