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Quan PQ, Guo PL, He J, Liu XD. Heat-stress memory enhances the acclimation of a migratory insect pest to global warming. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17493. [PMID: 39132714 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
In the face of rising global temperatures, the mechanisms behind an organism's ability to acclimate to heat stress remain enigmatic. The rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, traditionally viewed as temperature-sensitive, paradoxically exhibits robust larval acclimation to heat stress. This study used the heat-acclimated strain HA39, developed through multigenerational exposure to 39°C during the larval stage, and the unacclimated strain HA27 reared at 27°C to unravel the transgenerational effects of heat acclimation and its regulatory mechanisms. Heat acclimation for larvae incurred a fitness cost in pupae when exposed to high temperature, yet a significant transgenerational effect surfaced, revealing heightened fitness benefit in pupae from HA39, even without additional heat exposure during larval recovery at 27°C. This transgenerational effect exhibited a short-term memory, diminishing after two recovery generations. Moreover, the effect correlated with increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity and expression levels of oxidoreductase genes, representing physiological and molecular foundations of heat acclimation. Heat-acclimated larvae displayed elevated DNA methylation levels, while pupae from HA39, in recovery generations, exhibited decreased methylation indicated by the upregulation of a demethylase gene and downregulation of two methyltransferase genes at high temperatures. In summary, heat acclimation induces DNA methylation, orchestrating heat-stress memory and influencing the expression levels of oxidoreductase genes and SOD activity. Heat-stress memory enhances the acclimation of the migratory insect pest to global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Qi Quan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan-Long Guo
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Hou QL, Zhu JN, Fang M, Chen EH. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides comprehensive insight into the molecular mechanisms of heat adaption in Plutella xylostella. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101300. [PMID: 39084150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella is one of the most destructive pests for cruciferous vegetables, and is adaptability to different environmental stressors. However, we still know little about the molecular mechanisms of how P. xylostella adapt to thermal stress. Here, the comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted from the samples of control (27 °C, CK) and heat treatment (40 °C, 40 T) P. xylostella. The results showed 1253 genes were differentially expressed, with 624 and 629 genes up- and down-regulated respectively. The annotation analysis demonstrated that "Energy production and conversion", "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum", "Peroxisome" and "Tyrosine metabolism" pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found the expression levels of heat shock protein genes (Hsps), cuticle related genes and mitochondrial genes were significantly up-regulated in 40 T insects, suggesting their vital roles in improving adaption to heat stress. Importantly, the SOD activity and MDA content of P. xylostella were both identified to be increased under high temperature stress, indicating the elevated antioxidant reactions might be involved in response to heat stress. In conclusion, the present study offered us an overview of gene expression changes after 40 °C treatments, and found some critical pathways and genes of P. xylostella might play the critical roles in resisting heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Li Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jia-Ni Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Mao Y, Hong K, Li L, Nam IK, Kim SH, Choe SK. Mitochondrial Fission Is Involved in Heat Resistance in Zebrafish. Zebrafish 2024. [PMID: 39007173 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2024.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming and extreme weather events pose a significant threat to global biodiversity, with rising water temperatures exerting a profound influence on fish conservation and fishery development. In this study, we used zebrafish as a model organism to explore the impact of a heat acclimation period on their survival rates. The results demonstrated that a 2-month heat acclimation period almost completely mitigated heat stress-induced mortality in zebrafish. Subsequent analysis of the surviving zebrafish revealed a predominance of hepatic mitochondria in a fission state. Remarkably, a short-term fasting regimen, which induced hepatic mitochondrial fission, mirrored the outcomes of the protective effect of heat acclimation and augmented animal survival under heat stress. Conversely, treatment with a mitochondrial fission inhibitor within the fasting group attenuated the elevated survival rate. Furthermore, zebrafish embryos subjected to brief heat acclimation also exhibited increased heat resistance, a trait diminished by a chemical intervention inhibiting mitochondrial fission. This suggests a shared mechanism for heat resistance between embryos and adult zebrafish. These findings underscore the potential use of inducing mitochondrial fission to enhance heat resistance in zebrafish, offering promise for fish biodiversity conservation in the face of global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousheng Mao
