Functions of adipose-resident immune subsets and the impact on metabolic syndrome

Toward a porcine in vivo model to analyze the pathogenesis of TLR5-dependent enteropathies

Non-communicable diseases, such as the metabolic syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, constitute serious public health threats in developed countries. Besides environmental factors, genetic predispositions contribute to the onset and progression of the disease. State-of-the-art mouse models recently highlight the involvement of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5)-driven microbiota composition in the development of metabolic disorders. Here, we discuss the causes and consequences of an altered enteric microbiota and provide information on a similar mechanism in another species, the pig. We show for the first time that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the porcine TLR5 gene conferring impaired functionality is associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota in adult sows and neonatal piglets. Changes in the developing adaptive cellular immune response support the concept of TLR5-driven changes of the microbe-host interplay also in the pig. Together, these findings suggest that pigs with impaired TLR-functionality might represent a model for TLR5-driven diseases in humans.

Genome-Wide Association Study of the Metabolic Syndrome in UK Biobank

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a description of a clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors in the same individual. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified 29 independent genetic loci linked to MetS as a binary trait. This study used data from UK biobank to search for additional loci. Methods: Using data from 291,107 individuals in the UK biobank, a GWAS was performed versus the binary trait MetS (harmonized NCEP criteria). Results: In a GWAS of MetS (binary) we found 93 independent loci with P < 5 × 10^-8, of which 80 were not identified in previous GWASs of MetS. However, the majority of those loci have previously been associated with one or more of the five MetS components. Of particular interest are the genes being related to MetS (binary) in this study, but not to any of the MetS components in past studies, such as WDR48, KLF14, NAADL1, GADD45G, and OR5R1, as well as the two loci that have been associated with all five MetS components in past studies, SNX10 and C5orf67. A pathway analysis of the 93 independent loci showed the immune system, transportation of small molecules, and metabolism to be enriched. Conclusion: This GWAS of the MetS in UK biobank identified several new loci being associated with MetS. Most of those have previously been found to be associated with different components of MetS, but several loci were found not previously linked to cardiometabolic disease.