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Mikolai C, Branitzki-Heinemann K, Ingendoh-Tsakmakidis A, Stiesch M, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Winkel A. Neutrophils exhibit an individual response to different oral bacterial biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 13:1856565. [PMID: 33391628 PMCID: PMC7733916 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1856565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral innate immunity is led by neutrophils. It is still unclear how their main antimicrobial mechanisms against different biofilms may contribute to balance or dysregulation in the oral cavity. We investigated the capacity of commensal (Streptococcus oralis) and pathogenic (Porphyromonas gingivalis or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) monospecies biofilms to induce or to inhibit selected antimicrobial mechanisms of neutrophils. S. oralis induced neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 8 and 9 secretion. However, these responses were partially reduced in PMA-activated neutrophils indicating a balance-like neutrophil response, which might be important for the maintenance of oral health. P. gingivalis generally induced ROS. Reduced NET formation and significantly decreased MMP secretion were detectable in activated neutrophils highlighting P. gingivalis’ nucleolytic and proteolytic activity, which might support bacterial colonization and pathogenesis of periodontitis. In contrast, A. actinomycetemcomitans did not affect the levels of antimicrobial factors in activated neutrophils and induced NET formation, ROS production, and secretion of MMP-8 and -9 in neutrophils alone, which might contribute to tissue destruction and disease progression. In summary, neutrophil responses to biofilms were species-specific and might support either maintenance of oral health or pathogenesis of periodontitis depending on the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Mikolai
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Katja Branitzki-Heinemann
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Meike Stiesch
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Andreas Winkel
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomedical Materials Science, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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2
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Afacan B, Çınarcık S, Gürkan A, Özdemir G, İlhan HA, Vural C, Köse T, Emingil G. Full-mouth disinfection effects on gingival fluid calprotectin, osteocalcin, and N-telopeptide of Type I collagen in severe periodontitis. J Periodontol 2020; 91:638-650. [PMID: 32023661 DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare the effects of full-mouth disinfection (FMD) and full-mouth ultrasonic debridement (FMUD) on clinical, microbiological and biochemical parameters with conventional quadrant-wise scaling and root planning (Q-SRP) in severe chronic periodontitis. METHODS In the present prospective randomized controlled clinical trial with three parallel arms (#NCT04038801), 60 chronic periodontitis patients were randomly assigned to three study groups by a consecutive number in ascending order: FMD (n = 20), FMUD (n = 20), and Q-SRP (n = 20). All measurements and treatments were performed by the same investigator. At baseline, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and subgingival plaque were collected and clinical periodontal parameters were recorded. Ultrasonic debridement was completed within 24 hours in FMD and FMUD groups. Chlorhexidine gluconate was used for FMD. Q-SRP was performed by hand instruments per quadrant at 1-week-intervals. Clinical measurements and sampling were repeated at 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Real-time PCR was used for quantitative analysis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and total bacteria count. GCF Calprotectin, osteocalcin, and N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx) levels were analyzed by ELISA. The changes of GCF biomarker levels after treatment between groups were the primary outcomes. RESULTS No harm was observed. All treatment strategies resulted in significant improvements in all clinical parameters (P < 0.05), with no significant differences between study groups at all time-points (P ˃ 0.05). Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans was significantly decreased in FMD compared to FMUD and Q-SRP at 6 months (P < 0.05). Although GCF NTx total amounts increased in all groups during the study period, this increase was less prominent in full-mouth groups at three time points after treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Present results represent the short-term effects. Full-mouth treatment approaches offered limited beneficial effects on microbiological and biochemical parameters over quadrant-wise approach. All three treatment strategies can be recommended in the management of severe chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beral Afacan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Serhat Çınarcık
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ali Gürkan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Güven Özdemir
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Harika Atmaca İlhan
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Caner Vural
- Department of Biology, Basic and Industrial Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Timur Köse
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gülnur Emingil
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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3
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Role of Calprotectin as a Biomarker in Periodontal Disease. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:3515026. [PMID: 31530995 PMCID: PMC6721252 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3515026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease (PD) is a common infectious and inflammatory disease characterised by inflammation of tissues surrounding and supporting the teeth and destruction of the associated alveolar bone, eventually resulting in tooth loss. This disease is caused by periodontopathic bacteria in plaque biofilm and resultant innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontal tissues. Calprotectin (CLP) is a calcium-binding protein of the S-100 protein family and is found to be induced by activated granulocytes, monocytes, and epithelial cells. CLP has been shown to play an important role in numerous inflammatory diseases and disorders. Increasing evidence indicates that CLP is involved in the progression of PD, and its levels may be associated with disease severity and outcome of periodontal treatments. This review will summarise recent studies regarding the presence, regulation, and function of CLP in PD. The findings indicate that CLP may be an effective biomarker for diagnosis and treatment for the PD.
