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Chernyshev AV, Polyakova NE, Hiebert TC, Maslakova SA. Evaluation of the taxonomic position of the genus Carinina (Nemertea:Palaeonemertea), with descriptions of two new species. INVERTEBR SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/is20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genus Carinina Hubrecht, 1885 has long been considered the most ‘archaic’ nemertean taxon because its members are distinguished by the basiepidermal position of the brain and lateral nerve cords, characters thought to be plesiomorphic for the phylum. Here we describe two new species, Carinina yushini sp. nov. from the Sea of Japan (Russia) and C. chocolata sp. nov. from the north-east Pacific (Oregon, USA), distinguished by brown body colour. A phylogenetic analysis based on partial sequences of five nuclear and mitochondrial gene regions, 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3, 16S rRNA and COI, confirms the monophyly of Carinina (Family Carininidae), and points to a close relationship to Carinoma (Family Carinomidae). The two groups together form a sister clade to the rest of the palaeonemerteans (Family Tubulanidae + Family Cephalotrichidae s.l.). Carinina plecta most likely belongs to the Tubulanidae. A morphological synapomorphy of the clade Carininidae + Carinomidae is a larva with a single midventral eye (in contrast to eyeless larvae of the Tubulanidae and two-eyed larvae of the Cephalotrichidae). Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that the basiepidermal position of the central nervous system is an autapomorphy of Carininidae (and, independently, C. plecta), rather than a plesiomorphy of the phylum Nemertea or the class Palaeonemertea, emphasising that the genus Carinina is no more archaic than any other palaeonemertean genus.
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Chernyshev AV, Kajihara H. Comparative muscular morphology in Archinemertea (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-019-00440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Sagorny C, Wesseler C, Krämer D, von Döhren J. Assessing the diversity and distribution of Cephalothrix
species (Nemertea: Palaeonemertea) in European waters by comparing different species delimitation methods. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sagorny
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Carina Wesseler
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Daria Krämer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Jörn von Döhren
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
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Kvist S, Laumer CE, Junoy J, Giribet G. New insights into the phylogeny, systematics and DNA barcoding of Nemertea. INVERTEBR SYST 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/is13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although some clades of ribbon worms (phylum Nemertea) are consistently recovered with high support in molecular phylogenies, the placement and inter-relationships of some taxa have proven problematic. Herein, we performed molecular phylogenetic analyses aimed at resolving these recalcitrant splits, using six loci (nuclear 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histones H3 and H4, and mitochondrial 16S rRNA and COI) for 133 terminals, with particular emphasis on the problematic families Hubrechtidae and Plectonemertidae. Three different datasets were used for phylogenetic analyses and both maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony methodologies were applied. All but one of the resulting tree topologies agree on the paraphyly of the class Palaeonemertea, whereas Heteronemertea, Hoplonemertea, Polystilifera, Monostilifera and Hubrechtidae are always recovered as reciprocally monophyletic. Hubrechtidae is sister group to Heteronemertea (the Pilidiophora hypothesis) only when length variable regions of 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA are excluded. Moreover, the terrestrial and freshwater family Plectonemertidae is recovered with high support and the implications of this finding are further discussed. Finally, we evaluate the utility of DNA barcoding for specimen identification within Nemertea using an extended dataset containing 394 COI sequences. Results suggest that DNA barcoding may work for Nemertea, insofar as a distinct barcoding gap (the gap between the maximum intraspecific variation and the minimum interspecific divergence) may exist, but its recognition is regularly hampered by low accuracy in species level identifications.
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Chernyshev AV, Magarlamov TY, Turbeville JM. Morphology of the proboscis ofHubrechtella Juliae(nemertea, pilidiophora): Implications for pilidiophoran monophyly. J Morphol 2013; 274:1397-414. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V. Chernyshev
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University; Vladivostok Russia
| | - Timur Yu. Magarlamov
- A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Vladivostok Russia
| | - James M. Turbeville
- Department of Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond Virginia 23284 USA
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Fernández-Álvarez FÁ, Anadón N. Redescription ofTubulanus mawsoni(Wheeler 1940) comb. nov. (Palaeonemertea: Tubulanidae) from the Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctica). NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2013.778302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FÁ Fernández-Álvarez
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (Zoología), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - N Anadón
- Departamento de Biología de Organismos y Sistemas (Zoología), Universidad de Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Petrov AA, Zaitseva OV. Muscle fibers in the central nervous system of nemerteans: spatial organization and functional role. J Morphol 2012; 273:870-82. [PMID: 22505193 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The system of muscle fibers associated with the brain and lateral nerve cords is present in all major groups of enoplan nemerteans. Unfortunately, very little is known about the functional role and spatial arrangement of these muscles of the central nervous system. This article examines the architecture of the musculature of the central nervous system in two species of monostiliferous nemerteans (Emplectonema gracile and Tetrastemma cf. candidum) using phalloidin staining and confocal microscopy. The article also briefly discusses the body-wall musculature and the muscles of the cephalic region. In both species, the lateral nerve cords possess two pairs of cardinal muscles that run the length of the nerve cords and pass through the ventral cerebral ganglia. A system of peripheral muscles forms a meshwork around the lateral nerve cords in E. gracile. The actin-rich processes that ramify within the nerve cords in E. gracile (transverse fibers) might represent a separate population of glia-like cells or sarcoplasmic projections of the peripheral muscles of the central nervous system. The lateral nerve cords in T. cf. candidum lack peripheral muscles but have muscles similar in their position and orientation to the transverse fibers. The musculature of the central nervous system is hypothesized to function as a support system for the lateral nerve cords and brain, preventing rupturing and herniation of the nervous tissue during locomotion. The occurrence of muscles of the central nervous system in nemerteans and other groups and their possible relevance in taxonomy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Petrov
