1
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Bras A, Roy A, Heckel DG, Anderson P, Karlsson Green K. Pesticide resistance in arthropods: Ecology matters too. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:1746-1759. [PMID: 35726578 PMCID: PMC9542861 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide resistance development is an example of rapid contemporary evolution that poses immense challenges for agriculture. It typically evolves due to the strong directional selection that pesticide treatments exert on herbivorous arthropods. However, recent research suggests that some species are more prone to evolve pesticide resistance than others due to their evolutionary history and standing genetic variation. Generalist species might develop pesticide resistance especially rapidly due to pre‐adaptation to handle a wide array of plant allelochemicals. Moreover, research has shown that adaptation to novel host plants could lead to increased pesticide resistance. Exploring such cross‐resistance between host plant range evolution and pesticide resistance development from an ecological perspective is needed to understand its causes and consequences better. Much research has, however, been devoted to the molecular mechanisms underlying pesticide resistance while both the ecological contexts that could facilitate resistance evolution and the ecological consequences of cross‐resistance have been under‐studied. Here, we take an eco‐evolutionary approach and discuss circumstances that may facilitate cross‐resistance in arthropods and the consequences cross‐resistance may have for plant–arthropod interactions in both target and non‐target species and species interactions. Furthermore, we suggest future research avenues and practical implications of an increased ecological understanding of pesticide resistance evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Bras
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden.,Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K and EVA.4.0 Unit, Czech University of Life Sciences, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Amit Roy
- Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, EXTEMIT-K and EVA.4.0 Unit, Czech University of Life Sciences, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter Anderson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Kristina Karlsson Green
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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2
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Gil‐Tapetado D, Durán‐Montes P, García‐París M, López‐Estrada EK, Sánchez‐Vialas A, Jiménez‐Ruiz Y, Gómez JF, Nieves‐Aldrey JL. Host specialization is ancestral in
Torymus
(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea) cynipid gall parasitoids. ZOOL SCR 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gil‐Tapetado
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC) Madrid Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Patricia Durán‐Montes
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose F. Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain
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3
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He J, Chen K, Jiang F, Pan X. Host shifts in economically significant fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) with high degree of polyphagy. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:13692-13701. [PMID: 34707811 PMCID: PMC8525164 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects tend to feed on related hosts. Coevolution tends to be dominated by interactions resulting from plant chemistry in defense strategies, and evolution of secondary metabolisms being in response to insect herbivory remains a classic explanation of coevolution. The present study examines whether evolutionary constraints existing in host associations of economically important fruit flies in the species-rich tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to what extent these species have evolved specialized dietary patterns. We found a strong effect of host phylogeny on associations on the 37 fruit flies tested, although the fruit fly species feeding on ripe commercially grown fruits that lost the toxic compounds after long-term domestication are mostly polyphagous. We assessed the phylogenetic signal of host breadth across the fruit fly species, showing that the results were substantially different depending on partition levels. Further, we mapped main host family associations onto the fruit fly phylogeny and Cucurbitaceae has been inferred as the most likely ancestral host family for Dacini based on ancestral state reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao He
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Ke Chen
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
| | - Xubin Pan
- Institute of Plant Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijing100176China
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4
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Singer MC, Parmesan C. Colonizations cause diversification of host preferences: A mechanism explaining increased generalization at range boundaries expanding under climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:3505-3518. [PMID: 33896082 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As species' poleward range limits expand under climate change, generalists are expected to be better colonists than specialists, extending their ranges faster. This effect of specialization on range shifts has been shown, but so has the reverse cause-effect: in a global meta-analysis of butterfly diets, it was range expansions themselves that caused increases in population-level diet breadth. What could drive this unexpected process? We provide a novel behavioral mechanism by showing that, in a butterfly with extensive ecotypic variation, Edith's checkerspot, diet breadths increased after colonization events as diversification of individual host preferences pulled novel hosts into population diets. Subsequently, populations that persisted reverted toward monophagy. We draw together three lines of evidence from long-term studies of 15 independently evolving populations. First, direct observations showed a significant increase in specialization across decades: in recent censuses, eight populations used fewer host genera than in the 1980s while none used more. Second, behavioral preference-testing experiments showed that extinctions and recolonizations at two sites were