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4
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Wallet SM, Puri V, Gibson FC. Linkage of Infection to Adverse Systemic Complications: Periodontal Disease, Toll-Like Receptors, and Other Pattern Recognition Systems. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:E21. [PMID: 29621153 PMCID: PMC6027258 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6020021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that provide innate immune sensing of conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to engage early immune recognition of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Furthermore, TLRs provide a conduit for initiation of non-infectious inflammation following the sensing of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) generated as a consequence of cellular injury. Due to their essential role as DAMP and PAMP sensors, TLR signaling also contributes importantly to several systemic diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and others. The overlapping participation of TLRs in the control of infection, and pathogenesis of systemic diseases, has served as a starting point for research delving into the poorly defined area of infection leading to increased risk of various systemic diseases. Although conflicting studies exist, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and obesity/metabolic dysfunction have been associated with differing degrees of strength to infectious diseases. Here we will discuss elements of these connections focusing on the contributions of TLR signaling as a consequence of bacterial exposure in the context of the oral infections leading to periodontal disease, and associations with metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Wallet
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Frank C Gibson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dental Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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5
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Argyris PP, Slama ZM, Ross KF, Khammanivong A, Herzberg MC. Calprotectin and the Initiation and Progression of Head and Neck Cancer. J Dent Res 2018; 97:674-682. [PMID: 29443623 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518756330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin (S100A8/A9), a heterodimeric complex of calcium-binding proteins S100A8 and S100A9, is encoded by genes mapping to the chromosomal locus 1q21.3 of the epidermal differentiation complex. Whereas extracellular calprotectin shows proinflammatory and antimicrobial properties by signaling through RAGE and TLR4, intracytoplasmic S100A8/A9 appears to be important for cellular development, maintenance, and survival. S100A8/A9 is constitutively expressed in myeloid cells and the stratified mucosal epithelia lining the oropharyngeal and genitourinary mucosae. While upregulated in adenocarcinomas and other cancers, calprotectin mRNA and protein levels decline in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). S100A8/A9 is also lost during head and neck preneoplasia (dysplasia). Calprotectin decrease does not correlate with the clinical stage (TNM) of HNSCC. When expressed in carcinoma cells, S100A8/A9 downregulates matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression and inhibits invasion and migration in vitro. S100A8/A9 regulates cell cycle progression and decelerates cancer cell proliferation by arresting at the G2/M checkpoint in a protein phosphatase 2α-dependent manner. In HNSCC, S100A8 and S100A9 coregulate with gene networks controlling cellular development and differentiation, cell-to-cell signaling, and cell morphology, while S100A8/A9 appears to downregulate expression of invasion- and tumorigenesis-associated genes. Indeed, tumor formation capacity is attenuated in S100A8/A9-expressing carcinoma cells in vivo. Hence, intracellular calprotectin appears to function as a tumor suppressor in head and neck carcinogenesis. When compared with S100A8/A9-low HNSCC based on analysis of TCGA, S100A8/A9-high HNSCC shows significant upregulation of apoptosis-related genes, including multiple caspases. Accordingly, S100A8/A9 facilitates DNA damage responses in HNSCC, promotes apoptotic cell death, and confers sensitivity to cisplatin and X-radiation in vitro. In the tumor milieu, loss of S100A8/A9 strongly associates with poor squamous differentiation and higher tumor grading, EGFR upregulation, increased DNA methylation, and, finally, poorer overall survival for patients with HNSCC. Hence, intracellular calprotectin shows a multifaceted protective role against the development of HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P Argyris
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Z M Slama
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - K F Ross
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A Khammanivong
- 2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.,3 Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M C Herzberg
- 1 Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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6
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Kido JI, Murakami S, Kitamura M, Yanagita M, Tabeta K, Yamazaki K, Yoshie H, Watanabe H, Izumi Y, Suda R, Yamamoto M, Shiba H, Fujita T, Kurihara H, Mizuno M, Mishima A, Kawahara N, Hashimoto K, Naruishi K, Nagata T. Useful Immunochromatographic Assay of Calprotectin in Gingival Crevicular Fluid for Diagnosis of Diseased Sites in Patients with Periodontal Diseases. J Periodontol 2017; 89:67-75. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2017.170206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinya Murakami
