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Warshaw EM, Xiong M, Atwater AR, DeKoven JG, Pratt MD, Maibach HI, Taylor JS, Belsito DV, Silverberg JI, Reeder MJ, Zug KA, Sasseville D, Fowler JF, DeLeo VA, Houle MC, Dunnick CA. Patch testing with glucosides: The North American Contact Dermatitis Group experience, 2009-2018. J Am Acad Dermatol 2022; 87:1033-1041. [PMID: 35551968 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2022.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkyl glucosides are nonionic surfactants that are increasingly used in personal care products. OBJECTIVE To characterize positive patch test reactions to decyl glucoside (5% petrolatum, tested 2009-2018) and lauryl glucoside (3% petrolatum, tested 2017-2018). METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients tested by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group. RESULTS Of 24,097 patients patch tested to decyl and/or lauryl glucoside, 470 (2.0%) had positive reactions. Compared with glucoside-negative patients, glucoside-positive patients had higher odds of occupational skin disease (13.4% vs 10.1%; P = .0207), history of hay fever (38.5% vs 31.6%; P = .0014), atopic dermatitis (39.0% vs 28.6%; P < .0001), and/or asthma (21.8% vs 16.5%; P = .0023). Most glucoside reactions (83.9%) were currently relevant. The most common source was personal care products (63.0%), especially hair products (16.5%) and skin cleansers (15.2%). Of 4933 patients tested to decyl and lauryl glucoside, 134 (2.7%) were positive to 1 or both; 43.4% (43 of 99) of decyl-positive patients were also positive to lauryl glucoside and 55.1% (43/78) of lauryl glucoside patients were also positive to decyl glucoside. LIMITATIONS The cohort predominantly reflects a referral population, and follow-up after testing was not captured. CONCLUSION Glucoside positivity occurred in 2.0% of the tested patients. Reactions were often clinically relevant and linked to personal care products. Cross-reactivity was >40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Warshaw
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet/Health Partners Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michelle Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet/Health Partners Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
| | - Amber R Atwater
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Joel G DeKoven
- Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie D Pratt
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard I Maibach
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James S Taylor
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan I Silverberg
- Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Margo J Reeder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kathryn A Zug
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Denis Sasseville
- Division of Dermatology, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Joseph F Fowler
- Division of Dermatology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Vincent A DeLeo
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marie-Claude Houle
- Division of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Québec, Laval University, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Cory A Dunnick
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
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Patch Testing with Decyl and Lauryl Glucoside: How Well Does One Screen for Contact Allergic Reactions to the Other? Dermatitis 2018; 28:342-345. [PMID: 29064883 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alkyl glucoside surfactants, present in many cosmetic products, can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Decyl glucoside has been part of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard allergen panel since 2009. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to identify rates and relevance of positive patch test reactions to decyl and lauryl glucosides and to determine how well one of these glucosides screens for contact allergic reactions to the other. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed on 897 patients suspected of having a cosmetic-related dermatitis and patch tested with both decyl and lauryl glucosides between 2009 and 2016. RESULTS Forty-eight patients (5%) had positive reactions to decyl glucoside and/or lauryl glucoside. Among the alkyl glucoside-allergic patients, 65% had positive reactions to both decyl and lauryl glucosides. In 41% of cases, reactions were of definite or probable relevance. In approximately 55% of cases, reactions were of possible relevance. CONCLUSIONS Sixty-five percent of glucoside-allergic patients exhibited co-reactions to decyl and lauryl glucosides. Thus, neither glucoside is an adequate screen for allergy to the other. Given that these reactions are often relevant, clinicians should patch test with decyl, lauryl, and other alkyl glucosides in cases of suspected cosmetic allergy.
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Yu J, Treat J, Brod B. Patch Test Series for Allergic Perineal Dermatitis in the Diapered Infant. Dermatitis 2017; 28:70-75. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Microporous Zeolites as Catalysts for the Preparation of Decyl Glucoside from Glucose with 1-Decanol by Direct Glucosidation. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6120216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
Alkyl glucosides are surfactants synthesized through the condensation of long-chain fatty alcohols and glucose, extracted from vegetal, renewable sources. Although available for more than 4 decades, they have been rediscovered in recent years because of their eco-friendly character. They are used in various leave-on and rinse-off cosmetics and are considered of low irritancy and allergenicity. However, since the early 2000s, cases of allergic contact dermatitis to this family of molecules have been repeatedly reported. Decyl glucoside was found to be a "hidden" allergen in the sunscreen ingredient Tinosorb M and is likely responsible for most allergic contact dermatitis reported to this compound. Members of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group have seen a steady increase of the rate of sensitization to decyl glucoside. Cross-reactions with other glucosides are common but not automatic; thus, patch testing multiple compounds is recommended.
