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Iakymenko OA, Lugo I, Briski LM, Nemov I, Punnen S, Kwon D, Pollack A, Stoyanova R, Parekh DJ, Jorda M, Gonzalgo ML, Kryvenko ON. Percentage of Gleason pattern 4 and tumor volume predict adverse pathological stage and margin status at radical prostatectomy in grade Group 2 and grade Group 3 prostate cancers. Prostate 2021; 81:866-873. [PMID: 34184782 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing percentages of Gleason pattern 4 (GP4%) in radical prostatectomy (RP) correlate with an increased likelihood of nonorgan-confined disease and earlier biochemical recurrence (BCR). However, there are no detailed RP studies assessing the impact of GP4% and corresponding tumor volume (TV) on extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle (SV) invasion (SV+), and positive surgical margin (SM) status (SM+). METHODS In 1301 consecutive RPs, we analyzed each tumor nodule (TN) for TV, Grade Group (GG), presence of focal versus nonfocal EPE, SV+ , and SM+. Using GG1 (GP4% = 0) TNs as a reference, we recorded GP4% for all GG2 or GG3 TNs. We performed a multivariable analysis (MVA) using a mixed effects logistic regression that tested significant variables for risk of EPE, SV+, and SM+, as well as a multinomial logistic regression model that tested significant variables for risks of nonorgan-confined disease (pT2+, pT3a, and pT3b) versus organ-confined disease (pT2). RESULTS We identified 3231 discrete TNs ranging from 1 to 7 (median: 2.5) per RP. These included GG1 (n = 2115), GG2 (n = 818), GG3 (n = 274), and GG4 (n = 24) TNs. Increasing GP4% weakly paralleled increasing TV (tau = 0.07, p < .001). In MVA, increasing GP4% and TV predicted a greater likelihood of EPE (odds ratio [OR]: 1.03 and 4.41), SV+ (OR: 1.03 and 3.83), and SM+ (1.01, p = .01 and 2.83), all p < .001. Our multinomial logistic regression model demonstrated an association between GP4% and the risk of EPE (i.e., pT3a and pT3b disease), as well as an association between TV and risk of upstaging (all p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Both GP4% and TV are independent predictors of adverse pathological stage and margin status at RP. However, the risks for adverse outcomes associated with GP4% are marginal, while those for TV are strong. The prognostic significance of GP4% on BCR-free survival has not been studied controlling for TV and other adverse RP findings. Whether adverse pathological stage and margin status associated with larger TV could decrease BCR-free survival to a greater extent than increasing RP GP4% remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii A Iakymenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Isabella Lugo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Laurence M Briski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ivan Nemov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sanoj Punnen
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Deukwoo Kwon
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Alan Pollack
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Radka Stoyanova
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Dipen J Parekh
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Merce Jorda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Mark L Gonzalgo
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Oleksandr N Kryvenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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Matoso A, Epstein JI. Defining clinically significant prostate cancer on the basis of pathological findings. Histopathology 2019; 74:135-145. [PMID: 30565298 DOI: 10.1111/his.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The definition of clinically significant prostate cancer is a dynamic process that was initiated many decades ago, when there was already evidence that a great proportion of patients with prostate cancer diagnosed at autopsy never had any clinical symptoms. Autopsy studies led to examinations of radical prostatectomy (RP) specimens and the establishment of the definition of significant cancer at RP: tumour volume of 0.5 cm3 , Gleason grade 6 [Grade Group (GrG) 1], and organ-confined disease. RP studies were then used to develop prediction models for significant cancer by the use of needle biopsies. The first such model was used to delineate the first active surveillance (AS) criteria, known as the 'Epstein' criteria, in which patients with a cancer Gleason score of 3 + 3 = 6 (GrG1) involving fewer than two cores, and <50% of any given core, and a prostate-specific antigen density of <0.15 ng/ml per cm3 had a minimal risk of significant cancer at RP. These were adopted as components of the 'very-low-risk category' of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, in which AS is supported as a management option. With the increase in the popularity of AS, much research has been carried out to better define significant/insignificant cancer, in order to be able to safely offer AS to a larger proportion of patients without the risk of undertreatment. Research has focused on allowing higher volume tumours, focal extraprostatic extension, and a limited amount of Gleason pattern 4, and the significance of different morphological patterns of Gleason 4. Other areas of research that will probably impact on the field but that are not covered in this review include the molecular classification of tumours and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Matoso
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan I Epstein
- Departments of Pathology, Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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