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kitamura
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Manabu Yanagita
- Department of Periodontology, Division of Oral Biology and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Yoshie
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hisashi Watanabe
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Izumi
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Suda
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Matsuo Yamamoto
- Department of Periodontology, Showa University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Koji Naruishi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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7
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Gao H, Hou J, Meng H, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Peng L. Proinflammatory effects and mechanisms of calprotectin on human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2017. [PMID: 28643937 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calprotectin (S100A8/A9) is a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9 and is associated with multiple inflammatory diseases, including Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis. Levels of calprotectin are elevated in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis; however, the effects of calprotectin on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) remain unknown. This study investigated the proinflammatory activity of calprotectin on HGFs and the functional receptors and signaling pathways engaged by calprotectin. MATERIAL AND METHODS HGFs were stimulated by equimolar concentrations of S100A8 and/or S100A9, and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were detected using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The calprotectin receptors were identified by pre-incubating HGFs with the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 inhibitor or the antibody targeting the advanced glycation end product receptor (RAGE). The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signaling pathways were also investigated by treating HGFs with ROS inhibitor or specific pathway inhibitors, respectively. RESULTS S100A9 and S100A8/A9 significantly upregulated IL-6 and IL-8 expression, which was inhibited upon treatment with the TLR4 inhibitor TAK242. Pretreatment with RAGE-blocking antibodies did not affect cytokine expression. Additionally, S100A9 promoted the production of IL-6 and IL-8 from HGFs via different signaling pathways. IL-6 expression was upregulated via the NF-κB, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, and IL-8 expression was upregulated via NF-κB, p38, JNK1/2 and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 MAPK pathways. The release of both cytokines was dependent upon the production of ROS. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that calprotectin exerts proinflammatory effects on HGFs via the S100A9 subunit and TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Periodontology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - J Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - H Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Y Zheng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - L Peng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.,Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Smith ME, Stockfelt M, Tengvall S, Bergman P, Lindén A, Qvarfordt I. Endotoxin Exposure Increases LL-37 - but Not Calprotectin - in Healthy Human Airways. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:475-482. [PMID: 28605742 DOI: 10.1159/000475525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) LL-37 and calprotectin are important players in the innate immunity of human airways. In patients with diseases characterized by bacterial colonization, the airway concentrations of these AMPs are increased. Less is known about their presence and release patterns in healthy humans. Our aim was to determine whether LL-37 and calprotectin are released after the activation of the innate immune response in the peripheral airways. METHODS Healthy volunteers underwent exposure to endotoxin and vehicle in contralateral segment bronchi. After 12 or 24 h, samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALf) were collected bilaterally from exposed segments. Cell and AMP concentrations were assessed, as were the pro-form and active form of LL-37. RESULTS Both LL-37 and calprotectin were detected in cell-free BALf from both endotoxin- and vehicle-exposed segments. The concentrations of precursor and active LL-37 and neutrophils were significantly higher in endotoxin-exposed segments after 12 and 24 h, and the concentrations of LL-37 and neutrophils correlated positively. The concentrations of calprotectin were not markedly affected by exposure to endotoxin. CONCLUSIONS Local endotoxin exposure elicits the release and activation of LL-37 but not calprotectin in healthy human peripheral airways, suggesting an inducible involvement of LL-37 in the local innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha E Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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9
