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Breenfeldt Andersen A, Nordsborg NB, Bonne TC, Bejder J. Contemporary blood doping-Performance, mechanism, and detection. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14243. [PMID: 36229224 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood doping is prohibited for athletes but has been a well-described practice within endurance sports throughout the years. With improved direct and indirect detection methods, the practice has allegedly moved towards micro-dosing, that is, reducing the blood doping regime amplitude. This narrative review evaluates whether blood doping, specifically recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) treatment and blood transfusions are performance-enhancing, the responsible mechanism as well as detection possibilities with a special emphasis on micro-dosing. In general, studies evaluating micro-doses of blood doping are limited. However, in randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trials, three studies find that infusing as little as 130 ml red blood cells or injecting 9 IU × kg bw-1 rhEpo three times per week for 4 weeks improve endurance performance ~4%-6%. The responsible mechanism for a performance-enhancing effect following rhEpo or blood transfusions appear to be increased O2 -carrying capacity, which is accompanied by an increased muscular O2 extraction and likely increased blood flow to the working muscles, enabling the ability to sustain a higher exercise intensity for a given period. Blood doping in micro-doses challenges indirect detection by the Athlete Biological Passport, albeit it can identify ~20%-60% of the individuals depending on the sample timing. However, novel biomarkers are emerging, and some may provide additive value for detection of micro blood doping such as the immature reticulocytes or the iron regulatory hormones hepcidin and erythroferrone. Future studies should attempt to validate these biomarkers for implementation in real-world anti-doping efforts and continue the biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Breenfeldt Andersen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, Section for Sport Science, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Christian Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Goodrum JM, Lewis LA, Fedoruk MN, Eichner D, Miller GD. Feasibility of microvolumetric capillary whole blood collections for usage in Athlete Biological Passport analysis. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1291-1299. [PMID: 35302295 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The hematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) represents an important tool in the pursuit to detect blood doping in athletes. Currently, collecting blood samples for ABP analysis can be cumbersome, invasive, and expensive, involving a venous blood draw performed by a trained phlebotomist followed by cold-chain monitored shipping to the analysis laboratory. Developing innovative methods to collect and transport ABP blood samples while adhering to strict preanalytical and analytical requirements has the potential to greatly increase testing frequency and, consequently, the effectiveness of the ABP program globally. The focus of this study was to compare venous blood collections with capillary blood collections to determine if capillary samples could be used for ABP analysis without sacrificing the analytical integrity required for antidoping testing procedures. In this study, capillary blood was collected using the Tasso+ EDTA device (Tasso, Inc.), a novel microvolumetric device that collects liquid, whole blood from skin capillaries on the upper arm. Excellent laboratory agreement was observed between venous and capillary blood samples for the three main ABP parameters: HGB, RET%, and OFF-Score. Additionally, the stability of capillary samples after storage at 4°C, similar to what would be required during transport, was acceptable for up to 72 h following collection. Finally, we generated individual ABP profiles using the adaptive model for 10 participants and observed excellent agreement between venous and capillary profiles. These results indicate capillary blood collection is a viable alternative to venous blood collections for ABP analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Goodrum
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Laura A Lewis
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Postnikov PV, Efimova YA, Pronina IV. Circulating MicroRNAs as a New Class of Biomarkers of Physiological Reactions of the Organism to the Intake of Dietary Supplements and Drugs. Microrna 2022; 11:25-35. [PMID: 35466889 DOI: 10.2174/2211536611666220422123437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of individual microRNAs (miRNAs) as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for the effective treatment of various diseases has aroused particular interest in the scientific community. The determination of circulating miRNAs makes it possible to assess biological changes associated with nutritional processes, the intake of dietary supplements and drugs, etc. The profile of circulating miRNAs reflects the individual adaptation of the organism to the effect of specific environmental conditions. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to systematize the data and show the importance of circulating miRNAs as new potential biomarkers of the organism's response to the intake of various dietary supplements, drugs, and consider the possibility of their use in doping control. METHODS A systematic analysis of scientific publications (ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) on the miRNA expression profile in response to the intake of dietary supplements and drugs most often used by athletes, and supposed their role as potential markers in modern doping control was carried out. RESULTS The profile of circulating miRNAs is highly dependent on the intake of a particular drug, and, therefore, may be used as a marker of the effects of biologically active supplements and drugs including the substances from the Prohibited List of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). CONCLUSION Monitoring of circulating miRNAs can serve as a high-precision marker for detecting doping abuse in elite sports. However, it is necessary to conduct additional studies on the effect of complex drugs on the profile of circulating miRNAs and individual circulating miRNAs on a particular biological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Postnikov
- National Antidoping Laboratory (Institute), M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Efimova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Pronina
- National Antidoping Laboratory (Institute), M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Transcriptomics and Pathogenomics, Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \'Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology", Moscow, Russia
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Abdul Latif M, Mohd Rodhi A, Salim S, Muhamad Salhimi S, Abdul Manaf N, Ismail M. Haematological parameters of Malaysian junior athletes during an out of competition season. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lombardi G, Perego S, Sansoni V, Banfi G. Circulating miRNA as fine regulators of the physiological responses to physical activity: Pre-analytical warnings for a novel class of biomarkers. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1331-9. [PMID: 27693050 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are endogenous non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by specifically binding the target mRNA and by consequently inducing its degradation. miRNAs can be released into the circulation where they remain stable and they can be measured. Their changes reflect individual biologic adaptation to exposures to specific environmental conditions. As such, measurement of circulating microRNAs represents an opportunity to evaluate biologic changes associated with interventions such as exercise and diet. Physical activity is, indeed, a very important modifying factor for circulating miRNAs. Toward their use in clinical settings several issues should be still solved. Their clinical application is hindered by the high heterogeneity of the analytical procedures used for their measurements. Furthermore, several pre-analytical concerns equally reduce the clinical applicability of miRNA. Pre-analytical phase in sports medicine is an important issue both because, often the conditions in which sampling are performed are peculiar (and not always canonical) and because some of the tested parameters, in the case of professional athletes, enters in routine anti-doping testing and, as such, they should be treated according to precise rules in order to avoid any false positive results. Aim of this review is to give an overview of the main available knowledges about the pre-analytical management of the sample for circulating miRNA evaluation along with the importance of miRNA as regulators of the response to physical activity and their possible future use in anti-doping settings.
