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Barreda-Sánchez M, Buendía-Martínez J, Glover-López G, Carazo-Díaz C, Ballesta-Martínez MJ, López-González V, Sánchez-Soler MJ, Rodriguez-Peña L, Serrano-Antón AT, Gil-Ferrer R, Martínez-Romero MDC, Carbonell-Meseguer P, Guillén-Navarro E. High penetrance of acute intermittent porphyria in a Spanish founder mutation population and CYP2D6 genotype as a susceptibility factor. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:59. [PMID: 30808393 PMCID: PMC6390611 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) is a low-penetrant genetic metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of hydroxymethylbilane synthase (HMBS) in the haem biosynthesis. Manifest AIP (MAIP) is considered when carriers develop typical acute neurovisceral attacks with elevation of porphyrin precursors, while the absence of attacks is referred to as latent AIP (LAIP). Attacks are often triggered by drugs, endocrine factors, fasting or stress. Although AIP penetrance is traditionally considered to be around 10-20%, it has been estimated to be below 1% in general population studies and a higher figure has been found in specific AIP populations. Genetic susceptibility factors underlying penetrance are still unknown. Drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) are polymorphic haem-dependent proteins which play a role in haem demand, so they might modulate the occurrence of AIP attacks. Our aim was to determine the prevalence and penetrance of AIP in our population and analyse the main hepatic CYP genes to assess their association with acute attacks. For this, CYP2C9*2, *3; CYP2C19*2; CYP2D6*4, *5; CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 defective alleles were genotyped in fifty AIP carriers from the Region of Murcia, a Spanish population with a high frequency of the HMBS founder mutation c.669_698del30. RESULTS AIP penetrance was 52%, and prevalence was estimated as 17.7 cases/million inhabitants. The frequency of defective CYP2D6 alleles was 3.5 times higher in LAIP than in MAIP. MAIP was less frequent among CYP2D6*4 and *5 carriers (p < 0.05). The urine porphobilinogen (PBG)-to-creatinine ratio was lower in these individuals, although it was associated with a lower prevalence of attacks (p < 0.05) rather than with the CYP2D6 genotype. CONCLUSIONS AIP prevalence in our region is almost 3 times higher than that estimated for the rest of Spain. The penetrance was high, and similar to other founder mutation AIP populations. This is very relevant for genetic counselling and effective health care. CYP2D6*4 and *5 alleles may be protective factors for acute attacks, and CYP2D6 may constitute a penetrance-modifying gene. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings, which would allow a further progress in clinical risk profile assessment based on the CYP genotype, leading to predictive personalized medicine for each AIP carrier in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Barreda-Sánchez
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Guillermo Glover-López
- Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB- Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Carazo-Díaz
- Grupo Applied Statistical Methods in Medical Research, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - María Juliana Ballesta-Martínez
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vanesa López-González
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Sección Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - María José Sánchez-Soler
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lidya Rodriguez-Peña
- Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Teresa Serrano-Antón
- Sección Genética Médica, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Remedios Gil-Ferrer
- Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Martínez-Romero
- Cátedra de Genética (Pabellón 9), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Murcia (UCAM), Avda. Los Jerónimos s/n, CP 30107, Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain.,Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB- Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Carbonell-Meseguer
- Centro de Bioquímica y Genética Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Encarna Guillén-Navarro
- CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain. .,Sección Genética Médica (Pabellón Materno-Infantil), Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB-Arrixaca, Ctra. Madrid-Cartagena s/n, CP 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain. .,Departamento de Cirugía, Pediatría, Obstetricia y Ginecología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Horner ME, Alikhan A, Tintle S, Tortorelli S, Davis DMR, Hand JL. Cutaneous porphyrias part I: epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and histopathology. Int J Dermatol 2014; 52:1464-80. [PMID: 24261722 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The porphyrias are a group of disorders characterized by defects in the heme biosynthesis pathway. Many present with skin findings including photosensitivity, bullae, hypertrichosis, and scarring. Systemic symptoms may include abdominal pain, neuropsychiatric changes, anemia, and liver disease. With advances in DNA analysis, researchers are discovering the underlying genetic causes of the porphyrias, enabling family members to be tested for genetic mutations. Here we present a comprehensive review of porphyria focusing on those with cutaneous manifestations. In Part I, we have included the epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and histopathology. Treatment and management options will be discussed in Part II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Horner
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Wickliffe JK, Abdel-Rahman SZ, Lee C, Kormos-Hallberg C, Sood G, Rondelli CM, Grady JJ, Desnick RJ, Anderson KE. CYP1A2*1F and GSTM1 alleles are associated with susceptibility to porphyria cutanea tarda. Mol Med 2010; 17:241-7. [PMID: 20957336 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a cutaneous porphyria with sporadic (type 1) and familial (type 2) subtypes, both resulting from decreased hepatic uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD) activity. Environmental and genetic factors are involved in the development of PCT, and genetic variants in the cytochrome P450 (CYP ) genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, have been implicated. We investigated the association between PCT and variants in CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP2E1, and the glutathione-S-transferase (GST ) genes, GSTM1 and GSTT1. PCT diagnosis was based on urinary or plasma porphyrin profiles. Patients were classified as type 1 or 2 PCT based on UROD mutation analysis. The CYP1A2*1F promoter A allele frequency was significantly higher (P < 0.022) and the A/A genotype frequency marginally higher in PCT patients overall (P < 0.057), with the A/A genotype significantly more common in type 1 PCT (P < 0.043). The presence of the wild-type GSTM1 allele also was associated significantly with PCT (P < 0.019). Neither hemochromatosis (HFE) mutations, tobacco smoking, hepatitis C and HIV infection, ethanol consumption, nor estrogen use were associated with these allelic variants. Age at onset was significantly lower in type 2 PCT patients (P < 0.001), as observed previously. Thus, positive associations between PCT and the CYP1A2*1F promoter A allele and A/A genotype and the wild-type GSTM1 allele indicates that these functional hepatic biotransformation enzymes are risk factors for the development of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Wickliffe