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Jönsson L, Dellenmark Blom M, Friberg L, Gatzinsky V, Holmquist O, Jennische E, Sandin A, Abrahamsson K. Macrophage Phenotype Is Associated With the Regenerative Response in Experimental Replacement of the Porcine Esophagus. Artif Organs 2015; 40:950-958. [PMID: 26667982 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A porcine model for bridging circumferential defects in the intrathoracic esophagus has been developed in order to improve the treatment of children born with long-gap esophageal atresia. The aim of this study was to identify factors beneficial for tissue regeneration in the bridging area in this model and to describe the histological progression 20 days after replacement with a silicone-stented Biodesign mesh. Resection of 3 cm of intrathoracic esophagus and replacement with a bridging graft was performed in six newly weaned piglets. They were fed through a gastrostomy for 10 days, and then had probe formula orally for another 10 days prior to sacrifice. Two out of six piglets had stent loss prior to sacrifice. In the four piglets with the stent in place, a tissue tube, with visible muscle in the wall, was seen at sacrifice. Histology showed that the wall of the healing area was well organized with layers of inflammatory cells, in-growing vessels, and smooth muscle cells. CD163+ macrophages was seen toward the esophageal lumen. In the animals where the stent was lost, the bridging area was narrow, and histology showed a less organized structure in the bridging area without the presence of CD163+ macrophages. This study indicates that regenerative healing was seen in the porcine esophagus 20 days after replacement of a part of the intrathoracic esophagus with a silicone-stented Biodesign mesh, if the bridging graft is retained. If the graft is lost, the inflammatory pattern changes with invasion of proinflammatory, M1 macrophages in the entire wall, which seems to redirect the healing process toward scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Jönsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Michaela Dellenmark Blom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Friberg
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Gatzinsky
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olof Holmquist
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Jennische
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Sandin
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kate Abrahamsson
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gao H, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Peng L, Hou J, Meng H. S100A9-induced release of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in human periodontal ligament cells. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:223-32. [PMID: 26038301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
S100A8, S100A9, and calprotectin (the S100A8/S100A9 complex) are calcium-binding proteins that promote extracellular pro-inflammatory functions and may play an important role in periodontal disease. Both toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are thought to be important receptors for S100A8, S100A9, and calprotectin, but the specific pathways in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are not yet clear. Our study was designed to identify the specific receptors for S100A9 in human PDL cells. Additionally, we investigated the specific pathways that activate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukins (IL)-6 and IL-8 in PDL cells. The role of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S100A9-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines were investigated through western blot analysis, dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) probe and the application of specific pathway inhibitors. Our results suggest that the S100A9-induced release of IL-6 and IL-8 from human PDL cells is dependent on TLR4, but not RAGE. We provide evidence that S100A9 promotes the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 through different pathways. Specifically, S100A9 up-regulates the secretion of IL-6 from human PDL cells through NF-κB and p38 pathways and up-regulates the release of IL-8 from human PDL cells through the NF-κB, extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2, and p38 signaling pathways. In addition, the release of both cytokines depends on ROS production. The release of both cytokines depends on ROS production. These results suggest that S100A9 promotes pro-inflammatory responses in PDL cells through the TLR4-mediated NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Gao
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China; Department of Stomatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jianxia Hou
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Huanxin Meng
- Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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11
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Cesaro A, Anceriz N, Plante A, Pagé N, Tardif MR, Tessier PA. An inflammation loop orchestrated by S100A9 and calprotectin is critical for development of arthritis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45478. [PMID: 23029038 PMCID: PMC3445527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The S100A9 and S100A8 proteins are highly expressed by neutrophils and monocytes and are part of a group of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules that trigger inflammatory responses. Sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) contain high concentrations of S100A8/A9 that correlate with disease activity. METHODS In this study, we investigated the importance of S100A9 in RA by using neutralizing antibodies in a murine lipopolysaccharide-synchronized collagen-induced arthritis model. We also used an in vitro model of stimulation of human immune cells to decipher the role played by S100A9 in leukocyte migration and pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. RESULTS Treatment with anti-S100A9 antibodies improved the clinical score by 50%, diminished immune cell infiltration, reduced inflammatory cytokines, both in serum and in the joints, and preserved bone/collagen integrity. Stimulation of neutrophils with S100A9 protein led to the enhancement of neutrophil transendothelial migration. S100A9 protein also induced the secretion by monocytes of proinflammatory cytokines like TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6, and of chemokines like MIP-1α and MCP-1. CONCLUSION The effects of anti-S100A9 treatment are likely direct consequences of inhibiting the S100A9-mediated promotion of neutrophil transmigration and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines from monocytes. Collectively, our results show that treatment with anti-S100A9 may inhibit amplification of the immune response and help preserve tissue integrity. Therefore, S100A9 is a promising potential therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis for which alternative therapeutic strategies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Cesaro
- Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Anceriz
- Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Audrey Plante
- Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Pagé
- Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mélanie R. Tardif
- Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe A. Tessier
- Centre de recherche en Infectiologie, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Quebec, and Faculty of Medecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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12
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Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Inagaki Y, Mihara C, Kataoka M, Murata H, Shinohara Y, Nagata T, Kido J. Resistin in gingival crevicular fluid and induction of resistin release by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide in human neutrophils. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:554-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01466.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Microbiological profile and calprotectin expression in naturally occurring and experimentally induced gingivitis. Clin Oral Investig 2011; 16:1475-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-011-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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14
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Hiroshima Y, Bando M, Kataoka M, Inagaki Y, Herzberg MC, Ross KF, Hosoi K, Nagata T, Kido JI. Regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in human gingival keratinocytes by interleukin-1α. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:761-7. [PMID: 21316034 PMCID: PMC3412402 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In the oral cavity, mucosal keratinocytes resist bacterial infection, in part, by producing broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) including defensin, adrenomedullin and calprotectin. Epidermal keratinocyte expression of many AMPs increases in response to interleukin-1α (IL-1α). IL-1α is produced by epidermal keratinocytes and regulates cell differentiation. To better understand innate immunity in the oral cavity, we sought to determine how IL-1α might regulate expression of AMPs by human gingival keratinocytes (HGKs) using DNA microarray and Western blot analyses. HGKs from three subjects expressed eleven AMPs, including S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, S100A12, secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), cystatin C and β-defensin 2. Of the expressed AMPs, S100A7, S100A12 and LCN2 were up-regulated by IL-1α (inducible AMPs); the other AMPs were considered to be constitutive. Human gingival keratinocytes, therefore, express constitutive and IL-1α-inducible AMPs to provide a rapid and robust innate response to microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Hiroshima
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Nano-bioanalysis Team, Health Technology Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yuji Inagaki
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Mark C Herzberg
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Karen F Ross
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kazuo Hosoi
- Deartment of Molecular Oral Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nagata
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kido
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima, 770-8504, Japan
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15
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Haigh BJ, Stewart KW, Whelan JRK, Barnett MPG, Smolenski GA, Wheeler TT. Alterations in the salivary proteome associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37:241-7. [PMID: 20149214 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2009.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify changes in the salivary proteome associated with active periodontitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Quantitative proteomics (two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) was used to investigate whole saliva from individuals with severe periodontitis and their proteomic profiles before and after periodontal treatment were compared. RESULTS A comparison of 128 proteins across all saliva samples identified 15 protein spots with altered abundance. The predominant alteration observed was an increase in the abundance of the S100 proteins S100A8/A9/A6. Of the remaining proteins with altered abundance, haptoglobin, prolactin inducible protein and parotid secretory protein have previously been associated with host defence. CONCLUSION These results highlight the predominant involvement of S100 proteins in the host response during periodontitis, identify host defence components that have not been linked previously to this disease and suggest new potential biomarkers for monitoring disease activity in periodontitis.
