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Myrtsi ED, Angelis A, Koulocheri SD, Mitakou S, Haroutounian SA. Retrieval of High Added Value Natural Bioactive Coumarins from Mandarin Juice-Making Industrial Byproduct. Molecules 2021; 26:7527. [PMID: 34946609 PMCID: PMC8708529 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold pressed essential oil (CPEO) of mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), a by-product of the juice-making industrial process known to contain large amounts of polymethoxyflavones, was exploited for its content in high added value natural coumarins. The study herein afforded a method referring to the evaporation of CPEO volatile fraction under mild conditions (reduced pressure and temperature below 35 °C) as azeotrope with isopropanol. This allowed the isolation of high added value coumarins from the non-volatile fragment using preparative High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Pilot-scale application of this procedure afforded for each kg of CPEO processed the following natural bioactive coumarins in chemically pure forms: heraclenol (38-55 mg), 8-gerayloxypsoralen (35-51 mg), auraptene (22-33 mg), and bergamottin (14-19 mg). The structures of coumarins were verified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and HPLC co-injection with authentic standards. Thus, the low market value mandarin CPEO with current value of 17 to 22 EUR/kg can be valorized through the production of four highly bioactive natural compounds worth 3479 to 5057 EUR/kg, indicating the great potentials of this methodology in the terms of the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni D. Myrtsi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.D.M.); (S.D.K.)
| | - Apostolis Angelis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Sofia D. Koulocheri
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.D.M.); (S.D.K.)
| | - Sofia Mitakou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Chemistry of Natural Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (A.A.); (S.M.)
| | - Serkos A. Haroutounian
- Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology and Feeding, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece; (E.D.M.); (S.D.K.)
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Li Y, Li L. Contact Dermatitis: Classifications and Management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:245-281. [PMID: 34264448 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Contact dermatitis (CD) is a common inflammatory skin disease caused by exposure to contact allergens and irritants. It is also the most common reason of occupational dermatitis and contributes greatly to hand dermatitis and facial dermatitis. Besides the two major forms of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis, other subtypes of CD have been recognized including immediate skin reactions, photoinduced contact dermatitis, systemic contact dermatitis, and non-eczematous contact dermatitis. CD is a great imitator which can mimic many kinds of skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, lichen planus, and angioedema. For the diagnosis of CD, a complete medical history, including occupational history, is very important. It can give a clue of CD and provide a list of suspected substances. Besides the well-known diagnostic test, patch testing, there are many other diagnostic tests can be used to help diagnosis of CD and identify the causative allergens, including photopatch test, skin tests for detecting of immediate contact reactions, serum allergen-specific IgE test, and qualitative and quantitative testing of allergen in the suspected materials patients exposed to and challenge test. Before the treatment, the suspected irritants or allergens should be avoided completely. This includes both the removal of the patient from the environment that contains those substances and the promotion of the metabolism and expulsion of the allergens that have been absorbed by the body. In addition, it is also important to restore the skin barrier and reduce skin inflammation through multiple treatments, such as emollients, topical corticosteroids, and antihistamines, as well as systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Early and appropriate treatments are important to prevent further deterioration and persistence of the skin condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Dugrand-Judek A, Olry A, Hehn A, Costantino G, Ollitrault P, Froelicher Y, Bourgaud F. The Distribution of Coumarins and Furanocoumarins in Citrus Species Closely Matches Citrus Phylogeny and Reflects the Organization of Biosynthetic Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142757. [PMID: 26558757 PMCID: PMC4641707 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus plants are able to produce defense compounds such as coumarins and furanocoumarins to cope with herbivorous insects and pathogens. In humans, these chemical compounds are strong photosensitizers and can interact with medications, leading to the "grapefruit juice effect". Removing coumarins and furanocoumarins from food and cosmetics imply additional costs and might alter product quality. Thus, the selection of Citrus cultivars displaying low coumarin and furanocoumarin contents constitutes a valuable alternative. In this study, we performed ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analyses to determine the contents of these compounds within the peel and the pulp of 61 Citrus species representative of the genetic diversity all Citrus. Generally, Citrus peel contains larger diversity and higher concentrations of coumarin/furanocoumarin than the pulp of the same fruits. According to the chemotypes found in the peel, Citrus species can be separated into 4 groups that correspond to the 4 ancestral taxa (pummelos, mandarins, citrons and papedas) and extended with their respective secondary species descendants. Three of the 4 ancestral taxa (pummelos, citrons and papedas) synthesize high amounts of these compounds, whereas mandarins appear practically devoid of them. Additionally, all ancestral taxa and their hybrids are logically organized according to the coumarin and furanocoumarin pathways described in the literature. This organization allows hypotheses to be drawn regarding the biosynthetic origin of compounds for which the biogenesis remains unresolved. Determining coumarin and furanocoumarin contents is also helpful for hypothesizing the origin of Citrus species for which the phylogeny is presently not firmly established. Finally, this work also notes favorable hybridization schemes that will lead to low coumarin and furanocoumarin contents, and we propose to select mandarins and Ichang papeda as Citrus varieties for use in creating species devoid of these toxic compounds in future breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audray Dugrand-Judek
