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Wang X, Ding G, Yang P, Cheng G, Kong W, Xu Z. Teleost Eye Is the Portal of IHNV Entry and Contributes to a Robust Mucosal Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:160. [PMID: 38203332 PMCID: PMC10778588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The ocular mucosa (OM) is an important and unique part of the vertebrate mucosal immune system. The OM plays an important role in maintaining visual function and defending against foreign antigens or microorganisms, while maintaining a balance between the two through complex regulatory mechanisms. However, the function of ocular mucosal defense against foreign pathogens and mucosal immune response in bony fish are still less studied. To acquire deeper understanding into the mucosal immunity of the OM in teleost fish, we established a study of the immune response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected with the infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). Our findings revealed that IHNV could successfully infiltrate the trout's OM, indicating that the OM could be an important portal for the IHNV. Furthermore, qPCR and RNA-Seq analysis results showed that a large number of immune-related genes were significantly upregulated in the OM of trout with IHNV infection. Critically, the results of our RNA-Seq analysis demonstrated that viral infection triggered a robust immune response, as evidenced by the substantial induction of antiviral, innate, and adaptive immune-related genes in the OM of infected fish, which underscored the essential role of the OM in viral infection. Overall, our findings revealed a previously unknown function of teleost OM in antiviral defense, and provided a theoretical basis for the study of the mucosal immunity of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Guangyi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Gaofeng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Weiguang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
| | - Zhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (G.D.); (G.C.); (W.K.)
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Jenkinson E, Alexander AJ, Camp PJ. Measurements of large optical rotary dispersion in the adipose eyelid of Atlantic mackerel ( Scomber scombrus). J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230025. [PMID: 37015263 PMCID: PMC10072936 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen is the most prevalent of Nature's structural proteins, and is found in the extracellular matrices of animals. The structures of collagen molecules and aggregates are chiral, which leads to the rotation of transmitted, plane-polarized light. Here, it is shown that the concentrations of chiral molecules and aggregates in the optically transparent, adipose eyelid of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) can be so high, that plane-polarized light in the visible spectrum is rotated by tens to hundreds of degrees, depending on wavelength (the optical rotatory dispersion (ORD)). This gives rise to intensely coloured images of eyelid samples when illuminated with white light and viewed between crossed polarizers. The ORD in the visible spectrum is measured with monochromatic light sources, and using this dispersion, the variation of optical thickness within a sample (proportional to collagen concentration and path length) is determined. The agreement between observed and simulated white-light images is almost perfect. While collagen provides vital mechanical rigidity to animal tissue, it might also possess optical properties that are useful for vision and camouflage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Jenkinson
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Andrew J Alexander
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Philip J Camp
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
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Yu P, Wang Y, Yang WT, Li Z, Zhang XJ, Zhou L, Gui JF. Upregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway and accumulation of lipids are related to the morphological and structural transformation of the dragon-eye goldfish eye. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1031-1049. [PMID: 33428077 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish comprise around 300 different strains with drastically altered and aesthetical morphologies making them suitable models for evolutionary developmental biology. The dragon-eye strain is characterized by protruding eyes (analogous to those of Chinese dragons). Although the strain has been selected for about 400 years, the mechanism of its eye development remains unclear. In this study, a stable dragon-eye goldfish strain with a clear genetic background was rapidly established and studied. We found that upregulation of the PPAR signaling pathway accompanied by an increase in lipid accumulation might trigger the morphological and structural transformation of the eye in dragon-eye goldfish. At the developmental stage of proptosis (eye protrusion), downregulation of the phototransduction pathway was consistent with the structural defects and myopia of the dragon-eye strain. With the impairment of retinal development, cytokine-induced inflammation was activated, especially after proptosis, similar to the pathologic symptoms of many human ocular diseases. In addition, differentially expressed transcription factors were significantly enriched in the PAX and homeobox families, two well-known transcription factor families involved in eye development. Therefore, our findings reveal the dynamic changes in key pathways during eye development in dragon-eye goldfish, and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying drastically altered eyes in goldfish and human ocular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, the Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Abstract
Ensuring the clarity of the ocular surface of fish species with which we interact is of great importance. There is still much more to learn about the ocular surface of fish species. A better understanding of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the ocular surface is thus vital for fish welfare, as well as being a fascinating subject in its own right.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Puzzolo D, Pisani A, Malta C, Santoro G, Meduri A, Abbate F, Montalbano G, Wylegala E, Rana RA, Bucchieri F, Ieni A, Aragona P, Micali A. Structural, ultrastructural, and morphometric study of the zebrafish ocular surface: a model for human corneal diseases? Curr Eye Res 2017; 43:175-185. [PMID: 29111817 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1385087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A morphological and morphometric study of the adult zebrafish ocular surface was performed to provide a comprehensive description of its parts and to evaluate its similarity to the human. MATERIALS AND METHODS The eyes of adult zebrafish were processed for light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy, and for immunohistochemical stain of corneal nerves; a morphometric analysis was also performed on several morphological parameters. RESULTS The corneal epithelium was formed by five layers of cells. No Bowman's layer could be demonstrated. The stroma consisted of lamellae of different thickness with few keratocytes. The Descemet's membrane was absent as the flat and polygonal endothelial cells directly adhered to the deepest corneal lamella. The immunohistochemical stain of neurofilaments failed to demonstrate corneal nerve fibers. The conjunctival epithelium was stratified, overlying the stroma formed by a subepithelial and a deep layer, this latter connected to the scleral cartilage. In the peripheral cornea and in the conjunctiva, many goblet and rodlet cells were observed. The morphometric analysis showed that the peripheral cornea epithelium was thicker when compared to the other parts of the ocular surface, with smaller superficial cells. Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes in the conjunctiva were significantly fewer in number than the other parts of the ocular surface. The stroma was thinner in the conjunctiva than in the cornea, while corneal lamellae were thicker in the intermediate stroma. CONCLUSIONS The zebrafish ocular surface showed significant differences compared to the human, such as the absence of Bowman's layer, Descemet's membrane and corneal nerve fibers, the reduced stromal thickness, and the presence of rodlet cells. On the basis of these original findings, it is suggested that the use of the zebrafish as a model for studying normal or pathological human corneas should be undertaken with particular caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Puzzolo
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Antonina Pisani
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Consuelo Malta
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Santoro
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Alessandro Meduri
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Francesco Abbate
- b Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Zebrafish Neuromorphology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalbano
- b Department of Veterinary Sciences, Laboratory of Zebrafish Neuromorphology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Edward Wylegala
- c Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze , Medical University of Silesia , Katowice , Poland
| | - Rosa Alba Rana
- d Department of Medicine and Science of Aging , University of Chieti , Chieti , Italy
| | - Fabio Bucchieri
- e Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy , University of Palermo , Palermo , Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- f Department of Human Pathology , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Pasquale Aragona
- g Department of Biomedical Sciences, Regional Referral Center for the Ocular Surface Diseases , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Antonio Micali
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , University of Messina , Messina , Italy
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