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Richardson SI, Kgagudi P, Manamela NP, Kaldine H, Venter EM, Pillay T, Lambson BE, van der Mescht MA, Hermanus T, Balla SR, de Beer Z, de Villiers TR, Bodenstein A, van den Berg G, du Pisanie M, Burgers WA, Ntusi NAB, Abdullah F, Ueckermann V, Rossouw TM, Boswell MT, Moore PL. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sub-lineages is reduced in convalescent sera regardless of infecting variant. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100910. [PMID: 36603577 PMCID: PMC9771750 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 variants caused major waves of infections. Here, we assess the sensitivity of BA.4 to binding, neutralization, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) potential, measured by FcγRIIIa signaling, in convalescent donors infected with four previous variants of SARS-CoV-2, as well as in post-vaccination breakthrough infections (BTIs) caused by Delta or BA.1. We confirm that BA.4 shows high-level neutralization resistance regardless of the infecting variant. However, BTIs retain activity against BA.4, albeit at reduced titers. BA.4 sensitivity to ADCC is reduced compared with other variants but with smaller fold losses compared with neutralization and similar patterns of cross-reactivity. Overall, the high neutralization resistance of BA.4, even to antibodies from BA.1 infection, provides an immunological mechanism for the rapid spread of BA.4 immediately after a BA.1-dominated wave. Furthermore, although ADCC potential against BA.4 is reduced, residual activity may contribute to observed protection from severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Prudence Kgagudi
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nelia P Manamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Haajira Kaldine
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth M Venter
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thanusha Pillay
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bronwen E Lambson
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mieke A van der Mescht
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tandile Hermanus
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | - Marizane du Pisanie
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Wendy A Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology; University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A B Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa; Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fareed Abdullah
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Veronica Ueckermann
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Theresa M Rossouw
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael T Boswell
- Division for Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Steve Biko Academic Hospital and University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa.
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Beerman JT, Beaumont GG, Giabbanelli PJ. A Scoping Review of Three Dimensions for Long-Term COVID-19 Vaccination Models: Hybrid Immunity, Individual Drivers of Vaccinal Choice, and Human Errors. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101716. [PMID: 36298581 PMCID: PMC9607873 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The virus that causes COVID-19 changes over time, occasionally leading to Variants of Interest (VOIs) and Variants of Concern (VOCs) that can behave differently with respect to detection kits, treatments, or vaccines. For instance, two vaccination doses were 61% effective against the BA.1 predominant variant, but only 24% effective when BA.2 became predominant. While doses still confer protection against severe disease outcomes, the BA.5 variant demonstrates the possibility that individuals who have received a few doses built for previous variants can still be infected with newer variants. As previous vaccines become less effective, new ones will be released to target specific variants and the whole process of vaccinating the population will restart. While previous models have detailed logistical aspects and disease progression, there are three additional key elements to model COVID-19 vaccination coverage in the long term. First, the willingness of the population to participate in regular vaccination campaigns is essential for long-term effective COVID-19 vaccination coverage. Previous research has shown that several categories of variables drive vaccination status: sociodemographic, health-related, psychological, and information-related constructs. However, the inclusion of these categories in future models raises questions about the identification of specific factors (e.g., which sociodemographic aspects?) and their operationalization (e.g., how to initialize agents with a plausible combination of factors?). While previous models separately accounted for natural- and vaccine-induced immunity, the reality is that a significant fraction of individuals will be both vaccinated and infected over the coming years. Modeling the decay in immunity with respect to new VOCs will thus need to account for hybrid immunity. Finally, models rarely assume that individuals make mistakes, even though this over-reliance on perfectly rational individuals can miss essential dynamics. Using the U.S. as a guiding example, our scoping review summarizes these aspects (vaccinal choice, immunity, and errors) through ten recommendations to support the modeling community in developing long-term COVID-19 vaccination models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Beerman
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Gwendal G. Beaumont
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- IMT Mines Ales, 6 Av. de Clavieres, 30100 Ales, France
| | - Philippe J. Giabbanelli
- Department of Computer Science & Software Engineering, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
- Correspondence:
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Burton DR, Feinberg MB. Introductory article for Immunological Reviews, Vol 310. Immunol Rev 2022; 310:4-5. [PMID: 36083570 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.,Steering Committee, Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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