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1109, United States of America
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Abstract
The cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzymes, a superfamily of heme proteins which are the terminal oxidases of the mixed function oxidases system, metabolize more than 70% of all clinically approved drugs. The highly polymorphic CYP2D6 isoform metabolizes more than 25% of most common drugs, and the phenotypes of the 70-plus allelic variants range from compromised to excessive enzymatic activity. Porphyrias are a group of inherited or acquired metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis, due to a specific decrease in the activity of one of the enzymes of the heme pathway. Clinical signs and symptoms of porphyrias are frequently associated with exposure to precipitating agents, including clinically approved drugs. CYP enzymes, including CYP2D6, participate in the metabolism of some porphyrinogenic drugs, leading to the deregulation of heme biosynthesis. Considering that some of the drugs not recommended for use in porphyric patients are metabolized by CYP2D6, the presence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in porphyric patients would influence the triggering of the disease when these individuals receive a precipitating agent that is metabolized by CYP2D6. To investigate CYP2D6 polymorphisms in porphyric patients, healthy Argentinean volunteers, porphyric patients, and a group of individuals with high levels of iron were studied. Results indicated that the CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4 alleles, in particular, would be linked to the onset of disease. Predictive genotyping for CYP2D6 in porphyric patients holds promise as a method to improve the clinical efficacy of drug therapy and to personalize drug administration for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena V Lavandera
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas, and Department of Biological Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lavandera JV, Parera VE, Batlle A, Buzaleh AM. CYP2D6 polymorphisms in patients with porphyrias. Mol Med 2006; 12:259-63. [PMID: 17225875 PMCID: PMC1770015 DOI: 10.2119/2005–00047.lavandera] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P-450 (CYP) isoenzymes, a superfamily of heme proteins which are the terminal oxidases of the mixed function oxidases system, metabolize more than 70% of all clinically approved drugs. The highly polymorphic CYP2D6 isoform metabolizes more than 25% of most common drugs, and the phenotypes of the 70-plus allelic variants range from compromised to excessive enzymatic activity. Porphyrias are a group of inherited or acquired metabolic disorders of heme biosynthesis, due to a specific decrease in the activity of one of the enzymes of the heme pathway. Clinical signs and symptoms of porphyrias are frequently associated with exposure to precipitating agents, including clinically approved drugs. CYP enzymes, including CYP2D6, participate in the metabolism of some porphyrinogenic drugs, leading to the deregulation of heme biosynthesis. Considering that some of the drugs not recommended for use in porphyric patients are metabolized by CYP2D6, the presence of CYP2D6 polymorphisms in porphyric patients would influence the triggering of the disease when these individuals receive a precipitating agent that is metabolized by CYP2D6. To investigate CYP2D6 polymorphisms in porphyric patients, healthy Argentinean volunteers, porphyric patients, and a group of individuals with high levels of iron were studied. Results indicated that the CYP2D6*3 and CYP2D6*4 alleles, in particular, would be linked to the onset of disease. Predictive genotyping for CYP2D6 in porphyric patients holds promise as a method to improve the clinical efficacy of drug therapy and to personalize drug administration for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimena V. Lavandera
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas
| | - Victoria E. Parera
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira Batlle
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas
| | - Ana María Buzaleh
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre Porfirinas y Porfirias (CIPYP), CONICET, Hospital de Clínicas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Masson LF, Sharp L, Cotton SC, Little J. Cytochrome P-450 1A1 gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2005; 161:901-15. [PMID: 15870154 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwi121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1 plays a key role in phase I metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and in estrogen metabolism. It is expressed predominantly in extrahepatic tissues, including the breast. Four CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (3801T --> C, Ile462Val, 3205T --> C, and Thr461Asp) have been studied in relation to breast cancer. The 3801C variant is more common than the Val variant. Both variants occur more frequently in Asians than in White populations. The 3205T --> C polymorphism has been observed in African Americans only. Little data are available on the geographic/ethnic distribution of the Thr461Asp polymorphism. The functional significance of the polymorphisms is unclear. In 17 studies, no consistent association between breast cancer and CYP1A1 genotype was found. Meta-analysis found no significant risk for the genotypes 1) 3801C/C (relative risk (RR) = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52, 1.80) or 3801T/C (RR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.70, 1.19) versus 3801T/T, 2) Val/Val (RR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.74) or Ile/Val (RR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.10) versus Ile/Ile, or 3) Asp/Asp (RR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.20, 4.49) or Thr/Asp (RR = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.87, 1.43) versus Thr/Thr. Future studies should explore possible interactions between CYP1A1 and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, markers of estrogen exposure, other lifestyle factors influencing hormonal levels, and other genes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism or hormonal biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Masson
- Epidemiology Group, Department of Public Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland.
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