followed, at first by diversification of heritable preference ranks and increases in diet breadth, and subsequently by homogenization of preferences and contractions of diet breadth. Third, we found a significant negative association in the 1980s between population-level diet breadth and genetic diversity. Populations with fewer mtDNA haplotypes had broader diets, extending to 3-4 host genera, while those with higher haplotype diversity were more specialized. We infer that diet breadth had increased in younger, recently colonized populations. Preference diversification after colonization events, whether caused by (cryptic) host shifts or by release of cryptic genetic variation after population bottlenecks, provides a mechanism for known effects of range shifts on diet specialization. Our results explain how colonizations at expanding range margins have increased population-level diet breadths, and predict that increasing specialization should accompany population persistence as current range edges become range interiors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Singer
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Camille Parmesan
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
- Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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5
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van der Linden CFH, WallisDeVries MF, Simon S. Great chemistry between us: The link between plant chemical defenses and butterfly evolution. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:8595-8613. [PMID: 34257918 PMCID: PMC8258229 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants constantly cope with insect herbivory, which is thought to be the evolutionary driver for the immense diversity of plant chemical defenses. Herbivorous insects are in turn restricted in host choice by the presence of plant chemical defense barriers. In this study, we analyzed whether butterfly host-plant patterns are determined by the presence of shared plant chemical defenses rather than by shared plant evolutionary history. Using correlation and phylogenetic statistics, we assessed the impact of host-plant chemical defense traits on shaping northwestern European butterfly assemblages at a macroevolutionary scale. Shared chemical defenses between plant families showed stronger correlation with overlap in butterfly assemblages than phylogenetic relatedness, providing evidence that chemical defenses may determine the assemblage of butterflies per plant family rather than shared evolutionary history. Although global congruence between butterflies and host-plant families was detected across the studied herbivory interactions, cophylogenetic statistics showed varying levels of congruence between butterflies and host chemical defense traits. We attribute this to the existence of multiple antiherbivore traits across plant families and the diversity of insect herbivory associations per plant family. Our results highlight the importance of plant chemical defenses in community ecology through their influence on insect assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michiel F. WallisDeVries
- De Vlinderstichting/Dutch Butterfly ConservationWageningenThe Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Simon
- Biosystematics GroupWageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
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6
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Torres-Martínez L, Porter SS, Wendlandt C, Purcell J, Ortiz-Barbosa G, Rothschild J, Lampe M, Warisha F, Le T, Weisberg AJ, Chang JH, Sachs JL. Evolution of specialization in a plant-microbial mutualism is explained by the oscillation theory of speciation. Evolution 2021; 75:1070-1086. [PMID: 33782951 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Specialization in mutualisms is thought to be a major driver of diversification, but few studies have explored how novel specialization evolves, or its relation to the evolution of other niche axes. A fundamental question is whether generalist interactions evolve to become more specialized (i.e., oscillation hypothesis) or if partner switches evolve without any change in niche breadth (i.e., musical chairs hypothesis). We examined alternative models for the evolution of specialization by estimating the mutualistic, climatic, and edaphic niche breadths of sister plant species, combining phylogenetic, environmental, and experimental data on Acmispon strigosus and Acmispon wrangelianus genotypes across their overlapping ranges in California. We found that specialization along all three niche axes was asymmetric across species, such that the species with broader climatic and edaphic niches, Acmispon strigosus, was also able to gain benefit from and invest in associating with a broader set of microbial mutualists. Our data are consistent with the oscillation model of specialization, and a parallel narrowing of the edaphic, climatic, and mutualistic dimensions of the host species niche. Our findings provide novel evidence that the evolution of specialization in mutualism is accompanied by specialization in other niche dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Torres-Martínez
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Stephanie S Porter
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States of America
| | - Camille Wendlandt
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Vancouver, Washington, 98686, United States of America
| | - Jessica Purcell
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America
| | - Gabriel Ortiz-Barbosa
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America
| | - Jacob Rothschild
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Mathew Lampe
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Farsamin Warisha
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Tram Le
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521
| | - Alexandra J Weisberg
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - Jeff H Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, United States of America
| | - Joel L Sachs
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521.,Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America.,Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California, 92521, United States of America
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7
