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Fiutek N, Couger MB, Pirro S, Roy SW, de la Torre JR, Connor EF. Genomic Assessment of the Contribution of the Wolbachia Endosymbiont of Eurosta solidaginis to Gall Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119613. [PMID: 37298563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the genome of the Wolbachia strain, wEsol, symbiotic with the plant-gall-inducing fly Eurosta solidaginis with the goal of determining if wEsol contributes to gall induction by its insect host. Gall induction by insects has been hypothesized to involve the secretion of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin and/or proteinaceous effectors to stimulate cell division and growth in the host plant. We sequenced the metagenome of E. solidaginis and wEsol and assembled and annotated the genome of wEsol. The wEsol genome has an assembled length of 1.66 Mbp and contains 1878 protein-coding genes. The wEsol genome is replete with proteins encoded by mobile genetic elements and shows evidence of seven different prophages. We also detected evidence of multiple small insertions of wEsol genes into the genome of the host insect. Our characterization of the genome of wEsol indicates that it is compromised in the synthesis of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) and S-adenosyl L-methionine (SAM), which are precursors required for the synthesis of cytokinins and methylthiolated cytokinins. wEsol is also incapable of synthesizing tryptophan, and its genome contains no enzymes in any of the known pathways for the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from tryptophan. wEsol must steal DMAPP and L-methionine from its host and therefore is unlikely to provide cytokinin and auxin to its insect host for use in gall induction. Furthermore, in spite of its large repertoire of predicted Type IV secreted effector proteins, these effectors are more likely to contribute to the acquisition of nutrients and the manipulation of the host's cellular environment to contribute to growth and reproduction of wEsol than to aid E. solidaginis in manipulating its host plant. Combined with earlier work that shows that wEsol is absent from the salivary glands of E. solidaginis, our results suggest that wEsol does not contribute to gall induction by its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fiutek
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Matthew B Couger
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Stacy Pirro
- Iridian Genomes Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Scott W Roy
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - José R de la Torre
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
| | - Edward F Connor
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94112, USA
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Wen F, Wang J, Shang D, Yan H, Yuan X, Wang Y, Xia Q, Wang G. Non-classical digestive lipase BmTGL selected by gene amplification reduces the effects of mulberry inhibitor during silkworm domestication. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:589-599. [PMID: 36587639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Efficient utilization of dietary lipids is crucial for Bombyx mori, also known as domesticated silkworms. However, the effects of domestication on the genes encoding lipases remain unknown. In this study, we investigated the expression difference of one triacylglycerol lipase (BmTGL) between B.mori and wild (ancestor) silkworm strains (Bombyx mandarina). An immunofluorescence localization analysis showed that BmTGL was present in all parts of the gut and was released into the intestinal lumen. BmTGL expression was significantly enhanced in different domesticated silkworm strains compared to that in the B. mandarina strains. The BmTGL copy numbers in the genomes of the domesticated silkworm strains were 2-to-3 folds that of the B. mandarina strains and accounted for the enhanced expression of BmTGL in the domesticated silkworm strains. The Ser144Asn substitution in the Ser-Asp-His catalytic triads of BmTGL resulted in relatively lower lipase activity and reduced sensitivity to the lipase inhibitor morachalcone A. Moreover, BmTGL overexpression significantly increased the weights of the B. mori silkworms compared to those of the non-transgenic controls. Thus, the selection of BmTGL by gene amplification may be a trade-off between maintaining high enzymatic activity and reducing the effects of mulberry inhibitors during silkworm domestication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Deli Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xingli Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuanqiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Yan H, Wen F, Xiang H, Wen Y, Shang D, Liu A, Niu Y, Xia Q, Wang G. Biochemical characterization and overexpression of an α-amylase (BmAmy) in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Insect Mol Biol 2022; 31:251-259. [PMID: 34923696 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) is the only fully domesticated insect. As an economically important insect, nutrition utilization is important for its productivity. Hence, the present study investigated the expression pattern of BmAmy, an α-amylase, in B. mori. BmAmy protein purification and biochemical characterization were performed, and effects of BmAmy overexpression were assessed. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction indicated that BmAmy transcription was positively correlated with the silkworm's food intate. Moreover, enzymatic activity assay results showed that BmAmy had significant α-amylase activity of about 1 mg/min/mg protein. Furthermore, treatment with mulberry amylase inhibitors MnAI1 and MnAI2 resulted to 89.92% and 93.67% inhibition in BmAmy activity, respectively, and the interaction between BmAmy and MnAI was also confirmed by protein docking analysis. A silkworm line that specifically overexpressed BmAmy in the midgut was generated through piggyBac-based transgenic technology, and compared to those of non-transgenic silkworms, the whole cocoon and cocoon shell weights of these transgenic silkworms increased by 10.13% and 18.32%, respectively, in the female group, and by 5.83% and 6.00%, respectively, in the male group. These results suggested that BmAmy may be a suitable target for breeding better silkworm varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiying Xiang