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Robinson N, Kirchbichler A, Banuls O, Mader M, Aikin R, Sottas PE, D'Onofrio G. Validation of a Blood Stability Score as an easy-to-use blood sample quality index. Int J Lab Hematol 2016; 38:685-693. [DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva; Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Epalinges, VD Switzerland
| | | | - O. Banuls
- Cycling Anti-Doping Foundation; Aigle Switzerland
| | - M. Mader
- Nationale Anti-Doping Agentur Austria; Vienna Austria
| | - R. Aikin
- World Anti-Doping Agency; Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - G. D'Onofrio
- Research Center for Automated Methods in Hematology; Catholic University of Sacred Hearth; Rome Italy
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Y. Vis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - A. Huisman
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Walpurgis K, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:7-29. [PMID: 26767774 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of improving anti-doping efforts is predicated on several different pillars, including, amongst others, optimized analytical methods. These commonly result from exploiting most recent developments in analytical instrumentation as well as research data on elite athletes' physiology in general, and pharmacology, metabolism, elimination, and downstream effects of prohibited substances and methods of doping, in particular. The need for frequent and adequate adaptations of sports drug testing procedures has been incessant, largely due to the uninterrupted emergence of new chemical entities but also due to the apparent use of established or even obsolete drugs for reasons other than therapeutic means, such as assumed beneficial effects on endurance, strength, and regeneration capacities. Continuing the series of annual banned-substance reviews, literature concerning human sports drug testing published between October 2014 and September 2015 is summarized and reviewed in reference to the content of the 2015 Prohibited List as issued by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), with particular emphasis on analytical approaches and their contribution to enhanced doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories, Höyläämötie 14, 00380, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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Bejder J, Aachmann-Andersen NJ, Bonne TC, Olsen NV, Nordsborg NB. Detection of erythropoietin misuse by the Athlete Biological Passport combined with reticulocyte percentage. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:1049-1055. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Thomas Christian Bonne
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sport Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Niels Vidiendal Olsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen
- Department of Neuroanesthesia, The Neuroscience Center; Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet); Copenhagen Denmark
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Robinson N, Giraud S, Schumacher YO, Saugy M. Influence of transport and time on blood variables commonly measured for the athlete biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:199-207. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Giraud
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
| | | | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22 1066 Epalinges Switzerland
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Bejder J, Hoffmann MF, Ashenden M, Nordsborg NB, Karstoft K, Mørkeberg J. Acute hyperhydration reduces athlete biological passport OFF-hr score. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:338-47. [PMID: 25773052 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal evidence suggests that athletes hyperhydrate to mask prohibited substances in urine and potentially counteract suspicious fluctuations in blood parameters in the athlete biological passport (ABP). It is examined if acute hyperhydration changes parameters included in the ABP. Twenty subjects received recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) for 3 weeks. After 10 days of rhEPO washout, 10 subjects ingested normal amount of water (∼ 270 mL), whereas the remaining 10 ingested a 1000 mL bolus of water. Blood variables were measured 20, 40, 60, and 80 min after ingestion. Three days later, the subjects were crossed-over with regard to water ingestion and the procedure was repeated. OFF-hr was reduced by ∼ 4%, ∼ 3%, and ∼ 2% at 40, 60, and 80 min, respectively, after drinking 1000 mL of water, compared with normal water ingestion (P < 0.05). Forty percent of the subjects were identified with atypical blood profiles (99% specificity level) before drinking 1000 mL of water, whereas 11% (n = 18), 10% and 11% (n = 18) were identified 40, 60, and 80 min, respectively, after ingestion. This was different (P < 0.05) compared with normal water intake, where 45% of the subjects were identified before ingestion, and 54% (n = 19), 45%, and 47% (n = 19) were identified 40, 60, and 80 min, respectively, after ingestion. In conclusion, acute hyperhydration reduces ABP OFF-hr and reduces ABP sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bejder
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M F Hoffmann
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - N B Nordsborg
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K Karstoft
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Mørkeberg
- Metabolic Mass Spectrometry Facility, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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