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16
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Andersen E, Dessaix IM, Perneger T, Mombelli A. Myeloid-related protein (MRP8/14) expression in gingival crevice fluid in periodontal health and disease and after treatment. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:458-63. [PMID: 20337885 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Myeloid-related protein (MRP8/14) and its subunits are biomarkers of inflammation. The present study evaluated whether gingival crevice fluid levels of these markers discriminate periodontitis from healthy sites in patients with chronic periodontitis or diseased from healthy subjects, and whether these biomarkers detect longitudinal changes after therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of MRP8/14, MRP14 and total protein were quantified in 19 periodontitis patients before non-surgical periodontal therapy, after 3 and 6 mo of treatment, and were measured once in 11 periodontally healthy subjects. In total, diseased subjects contributed 59 sites with probing depths >4 mm (PP) and 21 sites <4 mm (PH); healthy subjects contributed 91 sites (HH). RESULTS Overall, in diseased subjects, MRP8/14, MRP14 and total protein were not significantly different between PP and PH sites. However, at baseline, MRP8/14 and total protein had significantly higher values at sites in periodontally diseased than in healthy subjects. Clinical improvement was associated with a significant decrease of MRP8/14 and MRP14 from baseline to month 6 in PP sites. Interestingly, a similar decrease was observed in PH sites for all three markers. At 6 mo, however, levels of MRP8/14 and protein in PP and PH sites of patients were still significantly higher than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION Gingival crevice fluid levels of MRP8/14 did not differentiate between clinically diseased and healthy sites in patients with chronic periodontitis. However, this marker was elevated in periodontally diseased compared with healthy subjects, and its values decreased following therapy. MRP8/14 may be used to monitor the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Andersen
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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17
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Pathirana RD, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Host immune responses to Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:218-37. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Ngo LH, Veith PD, Chen YY, Chen D, Darby IB, Reynolds EC. Mass Spectrometric Analyses of Peptides and Proteins in Human Gingival Crevicular Fluid. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1683-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr900775s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luan H. Ngo
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul D. Veith
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yu-Yen Chen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ivan B. Darby
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Cooperative Research Centre for Oral Health Science, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Dental School, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Bando M, Hiroshima Y, Kataoka M, Herzberg MC, Ross KF, Shinohara Y, Yamamoto T, Nagata T, Kido JI. Modulation of calprotectin in human keratinocytes by keratinocyte growth factor and interleukin-1alpha. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:328-33. [PMID: 20065999 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Calprotectin is an antimicrobial complex composed of the S100A8 and S100A9 protein family subunits. Contributing to innate immunity, calprotectin expression is increased by interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), which modulates keratinocyte differentiation. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is produced by mesenchymal cells and has a mitogenic activity for epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated the effect of KGF on calprotectin expression in keratinocytes and modulation by IL-1alpha. Human keratinocytes were cultured with KGF in the presence or absence of a KGF receptor (KGFR) inhibitor or mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors. Calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) expression was determined by northern blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, whereas MAPK phosphorylation was analyzed by western blot analysis. KGF significantly decreased the expression of S100A8/S100A9-specific mRNAs and calprotectin protein. In the presence of KGF, KGFR inhibitor or extracellular-regulated kinase inhibitor restored KGF-downregulated expression of S100A8/S100A9. KGF increased IL-1alpha expression in keratinocytes, whereas IL-1alpha increased KGF expression in fibroblasts. Cocultured fibroblast and keratinocytes showed lower S100A8/S100A9 mRNA expression than keratinocytes alone in the presence or absence of IL-1alpha or KGF. These results suggest that fibroblast-derived KGF reduces or restricts calprotectin expression in keratinocytes, which supports our hypothesis that calprotectin expression in keratinocytes is modulated by factors associated with epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Kuramoto, Tokushima, Japan