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR 1121 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alexandre Olry
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR 1121 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Hehn
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR 1121 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | - Patrick Ollitrault
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (Ivia), 46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Station de Roujol, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
| | - Yann Froelicher
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP, Station INRA, F-20230, San Giuliano, France
| | - Frédéric Bourgaud
- Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- INRA, UMR 1121 Université de Lorraine, UMR 1121 Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement Nancy-Colmar, 2 avenue de la forêt de Haye, TSA 40602, 54518, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant life is extremely diverse, with a great deal of geographic and seasonal variation. Consequently, the range of reported adverse reactions is large, and there are important differences worldwide in the incidence and prevalence of these reactions. Systemic ingestion of some plants containing furocoumarins can cause erythema, edema, vesicle and bulla formation and later hyperpigmentation, after exposure to sunlight. They may at times exhibit clinical manifestations that mimic angioedema, and rarely progress to necrosis. This condition is named phyto-phototoxic reaction. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify plant dermatitis such as allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and phyto-phototoxic dermatitis in eastern Turkey and to add new data to the literature. METHODS Thirty patients diagnosed with plant dermatitis were evaluated retrospectively. The demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients (age, gender, the type of dermatitis, and the name of the causative plant) were recorded. CONCLUSIONS A phyto-phototoxic reaction to Chenopodium album (Chenopodiaceae) developed in 12 cases. Irritant contact dermatitis developed due to Ranunculus kotschyi (Ranunculaceae) in 11 cases. The other plants studied were Malva neglecta Wallr (Malvaceae), Mandragora autumnalis (Solanaceae), Eryngium billardieri (Apiaceae), Ceratocephalus falcatus (Ranunculaceae), Ranunculus damascenus (Ranunculaceae), and Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae).
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Ozkol HU, Akdeniz N, Ozkol H, Bilgili SG, Calka O. Development of Phytophotodermatitis in two cases related toPlantago lanceolata. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2012; 31:58-60. [DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2011.584232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ozkol HU, Calka O, Karadag AS, Akdeniz N, Bilgili SG, Behcet L. Nine case series with phototoxic dermatitis related to Chenopodium album. Hum Exp Toxicol 2012; 31:964-8. [PMID: 22241627 DOI: 10.1177/0960327111428956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chenopodium album L. ssp. album is a common plant species worldwide, especially in humid areas. Sun exposure after oral intake of the plant can lead to sunburn-like rashes owing to its furocoumarin content. In this article, we reported nine patients who developed dermatitis with edema, erythema and necrosis on the face and dorsum of the hands. Each was exposed to sunlight after eating selemez (the vernacular name of C. album L. ssp. album). The plant samples analyzed by an expert botanist were described as C. album L. ssp. album belonging to Chenopodiacea family.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Ozkol
- Department of Dermatology, Van Research and Training Hospital, Van, Turkey.
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Bilgili SG, Akdeniz N, Akbayram S, Ceylan A, Çalka Ö, Karaman K. Phototoxic dermatitis due to Chenopodium album in a child. Pediatr Dermatol 2011; 28:674-676. [PMID: 21854411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we report a 2-year-old girl with severe phototoxic dermatitis caused by ingestion of Chenopodium album. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of phototoxic dermatitis due to Chenopodium album in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap G Bilgili
- Department of Dermatology, Ipekyolu State Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Necmettin Akdeniz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sinan Akbayram
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Ceylan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ömer Çalka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kamuran Karaman
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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Abstract
Cutaneous adverse reactions to foods, spices, and food additives can occur both in occupational and nonoccupational settings in those who grow, handle, prepare, or cook food. Because spices are also utilized in cosmetics and perfumes, other exposures are encountered that can result in adverse cutaneous reactions. This article describes the reaction patterns that can occur upon contact with foods, including irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. The ingestion of culprit foods by sensitized individuals can provoke a generalized eczematous rash, referred to as systemic contact dermatitis. Other contact reactions to food include contact urticaria and protein contact dermatitis provoked by high-molecular-weight food proteins often encountered in patients with atopic dermatitis. Phototoxic and photoallergic contact dermatitis are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Killig
- Department of Dermatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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