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - KwangHeum Hong
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Koo Nam
- Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Hyung Kim
- Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Wonkwang Medical Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Chen B, Cao G, Chen Y, Zhang T, Zhou G, Yang X. Reduced cold tolerance of viral-infected leafhoppers attenuates viral persistent epidemics. mBio 2024; 15:e0321123. [PMID: 38564693 PMCID: PMC11077983 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03211-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Most arthropod-borne viruses produce intermittent epidemics in infected plants. However, the underlying mechanisms of these epidemics are unclear. Here, we demonstrated that rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV), a viral pathogen, significantly increases the mortality of its overwintering vector, the leafhopper species Recilia dorsalis. Cold-stress assays indicated that RSMV reduces the cold tolerance of leafhoppers, a process associated with the downregulation of leafhopper cuticular protein genes. An RSMV-derived small RNA (vsiR-t00355379) was found to facilitate the downregulation of a leafhopper endocuticle gene that is mainly expressed in the abdomen (named RdABD-5) and is conserved across dipteran species. The downregulation of RdABD-5 expression in R. dorsalis resulted in fewer and thinner endocuticle lamellae, leading to decreased cold tolerance. This effect was correlated with a reduced incidence rate of RSMV in early-planted rice plants. These findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanism by which viral pathogens reduce cold tolerance in arthropod vectors and suggest an approach to managing the fluctuating prevalence of arboviruses. IMPORTANCE Increasing arthropod vector dispersal rates have increased the susceptibility of crop to epidemic viral diseases. However, the incidence of some viral diseases fluctuates annually. In this study, we demonstrated that a rice virus reduces the cold tolerance of its leafhopper vector, Recilia dorsalis. This effect is linked to the virus-derived small RNA-mediated downregulation of a gene encoding a leafhopper abdominal endocuticle protein. Consequently, the altered structural composition of the abdominal endocuticle reduces the overwinter survival of leafhoppers, resulting in a lower incidence of RSMV infection in early-planted rice plants. Our findings illustrate the important roles of RNA interference in virus-vector insect-environment interactions and help explain the annual fluctuations of viral disease epidemics in rice fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gehui Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yulu Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tao YD, Liu Y, Wan XS, Xu J, Fu DY, Zhang JZ. High and Low Temperatures Differentially Affect Survival, Reproduction, and Gene Transcription in Male and Female Moths of Spodoptera frugiperda. INSECTS 2023; 14:958. [PMID: 38132631 PMCID: PMC10743771 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we found that both heat and cold stresses significantly affected the survival and reproduction of both sexes in Spodoptera frugiperda adults, with larvae showing relatively higher extreme temperature tolerance. Further transcriptomic analysis in adults found remarkable differences and similarities between sexes in terms of temperature stress responses. Metabolism-related processes were suppressed in heat stressed females, which did not occur to the same extend in males. Moreover, both heat and cold stress reduced immune activities in both sexes. Heat stress induced the upregulation of many heat shock proteins in both sexes, whereas the response to cold stress was insignificant. More cold tolerance-related genes, such as cuticle proteins, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, and facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1, were found upregulated in males, whereas most of these genes were downregulated in females. Moreover, a large number of fatty acid-related genes, such as fatty acid synthases and desaturases, were differentially expressed under heat and cold stresses in both sexes. Heat stress in females induced the upregulation of a large number of zinc finger proteins and reproduction-related genes; whereas cold stress induced downregulation in genes linked to reproduction. In addition, TRPA1-like encoding genes (which have functions involved in detecting temperature changes) and sex peptide receptor-like genes were found to be differentially expressed in stressed moths. These results indicate sex-specific heat and cold stress responses and adaptive mechanisms and suggest sex-specific trade-offs between stress-resistant progresses and fundamental metabolic processes as well as between survival and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Dong Tao
- Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.-D.T.); (D.-Y.F.)
| | - Yu Liu
- Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.-D.T.); (D.-Y.F.)
| | - Xiao-Shuang Wan
- Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.-D.T.); (D.-Y.F.)
| | - Jin Xu
- Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.-D.T.); (D.-Y.F.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Wetland Conservation, Restoration and Ecological Services, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Da-Ying Fu
- Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.-D.T.); (D.-Y.F.)
| | - Jun-Zhong Zhang
- Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control in Yunnan Province, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (Y.-D.T.); (D.-Y.F.)
