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Bonyanian Z, Walker M, Du Toit E, Rose'Meyer RB. Multiple adenosine receptor subtypes stimulate wound healing in human EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Purinergic Signal 2019; 15:357-366. [PMID: 31254200 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-019-09668-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is an important outcome of tissue damage and can be stimulated by adenosine released from cells during events such as tissue injury, ischaemia or tumour growth. The aim of this research was to determine the potency and efficacy of adenosine A1, A2A and A2B receptor agonists on the rate of wound healing and cell proliferation in human EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Real-time PCR data showed that only adenosine A1, A2A and A2B receptor mRNA were expressed in this cell line. All three adenosine receptor agonists, CPA, CGS21680 and NECA, significantly increased the rate of wound healing in human EAhy926 endothelial cells with the following order of potency CGS21680>CPA>NECA and efficacy CPA>NECA>CGS21680. The selective adenosine A1, A2A and A2B receptor antagonists, DPCPX, ZM241385 and MRS1754 (all at 10 nM), reversed the effects of their respective agonists. EAhy926 endothelial cell proliferation was also significantly increased with the adenosine A1 and A2B receptor agonists, CPA and NECA. Western blot analysis demonstrated that adenosine A2A and A1 receptor protein levels were highly expressed compared with the adenosine A2B receptors in the EAhy926 endothelial cell lines. While all three adenosine A1, A2A and A2B receptor subtypes contribute to cell proliferation and wound healing in human EAhy926 endothelial cells, treatments selectively targeting receptor subtypes may further enhance wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Bonyanian
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus Southport, Queensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Matthew Walker
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus Southport, Queensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Eugene Du Toit
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus Southport, Queensland, 4122, Australia
| | - Roselyn B Rose'Meyer
- School of Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus Southport, Queensland, 4122, Australia.
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Marolf V, Mirra A, Fouché N, Navas de Solis C. Advanced Atrio-Ventricular Blocks in a Foal Undergoing Surgical Bladder Repair: First Step to Cardiac Arrest? Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:96. [PMID: 29951488 PMCID: PMC6008567 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3-day-old Swiss Warmblood colt was diagnosed with uroabdomen after urinary bladder rupture. The foal had classical electrolyte abnormalities (hyponatremia, hypochloremia and hyperkalemia) on presentation. The foal was supported prior to surgery with intravenous fluids and the electrolyte abnormalities were treated with physiologic saline, glucose and insulin. Urine could not be drained from the abdomen prior to surgery because the omentum was continuously occluding the drainage cannula and due to progressive abdominal distension, it was decided to pursue surgery without further correction of electrolyte abnormalities. After induction of anaesthesia, signs of hypoxemia were present. Controlled mandatory ventilation using a pressure-controlled ventilation mode with positive end-expiratory pressure was initiated. Urine was drained from the abdomen by free flow. Atrio-ventricular (AV) blocks unresponsive to intravenous antimuscarinic drugs developed. After low dose of epinephrine and cardiac massage, sinus rhythm was restored. Surgery was completed successfully and the foal recovered from anaesthesia. The postoperative period was uneventful and the foal was discharged from the hospital three days later. Based on a clinical case, the purpose of the manuscript is to provide the clinician with potential causes, prevention and treatment of this already known but rarely observed dysrhythmia which could lead to fatal consequences. Definitions of cardiac arrest and asystole are reappraised. We discuss the fact that advanced AV-blocks should be treated as a cardiovascular emergency with advanced life support. The early recognition of advanced AV blocks is the first step to reduce perioperative mortality and morbidity of foal suffering from uroabdomen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Marolf
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Treatment, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Mirra
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Division of Anaesthesiology and Pain Treatment, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Fouché
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cristobal Navas de Solis
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
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Cronstein BN, Sitkovsky M. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016; 13:41-51. [PMID: 27829671 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a nucleoside derived primarily from the extracellular hydrolysis of adenine nucleotides, is a potent regulator of inflammation. Adenosine mediates its effects on inflammatory cells by engaging one or more cell-surface receptors. The expression and function of adenosine receptors on different cell types change during the course of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Targeting adenosine receptors directly for the treatment of rheumatic diseases is currently under study; however, indirect targeting of adenosine receptors by enhancing adenosine levels at inflamed sites accounts for most of the anti-inflammatory effects of methotrexate, the anchor drug for the treatment of RA. In this Review, we discuss the regulation of extracellular adenosine levels and the role of adenosine in regulating the inflammatory and immune responses in rheumatic diseases such as RA, psoriasis and other types of inflammatory arthritis. In addition, adenosine and its receptors are involved in promoting fibrous matrix production in the skin and other organs, and the role of adenosine in fibrosis and fibrosing diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cronstein
- NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Michail Sitkovsky
- New England Inflammation and Tissue Protection Institute, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, 312 MU, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Reiss AB, Cronstein BN. Regulation of foam cells by adenosine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:879-86. [PMID: 22423040 PMCID: PMC3306592 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.226878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages rely on reverse cholesterol transport mechanisms to rid themselves of excess cholesterol. By reducing accumulation of cholesterol in the artery wall, reverse cholesterol transport slows or prevents development of atherosclerosis. In stable macrophages, efflux mechanisms balance influx mechanisms, and accumulating lipids do not overwhelm the cell. Under atherogenic conditions, inflow of cholesterol exceeds outflow, and the cell is ultimately transformed into a foam cell, the prototypical cell in the atherosclerotic plaque. Adenosine is an endogenous purine nucleoside released from metabolically active cells by facilitated diffusion and generated extracellularly from adenine nucleotides. Under stress conditions, such as hypoxia, a depressed cellular energy state leads to an acute increase in the extracellular concentration of adenosine. Extracellular adenosine interacts with 1 or more of a family of G protein-coupled receptors (A(1), A(2A), A(2B), and A(3)) to modulate the function of nearly all cells and tissues. Modulation of adenosine signaling participates in regulation of reverse cholesterol transport. Of particular note for the development of atherosclerosis, activation of A(2A) receptors dramatically inhibits inflammation and protects against tissue injury. Potent antiatherosclerotic effects of A(2A) receptor stimulation include inhibition of macrophage foam cell transformation and upregulation of the reverse cholesterol transport proteins cholesterol 27-hydroxylase and ATP binding cassette transporter A1. Thus, A(2A) receptor agonists may correct or prevent the adverse effects of inflammatory processes on cellular cholesterol homeostasis. This review focuses on the importance of extracellular adenosine acting at specific receptors as a regulatory mechanism to control the formation of foam cells under conditions of lipid loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison B. Reiss
- Department of Medicine and Winthrop Research Institute, Winthrop-University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Suite 502A, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
| | - Bruce N. Cronstein
- Division of Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, NBV16N-1, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Cronstein BN. Adenosine receptors and fibrosis: a translational review. F1000 BIOLOGY REPORTS 2011; 3:21. [PMID: 22003368 PMCID: PMC3186039 DOI: 10.3410/b3-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine—a purine nucleoside generated extracellularly from adenine nucleotides released by cells as a result of direct stimulation, hypoxia, trauma, or metabolic stress—is a well-known physiologic and pharmacologic agent. Recent studies demonstrate that adenosine, acting at its receptors, promotes wound healing by stimulating both angiogenesis and matrix production. Subsequently, adenosine and its receptors have also been found to promote fibrosis (excess matrix production) in the skin, lungs, and liver, but to diminish cardiac fibrosis. A commonly ingested adenosine receptor antagonist, caffeine, blocks the development of hepatic fibrosis, an effect that likely explains the epidemiologic finding that coffee drinking, in a dose-dependent fashion, reduces the likelihood of death from liver disease. Accordingly, adenosine may be a good target for therapies that prevent fibrosis of the lungs, liver, and skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce N Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, NYU School of Medicine 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016 USA
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Kara FM, Chitu V, Sloane J, Axelrod M, Fredholm BB, Stanley ER, Cronstein BN. Adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs) play a critical role in osteoclast formation and function. FASEB J 2010; 24:2325-33. [PMID: 20181934 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-147447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine regulates a wide variety of physiological processes via interaction with one or more G-protein-coupled receptors (A(1)R, A(2A)R, A(2B)R, and A(3)R). Because A(1)R occupancy promotes fusion of human monocytes to form giant cells in vitro, we determined whether A(1)R occupancy similarly promotes osteoclast function and formation. Bone marrow cells (BMCs) were harvested from C57Bl/6 female mice or A(1)R-knockout mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates and differentiated into osteoclasts in the presence of colony stimulating factor-1 and receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand in the presence or absence of the A(1)R antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl xanthine (DPCPX). Osteoclast morphology was analyzed in tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase or F-actin-stained samples, and bone resorption was evaluated by toluidine blue staining of dentin. BMCs from A(1)R-knockout mice form fewer osteoclasts than BMCs from WT mice, and the A(1)R antagonist DPCPX inhibits osteoclast formation (IC(50)=1 nM), with altered morphology and reduced ability to resorb bone. A(1)R blockade increased ubiquitination and degradation of TRAF6 in RAW264.7 cells induced to differentiate into osteoclasts. These studies suggest a critical role for adenosine in bone homeostasis via interaction with adenosine A(1)R and further suggest that A(1)R may be a novel pharmacologic target to prevent the bone loss associated with inflammatory diseases and menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas M Kara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, NYU School of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA
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