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A systematic literature review on indoor PM2.5 concentrations and personal exposure in urban residential buildings. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10174. [PMID: 36061003 PMCID: PMC9434053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5) is currently a major air pollutant that has been raising public attention. Studies have found that short/long-term exposure to PM2.5 lead detrimental health effects. Since people in most region of the world spend a large proportion of time in dwellings, personal exposure to PM2.5 in home microenvironment should be carefully investigated. The objective of this review is to investigate and summary studies in terms of personal exposure to indoor PM2.5 pollutants from the literature between 2000 and 2021. Factors from both outdoor and indoor environment that have impact on indoor PM2.5 levels were explicated. Exposure studies were verified relating to individual activity pattern and exposure models. It was found that abundant investigations in terms of personal exposure to indoor PM2.5 is affected by factors including concentration level, exposure duration and personal diversity. Personal exposure models, including microenvironment model, mathematical model, stochastic model and other simulation models of particle deposition in different regions of human airway are reviewed. Further studies joining indoor measurement and simulation of PM2.5 concentration and estimation of deposition in human respiratory tract are necessary for individual health protection.
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Rivera-Rios JC, Joo T, Takeuchi M, Orlando TM, Bevington T, Mathis JW, Pert CD, Tyson BA, Anderson-Lennert TM, Smith JA, Ng NL. In-flight particulate matter concentrations in commercial flights are likely lower than other indoor environments. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:1484-1494. [PMID: 33647175 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Air quality in indoor environments can have significant impacts on people's health, comfort, and productivity. Particulate matter (PM; also referred to as aerosols) is an important type of air pollutant, and exposure to outdoor PM has been associated with a variety of diseases. In addition, there is increasing recognition and concern of airborne transmission of viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome corona-virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), especially in indoor environments. Despite its importance, indoor PM data during the COVID-19 pandemic are scarce. In this work, we measured and compared particle number and mass concentrations in aircraft cabins during commercial flights with various indoor environments in Atlanta, GA, during July 2020, including retail stores, grocery stores, restaurants, offices, transportation, and homes. Restaurants had the highest particle number and mass concentrations, dominated by cooking emissions, while in-flight aircraft cabins had the lowest observed concentrations out of all surveyed spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean C Rivera-Rios
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taekyu Joo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas M Orlando
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Li Z, Wen Q, Zhang R. Sources, health effects and control strategies of indoor fine particulate matter (PM 2.5): A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:610-622. [PMID: 28216030 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is directly influenced by indoor PM2.5. Short-term and long-term exposure of PM2.5 in the micro environment would severely detriment the health of both humans and animals. The researches both at home and abroad dating from 2000 were analyzed and summarized mainly in the following 3 sections: source apportionment, health effects and control methods. Health effects were illustrated in both epidemiology and toxicology. The epidemiology was explicated in morbidity and mortality, the toxicology was illuminated in inflammatory reaction, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. Control methods were showed in two aspects (sources and means of transmission), of which each was resolved by corresponding control strategy. Abundant investigations indicated that comprehensive control strategies were needed for sources decrement and health burden mitigation of indoor PM2.5. Based on the increasingly wide research of indoor PM2.5, the concept of indoors was essentially expanded, and on the basis of the summary of all the aspects mentioned above, both the scope and depth of indoor PM2.5 research were found insufficiently. Meantime, the potential direction of development in indoor PM2.5 research were projected, in hope of contributing to further relevant study of engineers in ambient environment and building environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhisheng Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, NO. 100 Outer ring Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmei Wen
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, NO. 100 Outer ring Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ruilin Zhang
- School of Electro-mechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, NO. 100 Outer ring Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Chan WR, Sidheswaran M, Sullivan DP, Cohn S, Fisk WJ. Cooking-related PM2.5 and acrolein measured in grocery stores and comparison with other retail types. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:489-500. [PMID: 25939855 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We measured particulate matter (PM), acrolein, and other indoor air contaminants in eight visits to grocery stores in California. Retail stores of other types (hardware, furniture, and apparel) were also sampled on additional visits. Based on tracer gas decay data, most stores had adequate ventilation according to minimum ventilation rate standards. Grocery stores had significantly higher concentrations of acrolein, fine and ultrafine PM, compared to other retail stores, likely attributable to cooking. Indoor concentrations of PM2.5 and acrolein exceeded health guidelines in all tested grocery stores. Acrolein emission rates to indoors in grocery stores had a mean estimate about 30 times higher than in other retail store types. About 80% of the indoor PM2.5 measured in grocery stores was emitted indoors, compared to only 20% for the other retail store types. Calculations suggest a substantial increase in outdoor air ventilation rate by a factor of three from current level is needed to reduce indoor acrolein concentrations. Alternatively, acrolein emission to indoors needs to be reduced 70% by better capturing of cooking exhaust. To maintain indoor PM2.5 below the California annual ambient standard of 12 μg/m(3) , grocery stores need to use air filters with an efficiency rating higher than the MERV 8 air filters commonly used today.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Chan
- Indoor Environment Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - M Sidheswaran
- Indoor Environment Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - D P Sullivan
- Indoor Environment Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Cohn
- Indoor Environment Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - W J Fisk
- Indoor Environment Group, Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Chan WR, Parthasarathy S, Fisk WJ, McKone TE. Estimated effect of ventilation and filtration on chronic health risks in U.S. offices, schools, and retail stores. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:331-43. [PMID: 25639183 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the chronic health risks from inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM2.5) in U.S. offices, schools, grocery, and other retail stores and evaluated how chronic health risks were affected by changes in ventilation rates and air filtration efficiency. Representative concentrations of VOCs and PM2.5 were obtained from available data. Using a mass balance model, changes in exposure to VOCs and PM2.5 were predicted if ventilation rate were to increase or decrease by a factor of two, and if higher efficiency air filters were used. Indoor concentrations were compared to health guidelines to estimate percentage exceedances. The estimated chronic health risks associated with VOC and PM2.5 exposures in these buildings were low relative to the risks from exposures in homes. Chronic health risks were driven primarily by exposures to PM2.5 that were evaluated using disease incidence of mortality, chronic bronchitis, and non-fatal stroke. The leading cancer risk factor was exposure to formaldehyde. Using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) to account for both cancer and non-cancer effects, results suggest that increasing ventilation alone is ineffective at reducing chronic health burdens. Other strategies, such as pollutant source control and the use of particle filtration, should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Chan
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Parthasarathy
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - W J Fisk
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - T E McKone
- Energy Analysis and Environmental Impacts Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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