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Morphology, Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
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Andrade SCS, Strand M, Schwartz M, Chen H, Kajihara H, von Döhren J, Sun S, Junoy J, Thiel M, Norenburg JL, Turbeville JM, Giribet G, Sundberg P. Disentangling ribbon worm relationships: multi-locus analysis supports traditional classification of the phylum Nemertea. Cladistics 2011; 28:141-159. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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Sundberg P, Gibson R, Strand M. Swedish nemerteans (phylum Nemertea), with description of a new hoplonemertean genus and species. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930701589939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Chernyshev AV. Confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis of the phalloidin-labelled musculature in nemerteans. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.504890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Bartolomaeus T, von Döhren J. Comparative morphology and evolution of the nephridia in Nemertea. J NAT HIST 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2010.503941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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von Döhren J, Beckers P, Vogeler R, Bartolomaeus T. Comparative sperm ultrastructure in Nemertea. J Morphol 2010; 271:793-813. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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SUNDBERG PER, CHERNYSHEV ALEXEYV, KAJIHARA HIROSHI, KÅNNEBY TOBIAS, STRAND MALIN. Character-matrix based descriptions of two new nemertean (Nemertea) species. Zool J Linn Soc 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2008.00514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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ROUSE GREGW. Trochophore concepts: ciliary bands and the evolution of larvae in spiralian Metazoa. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01920.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kirk Ritger R, Norenburg JL. Tubulanus riceae new species (Nemertea: Anopla: Palaeonemertea: Tubulanidae), from South Florida, Belize and Panama. J NAT HIST 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/00222930600833867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Strand M, Sundberg P. Genus Tetrastemma Ehrenberg, 1831 (Phylum Nemertea)--a natural group? Phylogenetic relationships inferred from partial 18S rRNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2005; 37:144-52. [PMID: 16182152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 01/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the monophyletic status of the hoplonemertean taxon Tetrastemma by reconstructing the phylogeny for 22 specimens assigned to this genus, together with another 25 specimens from closely related hoplonemertean genera. The phylogeny was based on partial 18S rRNA sequences using Bayesian and maximum likelihood analyses. The included Tetrastemma-species formed a well-supported clade, although the within-taxon relationships were unsettled. We conclude that the name Tetrastemma refers to a monophyletic taxon, but that it cannot be defined by morphological synapomorphies, and our results do not imply that all the over 100 species assigned to this genus belong to it. The results furthermore indicate that the genera Amphiporus and Emplectonema are non-monophyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Strand
- Göteborg University, Department of Zoology, Gothenborg, Sweden
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Abstract
We present the most extensive phylogenetic analysis to date, to our knowledge, of higher-level nemertean relationships, based on sequence data from four different genes (the nuclear genes for nuclear large subunit rRNA (28S rRNA) and histone H3 (H3), and the mitochondrial genes for mitochondrial large subunit rRNA (16S rRNA) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)). Well-supported clades are, in general, compatible with earlier, more limited, analyses, and current classification is largely in agreement with our results, although there are some notable exceptions. Bdellonemertea (represented by Malacobdella) is found to be a part of Monostilifera, and Polystilifera is the monophyletic sister group to Monostilifera. Cratenemertidae is the sister group to the remaining monostiliferans (including Malacobdella), a group to which we apply the new name Distromatonemertea. Heteronemertea is monophyletic and forms a clade with Hubrechtella; for this clade we introduce the name Pilidiophora. Finally, Pilidiophora and Hoplonemertea (with Malacobdella) form a monophyletic group, and we introduce the name Neonemertea to refer to this group. Palaeonemertea is found to be non-monophyletic and basal among nemerteans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Thollesson
- Systematic Biology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0163, USA.
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Sundberg P, Turbeville JM, Lindh S. Phylogenetic relationships among higher Nemertean (Nemertea) Taxa inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2001; 20:327-34. [PMID: 11527461 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.2001.0982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We estimated the phylogenetic relationships of 15 nemertean (phylum Nemertea) species from the four subclasses Hoplo-, Hetero-, Palaeo-, and Bdellonemertea with 18S rDNA sequence data. Three outgroup taxa were used for rooting: Annelida, Platyhelminthes, and Mollusca. Parsimony and maximum-likelihood analyses supported the monophyletic status of the Heteronemertea and a taxon consisting of hoplonemerteans and Bdellonemertea, while indicating that Palaeonemertea is paraphyletic. The monophyletic status of the two nemertean classes Anopla and Enopla is not supported by the data. The unambiguous clades are well supported, as assessed by a randomization test (bootstrapping) and branch support values.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sundberg
- Zoology Department, Göteborg University, Göteborg, S-430 50, Sweden
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Sundberg P, Saur M. Molecular phylogeny of some European heteronemertean (Nemertea) species and the monophyletic status of Riseriellus, Lineus, and Micrura. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1998; 10:271-80. [PMID: 10051380 DOI: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 16S rRNA mitochondrial gene was used to reconstruct the relationships among 10 heteronemertean species (subclass Heteronemertea, phylum Nemertea); Lineus ruber and L. viridis are represented by more than one specimen to assess intraspecific variation in these enigmatic species, and the analysis includes in total 14 terminal taxa incorporating one palaeonemertean species (Tubulanus annulatus) for outgroup rooting. The aligned sequences were subjected to maximum parsimony, maximum-likelihood, and neighbor-joining analyses to estimate the phylogenetic relationship of the species. The results were concordant from all analyses and indicate that neither Lineus nor Micrura are monophyletic taxa, and that there is no support from a phylogenetic point of view to establish the monotypic genus Riseriellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sundberg
- Department of Zoology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, SE-405 30, Sweden.
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