1
|
Hernández-Cabanyero C, Amaro C. Phylogeny and life cycle of the zoonotic pathogen Vibrio vulnificus. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:4133-4148. [PMID: 32567215 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a zoonotic pathogen able to cause diseases in humans and fish that occasionally result in sepsis and death. Most reviews about this pathogen (including those related to its ecology) are clearly biased towards its role as a human pathogen, emphasizing its relationship with oysters as its main reservoir, the role of the known virulence factors as well as the clinic and the epidemiology of the human disease. This review tries to give to the reader a wider vision of the biology of this pathogen covering aspects related to its phylogeny and evolution and filling the gaps in our understanding of the general strategies that V. vulnificus uses to survive outside and inside its two main hosts, the human and the eel, and how its response to specific environmental parameters determines its survival, its death, or the triggering of an infectious process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Amaro
- ERI-Biotecmed, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kawase T, Miura F, Debnath A, Imakura K, Miyoshi SI. Functional analysis of N-terminal propeptide in the precursor of Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease by using cell-free translational system. Protein Expr Purif 2018; 149:13-16. [PMID: 29635038 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is a human pathogen causing fatal septicemia with edematous and hemorrhagic skin damage. Among multiple virulence factors, an extracellular metalloprotease termed as V. vulnificus protease (VVP) is known to play a crucial role in eliciting the skin damage. The mature VVP (413 aa) is composed of two domains, the N-terminal core domain with proteolytic activity and the C-terminal domain mediates efficient attachment to protein substrates. However, VVP is produced as an inactive precursor (609 aa) with a signal peptide (24 aa) and propeptide (172 aa). In order to clarify the function of propeptide, a series of DNA fragments encoding the VVP precursor and its various domains were designed and the proteins were expressed in vitro by using cell-free translational system. The results indicated that the propeptide might function as an intramolecular chaperon to promote the proper folding of both N-terminal and C-terminal domains. The obtained results also suggest that the propeptide, itself was unstable and thus digested easily by the enzymes present in cell lysate used for cell-free system. Additionally, the C-terminal domain in VVP found to inhibit the folding of the N-terminal domain in absence of propeptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Kawase
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Fumi Miura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Anusuya Debnath
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kinuyo Imakura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
The Fish Pathogen
Vibrio vulnificus
Biotype 2: Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Virulence Factors Involved in Warm-Water Vibriosis. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3. [DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ve-0005-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Vibrio vulnificus
biotype 2 is the etiological agent of warm-water vibriosis, a disease that affects eels and other teleosts, especially in fish farms. Biotype 2 is polyphyletic and probably emerged from aquatic bacteria by acquisition of a transferable virulence plasmid that encodes resistance to innate immunity of eels and other teleosts. Interestingly, biotype 2 comprises a zoonotic clonal complex designated as serovar E that has extended worldwide. One of the most interesting virulence factors produced by serovar E is RtxA1
3
, a multifunctional protein that acts as a lethal factor for fish, an invasion factor for mice, and a survival factor outside the host. Two practically identical copies of
rtxA1
3
are present in all biotype 2 strains regardless of the serovar, one in the virulence plasmid and the other in chromosome II. The plasmid also contains other genes involved in survival and growth in eel blood:
vep07
, a gene for an outer membrane (OM) lipoprotein involved in resistance to eel serum and
vep20
, a gene for an OM receptor specific for eel-transferrin and, probably, other related fish transferrins. All the three genes are highly conserved within biotype 2, which suggests that they are under a strong selective pressure. Interestingly, the three genes are related with transferable plasmids, which emphasizes the role of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of
V. vulnificus
in nutrient-enriched aquatic environments, such as fish farms.