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Foti C, Romita P, Rigano L, Zimerson E, Sicilia M, Ballini A, Ghizzoni O, Antelmi A, Angelini G, Bonamonte D, Bruze M. Isobornyl acrylate: an impurity in alkyl glucosides. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2015; 35:115-9. [PMID: 26095233 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2015.1055495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Alkyl glucosides and alkyl poly-glucosides are widely used as wetting agents, surfactants and emulsifiers in several industrial and cosmetic products. They are known as well-tolerated and are usually added to the primary surfactants in order to reduce the irritating potential of the main foaming agents. OBJECTIVE Recently, some authors suggested that allergic contact dermatitis to alkyl glucosides might be more frequent than suspected. On the other hand, the chemical structures of glucosides do not show potentially allergenic chemical groups or strongly polarized structures. The aim of our study is to investigate alkyl glucosides carrying out a detailed chemical analysis on samples of raw materials to identify potentially allergenic impurities or by-products contained in commercial samples of alkyl glucosides. MATERIALS AND METHODS We chemically analyzed samples of cocoyl glucoside, decyl glucoside and lauryl glucoside by three different analytical methods, in order to identify any undesired or polluting substances. RESULT In each of the three samples, we detected the presence of isobornyl acrylate. Its approximate content in the tested samples is 500 ng/g of the product. DISCUSSION Isobornyl acrylate is not used in the synthesis of alkyl glucosides, but as a plasticizer in many plastic materials. It can be easily released to materials flowing over these surfaces when they have high extraction power, as glucosides. CONCLUSION Isobornyl acrylate may play a role as hidden allergen, in the form of an impurity collected during the industrial process, explaining some cases of allergic reaction to alkyl glucosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Foti
- a Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology , Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Paolo Romita
- a Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology , Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Luigi Rigano
- b ISPE, Institute of Skin and Product Evaluation, Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Erik Zimerson
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology , Malmö University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Mattia Sicilia
- d GSC Laboratories, Olgiate Comasco , Como , Italy , and
| | - Andrea Ballini
- e Department of Basic Medical Sciences , Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Oscar Ghizzoni
- d GSC Laboratories, Olgiate Comasco , Como , Italy , and
| | - Annarita Antelmi
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology , Malmö University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
| | - Gianni Angelini
- a Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology , Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Domenico Bonamonte
- a Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology , Dermatological Clinic, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Magnus Bruze
- c Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology , Malmö University Hospital, Lund University , Malmö , Sweden
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Shanmugam S, Wilkinson M, Kirk S. Pitfalls of patch testing with glucosides. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 71:108-9. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Shanmugam
- Department of Dermatology; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Great George Street Leeds LS1 3EX UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology; Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust; Great George Street Leeds LS1 3EX UK
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de Groot AC, van Zuuren EJ, Hissink D. Contact allergy to Tinosorb® M: recommendations for diagnostic improvement. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 70:251-4. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton C. de Groot
- Acdegroot Publishing; Schipslootweg 5 Wapserveen 8351 HV The Netherlands
| | - Esther J. van Zuuren
- Department of Dermatology; Leiden University Medical Centre; Albinusdreef 2, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Diny Hissink
- The Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority; Catharijnesingel 59, Utrecht, 3511 GG The Netherlands
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Gijbels D, Timmermans A, Serrano P, Verreycken E, Goossens A. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by alkyl glucosides. Contact Dermatitis 2014; 70:175-82. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Gijbels
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - An Timmermans
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Pedro Serrano
- Serviço de Dermatologia; Hospital garcia de Orta; Av. Torrado da Silva 2801-951 Almada Portugal
| | - Evelyne Verreycken
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - An Goossens
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven Belgium
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Fiume MM, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler D, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Safety Assessment of Decyl Glucoside and Other Alkyl Glucosides as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:22S-48S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813497764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel assessed the safety of 19 alkyl glucosides as used in cosmetics and concluded that these ingredients are safe in the present practices of use and concentration when formulated to be nonirritating. Most of these ingredients function as surfactants in cosmetics, but some have additional functions as skin-conditioning agents, hair-conditioning agents, or emulsion stabilizers. The Panel reviewed the available animal and clinical data on these ingredients. Since glucoside hydrolases in human skin are likely to break down these ingredients to release their respective fatty acids and glucose, the Panel also reviewed CIR reports on the safety of fatty alcohols and were able to extrapolate data from those previous reports to support safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monice M. Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Scientific Analyst/Writer, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
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Corazza M, Lauriola MM, Bianchi A, Zappaterra M, Virgili A. Irritant and Sensitizing Potential of Eight Surfactants Commonly Used in Skin Cleansers: An Evaluation of 105 Patients. Dermatitis 2010. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2010.10022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Andrade P, Gonçalo M, Figueiredo A. Allergic contact dermatitis to decyl glucoside in Tinosorb M. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:119-20. [PMID: 20136897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Andrade
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Coimbra University Hospital, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Krehic M, Avenel-Audran M. Allergic contact dermatitis from decyl glucoside in an antiseptic lotion. Contact Dermatitis 2009; 61:349-50. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To give selected new information on contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis with focus on diagnostic procedures and pitfalls. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies dealing with common contact allergens have improved our understanding of the relationship between positive patch tests and the clinical interpretation and consequences for the patient. SUMMARY Nickel allergy is still the most common contact allergy in Europe in spite of full implementation of the EU Nickel Directive in 2001. Contact allergens in cosmetics and topical drugs are another common cause of allergic contact dermatitis. The main culprits include fragrance chemicals, preservatives, and hair dyes. We are all more or less exposed to cosmetics and topical drugs on a daily basis. The labelling requirements given in the Cosmetics Directive is of great help in tracing the causative allergenic ingredients. Most of the components present in cosmetic products are also occurring in household and industrial products, often under other trade names. Patients with multiple contact allergies constitute a special problem because their quality of life is severely affected by the multitude of eliciting products in the environment. We still lack a good understanding of why these patients become so easily sensitized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus E Andersen
- Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK 5000 Odense, Denmark.
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