Rubella virus chronic inflammatory disease and other unusual viral phenotypes in inborn errors of immunity

1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignments of Rubella virus macro domain in the free and in the ADPr bound state

Prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and certain viruses with positive single-stranded RNA genomes are among the forms of life that have been found to possess macro domains (MDs). There are claims that viral MDs inhibit the immune response mediated by PARPs, such as PARP12 and PARP14, and are involved in the formation of the viral replication transcription complex (RTC). Rubella virus (RuV) is included in this group of viruses. Its MD acts as an "eraser" of the posttranslation modification (PTM) ADP-ribosylation by binding to and hydrolyzing ADP-ribose (ADPr) from ADP-ribosylated substrates including proteins and nucleic acids. Consequently, it represents an attractive pharmacological target. Currently, no inhibitors exist for RuV MD's de-ADP-ribosylation activity, which may play a crucial role in viral replication and pathogenesis, as observed in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). RuV remains a serious threat, particularly to unvaccinated children, with approximately 10,000 of the 18,000 global cases in 2022 reported in Africa. Alarmingly, no FDA-approved drugs are available for RuV treatment. In this study, we present the almost complete NMR backbone and side-chain resonance assignment of RuV MD in both free and ADPr bound forms, along with the NMR chemical shift-based secondary structure element prediction. These findings will support the efficient screening of fragments or chemical libraries using NMR spectroscopy to identify compounds that are strong binders and potentially exhibit antiviral activity.

Biosensing technology for detection and assessment of pathogenic microorganisms

At present, the prevalence of infectious diseases is rising annually, making it an important risk factor for human health that should not be neglected. Consequently, infection control and prevention have become even more important. The key to determining and designing the most effective anti-infectious medication depends upon the immediate and accurate identification of the causative agent. The standard techniques used for routine infection screening and surveillance tests are shifting toward biosensors. Furthermore, biosensors are projected to be employed for microbiological detection to satisfy the higher accuracy required for clinical diagnosis. This is because of their compact size, real-time monitoring and ability to analyze large sample numbers with less sophistication and manpower requirement, which have allowed them to develop quickly with extensive uses. Biosensors have multiple applications in food safety, environmental surveillance, drug sensing and national security because they offer several advantages such as quick response, outstanding sensitivity, remarkable selectivity, high degree of accuracy and precision, ease of use and affordable price. This review highlights the performance aspects of recently developed biosensors for the detection of infectious bacteria and viruses in biological and environmental samples and emphasizes the significance of nanotechnology in signal amplification for enhanced biosensor performance and dependability.