Collapse
|
4
|
Fukasawa KM, Hata T, Ono Y, Hirose J. Metal preferences of zinc-binding motif on metalloproteases. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:574816. [PMID: 22312463 PMCID: PMC3268031 DOI: 10.4061/2011/574816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Almost all naturally occurring metalloproteases are monozinc enzymes. The zinc in any number of zinc metalloproteases has been substituted by some other divalent cation. Almost all Co(II)- or Mn(II)-substituted enzymes maintain the catalytic activity of their zinc counterparts. However, in the case of Cu(II) substitution of zinc proteases, a great number of enzymes are not active, for example, thermolysin, carboxypeptidase A, endopeptidase from Lactococcus lactis, or aminopeptidase B, while some do have catalytic activity, for example, astacin (37%) and DPP III (100%). Based on structural studies of various metal-substituted enzymes, for example, thermolysin, astacin, aminopeptidase B, dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) III, and del-DPP III, the metal coordination geometries of both active and inactive Cu(II)-substituted enzymes are shown to be the same as those of the wild-type Zn(II) enzymes. Therefore, the enzyme activity of a copper-ion-substituted zinc metalloprotease may depend on the flexibility of catalytic domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko M Fukasawa
- Department of Hard Tissue Research, Graduate School of Oral Medicine, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miyoshi SI, Sultan SZ, Yasuno Y, Shinoda S. GROWTH PHASE-DEPENDENT PRODUCTION OF A TOXIC METALLOPROTEASE BY VIBRIO VULNIFICUS. TOXIN REV 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15569540500320862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Valiente E, Lee CT, Hor LI, Fouz B, Amaro C. Role of the metalloprotease Vvp and the virulence plasmid pR99 of Vibrio vulnificus serovar E in surface colonization and fish virulence. Environ Microbiol 2007; 10:328-38. [PMID: 18028416 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The virulence for eels of Vibrio vulnificus biotype 2 serovar E (VSE) is conferred by a plasmid that codifies ability to survive in eel serum and cause septicaemia. To find out whether the plasmid and the selected chromosomal gene vvp plays a role in the initial steps of infection, the VSE strain CECT4999, the cured strain CT218 and the Vvp-deficient mutant CT201 (obtained in this work by allelic exchange) were used in colonization and virulence experiments. The eel avirulent biotype 1 (BT1) strain YJ016, whose genome has been sequenced, was used for comparative purposes. The global results demonstrate that the plasmid does not play a significant role in surface colonization because (i) CECT4999 and CT218 were equally chemoattracted towards and adherent to eel mucus and gills, and (ii) CT218 persisted in gills from bath-infected eels 2 weeks post infection. In contrast, mutation in vvp gene reduced significantly chemoattraction and attachment to eel mucus and gills, as well as virulence degree by immersion challenge. Co-infection experiments by bath with CECT4999 and CT201 confirmed that Vvp was involved in eel colonization and persistence in gills, because CECT4999 was recovered at higher numbers compared with CT201 from both internal organs of moribund fish (ratio 4:1) and gills from survivors (ratio 50:1). Interestingly, YJ016 also showed chemoattraction and attachment to mucus, and complementation of CT201 with BT1-vvp gene restored both activities together with virulence degree by immersion challenge. Additional experiments with algae mucus and purified mucin gave similar results. In conclusion, the protease Vvp of V. vulnificus seems to play an essential role in colonization of mucosal surfaces present in aquatic environments. Among the V. vulnificus strains colonizing fish mucus, only those harbouring the plasmid could survive in blood and cause septicaemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esmeralda Valiente
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is ubiquitous in aquatic environments; however, it occasionally causes serious and often fatal infections in humans. These include invasive septicemia contracted through consumption of raw seafood, as well as wound infections acquired through contact with brackish or marine waters. In most cases of septicemia, the patients have underlying disease(s), such as liver dysfunction or alcoholic cirrhosis, and the secondary skin lesions including cellulitis, edema and hemorrhagic bulla appear on the limbs. Although V. Vul produces various virulent factors including polysaccharide capsule, type IV pili, hemolysin and proteolytic enzymes, the 45-kDa metalloprotease may be a causative factor of the skin lesions, because the purified protease enhances vascular permeability through generation of chemical mediators and also induces serious hemorrhagic damage through digestion of the vascular basement membrane. As well as other bacteria, V. Vul can regulate the protease production through the quorum-sensing system depending on bacterial cell density. However, this system operates efficiently at 25 degrees C, but not at 37 degrees C. Therefore, V. vulnificus may produce sufficient amounts of the protease only in the interstitial tissue of the limbs, in which temperature is lower than the internal temperature of the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ishihara M, Kawanishi A, Watanabe H, Tomochika KI, Miyoshi SI, Shinoda S. Purification of a serine protease of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and its characterization. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 46:298-303. [PMID: 12061633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02699.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 50 kDa protease designated as VPP1 was purified from the culture supernatant of a clinical strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus by ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephacryl S-200 HR gel filtration and Fractogel EMD TMAE 650 ion-exchange chromatography. VPP1 was inhibited by EDTA, EGTA and serine protease inhibitors, suggesting that it is a calcium-dependent serine protease. N-terminal amino acid sequence of VPP1 was quite similar to that of V. metschnikovii protease and antibody against VPP1 inhibited the activity of V. metschnikovii protease, suggesting the similarity of the two proteases. It was demonstrated that VPP1 or its related protease widely distribute in not only V. parahaemolyticus but also V. alginolyticus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masami Ishihara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miyoshi SI, Kawata K, Hosokawa M, Tomochika KI, Shinoda S. Histamine-releasing reaction induced by the N-terminal domain of Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease. Life Sci 2003; 72:2235-42. [PMID: 12628443 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(03)00094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A zinc metalloprotease secreted by Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen causing septicemia and wound infection, stimulates exocytotic histamine release from rat mast cells. This protease consists of two functional domains: the N-terminal domain that catalyzes proteolytic reaction and the C-terminal domain that promotes the association with a protein substrate or cell membrane. Like the intact protease, the N-terminal domain alone also induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. However, the reaction induced was apparently weak and went on more slowly. The nickel-substituted protease or its N-terminal domain, each of which has the reduced proteolytic activity due to decreased affinity to a substrate, showed much less histamine-releasing activity. When injected into the rat dorsal skin, the N-terminal domain also evoked enhancement of the hypodermic vascular permeability, while the activity was comparable to that of the protease. Taken together, the protease may stimulate histamine release through the action of the catalytic center of the N-terminal domain on the target substance(s) on the mast cell membrane. The C-terminal domain may support the in vitro action of the N-terminal domain by coordination of the association of the protease with the membrane, but it may not modulate the in vivo action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|