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20
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Bando M, Hiroshima Y, Kataoka M, Shinohara Y, Herzberg MC, Ross KF, Nagata T, Kido JI. Interleukin-1alpha regulates antimicrobial peptide expression in human keratinocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:532-7. [PMID: 17549071 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermis and epithelium serve as physiologic barriers to protect against noxious and infectious agents. Contributing to the defense against infection, epithelial cells express antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The expression of AMPs in keratinocytes is generally regulated directly by bacteria and indirectly by proinflammatory cytokines. Bacteria may also regulate AMP expression by inducing keratinocyte expression of the autonomous proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha). To test the hypothesis that AMP expression may be regulated by cell autonomous cytokines, we investigated the effect of IL-1alpha on the expression of AMPs in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) by microarray, northern blot, reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR and western blot analyses. IL-1alpha increased expression of mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent manner specific for lipocalin 2, S100A8, S100A9 and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) more than twofold relative to nonstimulated cells (control), and slightly upregulated S100A7 and beta-defensin-2. Furthermore, the expression of lipocalin 2, S100A7, S100A8, S100A9 and SLPI proteins were upregulated by IL-1alpha. On the other hand, HaCaT cells expressed mRNA specific for other AMPs, including cystatin 3, adrenomedullin, RNase-7 and mucin 5, which were unaffected by IL-1alpha treatment. These results suggest that the autonomous keratinocyte cytokine, IL-1alpha, selectively upregulates the expression of AMPs which may modulate innate epithelial cell immunity in skin and mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Bando
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry, Division of Medico-Dental Dynamics and Reconstruction, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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21
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Hayashi N, Kido J, Kido R, Wada C, Kataoka M, Shinohara Y, Nagata T. Regulation of calprotectin expression by interleukin-1? and transforming growth factor-? in human gingival keratinocytes. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:1-7. [PMID: 17214633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00857.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calprotectin, a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9 with antimicrobial properties, is expressed in gingival keratinocytes and plays an important role in innate immunity. Because calprotectin expression is localized in the spinous cell layer of the gingival epithelium, we hypothesized that the expression of calprotectin in keratinocytes is related to the differentiation stage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between calprotectin expression and keratinocyte differentiation using some factors that regulated its differentiation. MATERIAL AND METHODS Normal human gingival keratinocytes were isolated from gingival tissues obtained at the extraction of wisdom teeth, and were cultured in serum-free keratinocyte medium supplemented with interleukin-1alpha or calcium, which promote keratinocyte differentiation, and transforming frowth factor-beta (TGF-beta) or retinoic acid, which suppress its differentiation. The expression of S100A8/A9 mRNA and the production of calprotectin in normal human gingival keratinocytes were examined by northern blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The expression of cytokeratin 14, involucrin and filaggrin (marker proteins of keratinocyte differentiation) was investigated by immunohistochemical staining, and the DNA-binding activity of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha), a transcription factor, was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS The expression of S100A8/A9 mRNA and the production of calprotectin were increased by interleukin-1alpha and calcium, but decreased by TGF-beta. RA inhibited the expression of S100A8/A9 and keratinocyte differentiation, which were induced by interleukin-1alpha. C/EBPalpha DNA-binding activity in normal human gingival keratinocytes was enhanced by interleukin-1alpha and calcium, but suppressed by TGF-beta. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that calprotectin expression is related to keratinocyte differentiation and that C/EBPalpha is a regulator of calprotectin expression in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hayashi
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Dentistry, Division of Medico-Dental Dynamics and Reconstruction, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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22