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Kan Y, Mu XR, Gao J, Lin HX, Lin Y. The molecular basis of heat stress responses in plants. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1612-1634. [PMID: 37740489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Global warming impacts crop production and threatens food security. Elevated temperatures are sensed by different cell components. Temperature increases are classified as either mild warm temperatures or excessively hot temperatures, which are perceived by distinct signaling pathways in plants. Warm temperatures induce thermomorphogenesis, while high-temperature stress triggers heat acclimation and has destructive effects on plant growth and development. In this review, we systematically summarize the heat-responsive genetic networks in Arabidopsis and crop plants based on recent studies. In addition, we highlight the strategies used to improve grain yield under heat stress from a source-sink perspective. We also discuss the remaining issues regarding the characteristics of thermosensors and the urgency required to explore the basis of acclimation under multifactorial stress combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Rui Mu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Xuan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Youshun Lin
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Tang PA, Hu HY, Du WW, Jian FJ, Chen EH. Identification of cuticular protein genes and analysis of their roles in phosphine resistance of the rusty grain beetle Cryptolestes ferrugineus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:105491. [PMID: 37532352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) is one of the most economically important stored grain pests, and it has evolved the high resistance to phosphine. Cuticular proteins (CPs) are the major structural components of insect cuticle, and previous studies have confirmed that CPs were involved in insecticide resistance. However, the CPs of C. ferrugineus are still poorly characterized, and thus we conducted transcriptome-wide identification of CP genes and analyze their possible relationships with phosphine resistance in this pest. In this study, a total of 122 putative CPs were annotated in the C. ferrugineus transcriptome data by blasting with the known CPs of Tribolium castaneum. The analysis of conserved motifs revealed these CPs of C. ferrugineus belonging to 9 different families, including 87 CPR, 13 CPAP1, 7 CPAP3, 3 Tweedle, 1 CPLCA, 1 CPLCG, 5 CPLCP, 2 CPCFC, and 3 CPFL proteins. The further phylogenetic analysis showed the different evolutionary patterns of CPs. Namely, we found some CPs (CPR family) formed species-specific protein clusters, indicating these CPs might occur independently among insect taxa, and while some other CPs (CPAP1 and CPAP3 family) shared a closer correlation based on the architecture of protein domains. Subsequently, the previous RNA-seq data were applied to establish the expression profiles of CPs in a phosphine susceptible and resistant populations of C. ferrugineus, and a large amount of CP genes were found to be over-expressed in resistant insects. Lastly, an up-regulated CP gene (CPR family) was selected for the further functional analysis, and after this gene was silenced via RNA interference (RNAi), the sensitivity to phosphine was significantly enhanced in C. ferrugineus. In conclusion, the present results provided us an overview of C. ferrugineus CPs, and which suggested that the CPs might play the critical roles in phosphine resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-An Tang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Huai-Yue Hu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Wen-Wei Du
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Fu-Ji Jian
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 5V6, Canada
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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Quan PQ, Li JR, Liu XD. Glucose Dehydrogenases-Mediated Acclimation of an Important Rice Pest to Global Warming. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10146. [PMID: 37373294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is posing a threat to animals. As a large group of widely distributed poikilothermal animals, insects are liable to heat stress. How insects deal with heat stress is worth highlighting. Acclimation may improve the heat tolerance of insects, but the underlying mechanism remains vague. In this study, the high temperature of 39 °C was used to select the third instar larvae of the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, an important insect pest of rice, for successive generations to establish the heat-acclimated strain (HA39). The molecular mechanism of heat acclimation was explored using this strain. The HA39 larvae showed stronger tolerance to 43 °C than the unacclimated strain (HA27) persistently reared at 27 °C. The HA39 larvae upregulated a glucose dehydrogenase gene, CmGMC10, to decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and increase the survival rate under heat stress. The HA39 larvae maintained a higher activity of antioxidases than the HA27 when confronted with an exogenous oxidant. Heat acclimation decreased the H2O2 level in larvae under heat stress which was associated with the upregulation of CmGMC10. The rice leaf folder larvae may acclimate to global warming via upregulating CmGMC10 to increase the activity of antioxidases and alleviate the oxidative damage of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Qi Quan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Rong Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zhao X, Guo J, Lu Y, Sun T, Tian J, Huang J, Xu H, Wang Z, Lu Z. Reference Genes for Expression Analysis Using RT-qPCR in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13111046. [PMID: 36421949 PMCID: PMC9697642 DOI: 10.3390/insects13111046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a destructive migratory rice pest. Although many studies have investigated its behavioral and physiological responses to environmental changes and migration-inducing factors, little is known about its molecular mechanisms. This study was conducted to select suitable RT-qPCR reference genes to facilitate future gene expression studies. Here, thirteen candidate housekeeping genes (EF1α, AK, EF1β, GAPDH, PGK, RPL13, RPL18, RPS3, 18S rRNA, TBP1, TBP2, ACT, and UCCR) were selected to evaluate their stabilities under different conditions using the ∆CT method; the geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper algorithms; and the online tool RefFinder. The results showed that the most stable reference genes were EF1β, PGK, and RPL18, related to developmental stages; RPS3 and RPL18 in larval tissues; EF1β and PGK in larvae feeding on different rice varieties; EF1α, EF1β, and PGK in larvae temperature treatments; PGK and RPL13, related to different adult ages; PGK, EF1α, and ACT, related to adult nutritional conditions; RPL18 and PGK, related to adult mating status; and, RPS3 and PGK, related to different adult take-off characteristics. Our results reveal reference genes that apply to various experimental conditions and will greatly improve the reliability of RT-qPCR analysis for the further study of gene function in this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jiawen Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yanhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Tianyi Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junce Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianlei Huang
- College of Agriculture and Forestry, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Zhengliang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
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