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Peterson DA, Hardy NB, Morse GE, Itioka T, Wei J, Normark BB. Nonadaptive host-use specificity in tropical armored scale insects. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:12910-12919. [PMID: 33304503 PMCID: PMC7713922 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Most herbivorous insects are diet specialists in spite of the apparent advantages of being a generalist. This conundrum might be explained by fitness trade-offs on alternative host plants, yet the evidence of such trade-offs has been elusive. Another hypothesis is that specialization is nonadaptive, evolving through neutral population-genetic processes and within the bounds of historical constraints. Here, we report on a striking lack of evidence for the adaptiveness of specificity in tropical canopy communities of armored scale insects. We find evidence of pervasive diet specialization, and find that host use is phylogenetically conservative, but also find that more-specialized species occur on fewer of their potential hosts than do less-specialized species, and are no more abundant where they do occur. Of course local communities might not reflect regional diversity patterns. But based on our samples, comprising hundreds of species of hosts and armored scale insects at two widely separated sites, more-specialized species do not appear to outperform more generalist species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Peterson
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
| | - Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | | | - Takao Itioka
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental StudiesKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Jiufeng Wei
- College of AgricultureShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiguChina
| | - Benjamin B. Normark
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Organismic and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMAUSA
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8
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Bartlow AW, Agosta SJ. Phoresy in animals: review and synthesis of a common but understudied mode of dispersal. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:223-246. [PMID: 32924275 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Phoresy is a type of interaction in which one species, the phoront, uses another species, the dispersal host, for transportation to new habitats or resources. Despite being a widespread behaviour, little is known about the ecology and evolution of phoresy. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review of phoretic dispersal in animals and to bring renewed attention to this subject. We surveyed literature published between 1900 and 2020 to understand the extent of known higher-level taxonomic diversity (phyla, classes, and orders) and functional aspects of animals that use phoretic dispersal. Species dispersing phoretically have been observed in at least 13 animal phyla, 25 classes, and 60 orders. The majority of known phoronts are arthropods (Phylum Euarthropoda) in terrestrial habitats, but phoronts also occur in freshwater and marine environments. Marine phoronts may be severely under-represented in the literature due to the relative difficulty of studying these systems. Phoronts are generally small with low mobility and use habitats or resources that are ephemeral and/or widely dispersed. Many phoronts are also parasites. In general, animals that engage in phoresy use a wide variety of morphological and behavioural traits for locating, attaching to, and detaching from dispersal hosts, but the exact mechanisms behind these activities are largely unknown. In addition to diversity, we discuss the evolution of phoresy including the long-standing idea that it can be a precursor to parasitism and other forms of symbioses. Finally, we suggest several areas of future research to improve our understanding of phoresy and its ecological and evolutionary significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Bartlow
- Biosecurity and Public Health, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Mailstop M888, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, U.S.A
| | - Salvatore J Agosta
- Center for Environmental Studies, VCU Life Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1000 W. Cary St., Richmond, VA, 23284, U.S.A
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9
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Tonini JFR, Ferreira RB, Pyron RA. Specialized breeding in plants affects diversification trajectories in Neotropical frogs. Evolution 2020; 74:1815-1825. [PMID: 32510580 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many animals breed exclusively in plants that accumulate rainwater (phytotelma; e.g., bromeliad, bamboo, fruit husk, and tree hole), to which they are either physiologically or behaviorally specialized for this microhabitat. Of the numerous life-history modes observed in frogs, few are as striking or potentially consequential as the transition from pond- or stream-breeding to the deposition of eggs or larvae in phytotelmata. Such specialization can increase offspring survivorship due to reduced competition and predation, representing potential ecological opportunity for adaptive radiation, yet few lineages of phytotelma-breeding frogs appear to have diversified extensively after such a transition, at least in the New World. We use a phylogeny of Neotropical frogs and data on breeding microhabitat to understand the evolutionary transitions involved with specialized phytotelma-breeding. First, we find that phytotelma-breeding is present in at least 168 species in 10 families of frogs. Across the phylogeny, we estimate 14 origins of phytotelma-breeding and 115 reversals, showing that phytotelma-breeding is a highly labile character. Second, phytotelma-breeding lineages overall have higher net diversification than nonphytotelma-breeding ones. This specialization represents an ecological opportunity resulting in increased diversification in most families with phytotelma-breeding lineages, whereas phytotelma-breeding toads have restricted diversification histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Filipe Riva Tonini
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20052.,Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02138
| | - Rodrigo Barbosa Ferreira
- Projeto Bromeligenous, Instituto de Pesquisa, Ensino e Preservação Ambiental Marcos Daniel, Vitória, ES 29056-020, Brazil
| | - R Alexander Pyron
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20052
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10