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Kido JI, Hayashi N, Kataoka M, Shinohara Y, Nagata T. Norepinephrine stimulates calprotectin expression in human monocytic cells. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:159-64. [PMID: 16677282 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Calprotectin is composed of two proteins, S100A8 and S100A9, which are S100 family members, and is detected in gingival crevicular fluid and gingival tissue with inflammation. The release and production of calprotectin are regulated by lipopolysaccharides of periodontopathic bacteria and cytokines. Emotional or psychological stress, a risk factor of periodontal disease, is transmitted by stress modulators including norepinephrine and cortisol. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of stress on calprotectin expression using norepinephrine and cortisol. METHODS U-937 cells, a human monocytic cell line, were incubated with norepinephrine in the presence or absence of beta- or alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonists, or with cortisol. The expression of S100A8/S100A9 mRNAs was examined by northern blotting and the amount of calprotectin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The DNA binding activity of C/EBPalpha (CCAAT enhancing binding protein), a transcription factor, was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Norepinephrine stimulated the expression of S100A8/S100A9 mRNAs via beta-adrenergic receptors in U-937 cells and significantly increased calprotectin production to about 3.6-fold that of the control. However, cortisol had no effect on calprotectin expression at the mRNA and protein levels. Norepinephrine elevated C/EBPalpha DNA binding activity, but cortisol did not increase the activity. CONCLUSION Norepinephrine, a stress modulator, stimulated calprotectin expression in human monocytic cells. Calprotectin expression may be regulated by stress in addition to inflammatory factors.
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Kaner D, Bernimoulin JP, Kleber BM, Heizmann WR, Friedmann A. Gingival crevicular fluid levels of calprotectin and myeloperoxidase during therapy for generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2006; 41:132-9. [PMID: 16499716 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2005.00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levels of the inflammation marker calprotectin in gingival crevicular fluid correspond to clinical and biochemical parameters of periodontal inflammation. Neutrophil granulocytes (polymorphonuclear neutrophils: PMNs) are supposed to be the main source of calprotectin in gingival crevicular fluid, but evidence is still lacking. The influence of periodontal therapy on gingival crevicular fluid levels of calprotectin has not yet been determined. OBJECTIVES Gingival crevicular fluid levels of calprotectin were monitored during therapy for generalized aggressive periodontitis. Interrelations between calprotectin and the PMN marker myeloperoxidase (MPO) were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gingival crevicular fluid samples were collected from 23 patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis before and 3 months after non-surgical therapy with an adjunctive antimicrobial medication. Clinical parameters were recorded with a pressure-calibrated electronic probe. Levels of calprotectin and MPO in gingival crevicular fluid were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedures. RESULTS At baseline, levels of calprotectin and MPO were highly correlated. Bleeding and suppurating sites showed significantly higher levels of calprotectin and MPO than non-bleeding, non-suppurating sites. Therapy significantly decreased levels of both biomarkers. These changes of calprotectin and MPO were highly correlated and also related to probing-depth reduction. Three months after therapy, the levels of both markers still showed significant correlations in initially deep sites, whereas in initially shallow sites no significant correlation was found. After therapy, levels of markers in bleeding and non-bleeding sites were comparable. CONCLUSION The correlations between calprotectin and MPO indicate that PMNs are a major contributor to the calprotectin content in gingival crevicular fluid of severely affected sites. Calprotectin levels in gingival crevicular fluid and their changes reflect periodontal inflammation as well as the clinical treatment outcome. A prognostic potential of this marker substance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğan Kaner
- Department of Periodontology and Synoptic Dentistry, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
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24
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Loos BG, Tjoa S. Host-derived diagnostic markers for periodontitis: do they exist in gingival crevice fluid? Periodontol 2000 2005; 39:53-72. [PMID: 16135064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2005.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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