- Research and Development Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Yuchan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deli Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Anyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yicheng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingyou Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Genhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Novel Silk Materials, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Gibb M, Kisiala AB, Morrison EN, Emery RJN. The Origins and Roles of Methylthiolated Cytokinins: Evidence From Among Life Kingdoms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:605672. [PMID: 33240900 PMCID: PMC7680852 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.605672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of adenine-derived, small signaling molecules of crucial importance for growth and multiple developmental processes in plants. Biological roles of classical CKs: isopentenyladenine (iP), trans and cis isomers of zeatin (tZ, cZ), and dihydrozeatin, have been studied extensively and their functions are well defined in many aspects of plant physiology. In parallel, extensive knowledge exists for genes involved in tRNA modifications that lead to the production of tRNA-bound methylthiolated CKs, especially in bacterial and mammalian systems. However, not much is known about the origins, fates, and possible functions of the unbound methylthiolated CKs (2MeS-CKs) in biological systems. 2MeS-CKs are the free base or riboside derivatives of iP or Z-type CKs, modified by the addition of a thiol group (–SH) at position 2 of the adenine ring that is subsequently methylated. Based on the evidence to date, these distinctive CK conjugates are derived exclusively via the tRNA degradation pathway. This review summarizes the knowledge on the probable steps involved in the biosynthesis of unbound 2MeS-CKs across diverse kingdoms of life. Furthermore, it provides examples of CK profiles of organisms from which the presence of 2MeS-CKs have been detected and confirms a close association and balance between the production of classical CKs and 2MeS-CKs. Finally, it discusses available reports regarding the possible physiological functions of 2MeS-CKs in different biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Gibb
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Anna B Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Erin N Morrison
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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Khalique A, Mattijssen S, Haddad AF, Chaudhry S, Maraia RJ. Targeting mitochondrial and cytosolic substrates of TRIT1 isopentenyltransferase: Specificity determinants and tRNA-i6A37 profiles. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008330. [PMID: 32324744 PMCID: PMC7200024 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The tRNA isopentenyltransferases (IPTases), which add an isopentenyl group to N6 of A37 (i6A37) of certain tRNAs, are among a minority of enzymes that modify cytosolic and mitochondrial tRNAs. Pathogenic mutations to the human IPTase, TRIT1, that decrease i6A37 levels, cause mitochondrial insufficiency that leads to neurodevelopmental disease. We show that TRIT1 encodes an amino-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) that directs mitochondrial import and modification of mitochondrial-tRNAs. Full understanding of IPTase function must consider the tRNAs selected for modification, which vary among species, and in their cytosol and mitochondria. Selection is principally via recognition of the tRNA A36-A37-A38 sequence. An exception is unmodified tRNATrpCCA-A37-A38 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whereas tRNATrpCCA is readily modified in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, indicating variable IPTase recognition systems and suggesting that additional exceptions may account for some of the tRNA-i6A37 paucity in higher eukaryotes. Yet TRIT1 had not been characterized for restrictive type substrate-specific recognition. We used i6A37-dependent tRNA-mediated suppression and i6A37-sensitive northern blotting to examine IPTase activities in S. pombe and S. cerevisiae lacking endogenous IPTases on a diversity of tRNA-A36-A37-A38 substrates. Point mutations to the TRIT1 MTS that decrease human mitochondrial import, decrease modification of mitochondrial but not cytosolic tRNAs in both yeasts. TRIT1 exhibits clear substrate-specific restriction against a cytosolic-tRNATrpCCA-A37-A38. Additional data suggest that position 32 of tRNATrpCCA is a conditional determinant for substrate-specific i6A37 modification by the restrictive IPTases, Mod5 and TRIT1. The cumulative biochemical and phylogenetic sequence analyses provide new insights into IPTase activities and determinants of tRNA-i6A37 profiles in cytosol and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Khalique
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandy Mattijssen
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Haddad
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shereen Chaudhry
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Maraia
- Intramural Research Program of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Commissioned Corps, United States Public Health Service, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
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