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Kaczvinsky C, Hardy NB. Do major host shifts spark diversification in butterflies? Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3636-3646. [PMID: 32313623 PMCID: PMC7160180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Escape and Radiate Hypothesis posits that herbivorous insects and their host plants diversify through antagonistic coevolutionary adaptive radiation. For more than 50 years, it has inspired predictions about herbivorous insect macro-evolution, but only recently have the resources begun to fall into place for rigorous testing of those predictions. Here, with comparative phylogenetic analyses of nymphalid butterflies, we test two of these predictions: that major host switches tend to increase species diversification and that such increases will be proportional to the scope of ecological opportunity afforded by a particular novel host association. We find that by and large the effect of major host-use changes on butterfly diversity is the opposite of what was predicted; although it appears that the evolution of a few novel host associations can cause short-term bursts of speciation, in general, major changes in host use tend to be linked to significant long-term decreases in butterfly species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Kaczvinsky
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant PathologyAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
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11
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Goodman KR, Prost S, Bi K, Brewer MS, Gillespie RG. Host and geography together drive early adaptive radiation of Hawaiian planthoppers. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:4513-4528. [PMID: 31484218 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interactions between insects and their plant host have been implicated in driving diversification of both players. Early arguments highlighted the role of ecological opportunity, with the idea that insects "escape and radiate" on new hosts, with subsequent hypotheses focusing on the interplay between host shifting and host tracking, coupled with isolation and fusion, in generating diversity. Because it is rarely possible to capture the initial stages of diversification, it is particularly difficult to ascertain the relative roles of geographic isolation versus host shifts in initiating the process. The current study examines genetic diversity between populations and hosts within a single species of endemic Hawaiian planthopper, Nesosydne umbratica (Hemiptera, Delphacidae). Given that the species was known as a host generalist occupying unrelated hosts, Clermontia (Campanulaceae) and Pipturus (Urticaceae), we set out to determine the relative importance of geography and host in structuring populations in the early stages of differentiation on the youngest islands of the Hawaiian chain. Results from extensive exon capture data showed that N. umbratica is highly structured, both by geography, with discrete populations on each volcano, and by host plant, with parallel radiations on Clermontia and Pipturus leading to extensive co-occurrence. The marked genetic structure suggests that populations can readily become established on novel hosts provided opportunity; subsequent adaptation allows monopolization of the new host. The results support the role of geographic isolation in structuring populations and with host shifts occurring as discrete events that facilitate subsequent parallel geographic range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Roesch Goodman
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Prost
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,LOEWE-Centre for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Senckenberg Research Institute, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Ke Bi
- Computational Genomics Resource Laboratory (CGRL), California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences (QB3), University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Ancestry, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Brewer
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Rosemary G Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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12
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Hartke J, Sprenger PP, Sahm J, Winterberg H, Orivel J, Baur H, Beuerle T, Schmitt T, Feldmeyer B, Menzel F. Cuticular hydrocarbons as potential mediators of cryptic species divergence in a mutualistic ant association. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:9160-9176. [PMID: 31463013 PMCID: PMC6706187 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon advances in sequencing techniques, more and more morphologically identical organisms are identified as cryptic species. Often, mutualistic interactions are proposed as drivers of diversification. Species of the neotropical parabiotic ant association between Crematogaster levior and Camponotus femoratus are known for highly diverse cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles, which in insects serve as desiccation barrier but also as communication cues. In the present study, we investigated the association of the ants' CHC profiles with genotypes and morphological traits, and discovered cryptic species pairs in both genera. To assess putative niche differentiation between the cryptic species, we conducted an environmental association study that included various climate variables, canopy cover, and mutualistic plant species. Although mostly sympatric, the two Camponotus species seem to prefer different climate niches. However in the two Crematogaster species, we could not detect any differences in niche preference. The strong differentiation in the CHC profiles may thus suggest a possible role during speciation itself either by inducing assortative mating or by reinforcing sexual selection after the speciation event. We did not detect any further niche differences in the environmental parameters tested. Thus, it remains open how the cryptic species avoid competitive exclusion, with scope for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Hartke
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
| | - Philipp P. Sprenger
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Jacqueline Sahm
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
- Present address:
Department of Evolutionary Animal EcologyUniversity of BayreuthBayreuthGermany
| | - Helena Winterberg
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRA, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane)Kourou CedexFrance
| | - Hannes Baur
- Department of InvertebratesNatural History Museum BernBernSwitzerland
- Institute of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Till Beuerle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical BiologyUniversity of Technology BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical BiologyUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research CentreFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Florian Menzel
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular EvolutionJohannes‐Gutenberg‐University MainzMainzGermany
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13
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Frias L, Stark DJ, Salgado Lynn M, Nathan S, Goossens B, Okamoto M, MacIntosh AJJ. Molecular characterization of nodule worm in a community of Bornean primates. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3937-3945. [PMID: 31015978 PMCID: PMC6468080 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyles are commonly reported parasites in studies of primate parasite biodiversity. Among them, nodule worm species are often overlooked as a serious concern despite having been observed to cause serious disease in nonhuman primates and humans. In this study, we investigated whether strongyles found in Bornean primates are the nodule worm Oesophagostomum spp., and to what extent these parasites are shared among members of the community. To test this, we propose two hypotheses that use the parasite genetic structure to infer transmission processes within the community. In the first scenario, the absence of parasite genetic substructuring would reflect high levels of parasite transmission among primate hosts, as primates' home ranges overlap in the study area. In the second scenario, the presence of parasite substructuring would suggest cryptic diversity within the parasite genus and the existence of phylogenetic barriers to cross-species transmission. By using molecular markers, we identify strongyles infecting this primate community as O. aculeatum, the only species of nodule worm currently known to infect Asian nonhuman primates. Furthermore, the little to no genetic substructuring supports a scenario with no phylogenetic barriers to transmission and where host movements across the landscape would enable gene flow between host populations. This work shows that the parasite's high adaptability could act as a buffer against local parasite extinctions. Surveys targeting human populations living in close proximity to nonhuman primates could help clarify whether this species of nodule worm presents the zoonotic potential found in the other two species infecting African nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danica J. Stark
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
| | - Milena Salgado Lynn
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
- Wildlife Health, Genetic and Forensic LaboratoryKota KinabaluMalaysia
- Sustainable Places Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | | | - Benoit Goossens
- Cardiff School of BiosciencesCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Danau Girang Field CentreLower Kinabatangan Wildlife SanctuarySabahMalaysia
- Sustainable Places Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Sabah Wildlife DepartmentKota KinabaluMalaysia
| | | | - Andrew J. J. MacIntosh
- Primate Research InstituteKyoto UniversityInuyamaJapan
- Institute for Tropical Biology and ConservationUniversiti Malaysia SabahKota KinabaluMalaysia
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14
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Hardy NB. Do plant‐eating insect lineages pass through phases of host‐use generalism during speciation and host switching? Phylogenetic evidence. Evolution 2017; 71:2100-2109. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nate B. Hardy
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Auburn University 301 Funchess Hall Auburn Alabama 36849
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15
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Nylin S, Slove J, Janz N. Host plant utilization, host range oscillations and diversification in nymphalid butterflies: a phylogenetic investigation. Evolution 2014; 68:105-24. [PMID: 24372598 PMCID: PMC3912913 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that phenotypic plasticity is a major factor in the diversification of life, and that variation in host range in phytophagous insects is a good model for investigating this claim. We explore the use of angiosperm plants as hosts for nymphalid butterflies, and in particular the evidence for past oscillations in host range and how they are linked to host shifts and to diversification. At the level of orders of plants, a relatively simple pattern of host use and host shifts emerges, despite the 100 million years of history of the family Nymphalidae. We review the evidence that these host shifts and the accompanying diversifications were associated with transient polyphagous stages, as suggested by the "oscillation hypothesis." In addition, we investigate all currently polyphagous nymphalid species and demonstrate that the state of polyphagy is rare, has a weak phylogenetic signal, and a very apical distribution in the phylogeny; we argue that these are signs of its transient nature. We contrast our results with data from the bark beetles Dendroctonus, in which a more specialized host use is instead the apical state. We conclude that plasticity in host use is likely to have contributed to diversification in nymphalid butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 10691, Sweden.
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16
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Janson EM, Stireman JO, Singer MS, Abbot P. PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT–MICROBE MUTUALISMS AND ADAPTIVE EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSIFICATION. Evolution 2008; 62:997-1012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Carson WP, Cronin JP, Long ZT. A General Rule for Predicting When Insects Will Have Strong Top-Down Effects on Plant Communities: On the Relationship Between Insect Outbreaks and Host Concentration. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74004-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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