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Zamakhaeva S, Chaton CT, Rush JS, Ajay Castro S, Kenner CW, Yarawsky AE, Herr AB, van Sorge NM, Dorfmueller HC, Frolenkov GI, Korotkov KV, Korotkova N. Modification of cell wall polysaccharide guides cell division in Streptococcus mutans. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:878-887. [PMID: 34045745 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In ovoid-shaped, Gram-positive bacteria, MapZ guides FtsZ-ring positioning at cell equators. The cell wall of the ovococcus Streptococcus mutans contains peptidoglycan decorated with serotype c carbohydrates (SCCs). In the present study, we identify the major cell separation autolysin AtlA as an SCC-binding protein. AtlA binding to SCC is attenuated by the glycerol phosphate (GroP) modification. Using fluorescently labeled AtlA constructs, we mapped SCC distribution on the streptococcal surface, revealing enrichment of GroP-deficient immature SCCs at the cell poles and equators. The immature SCCs co-localize with MapZ at the equatorial rings throughout the cell cycle. In GroP-deficient mutants, AtlA is mislocalized, resulting in dysregulated cellular autolysis. These mutants display morphological abnormalities associated with MapZ mislocalization, leading to FtsZ-ring misplacement. Altogether, our data support a model in which maturation of a cell wall polysaccharide provides the molecular cues for the recruitment of cell division machinery, ensuring proper daughter cell separation and FtsZ-ring positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Zamakhaeva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Catherine T Chaton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Rush
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sowmya Ajay Castro
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Cameron W Kenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alexander E Yarawsky
- Divisions of Immunobiology and Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Divisions of Immunobiology and Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Konstantin V Korotkov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Natalia Korotkova
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Shirakawa D, Wakinaka T, Watanabe J. Identification of the putative N-acetylglucosaminidase CseA associated with daughter cell separation in Tetragenococcus halophilus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1724-1735. [PMID: 32448081 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1764329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The lactic acid bacterium Tetragenococcus halophilus, which is used as a starter to brew soy sauce, comprises both cluster-forming strains and dispersed strains. The cluster-forming strains are industrially useful for obtaining clear soy sauce, because the cell clusters are trapped by filter cloth when the soy sauce mash is pressed. However, the molecular mechanism underlying cell cluster formation is unknown. Whole genome sequence analysis and subsequent target sequence analysis revealed that the cluster-forming strains commonly have functional defects in N-acetylglucosaminidase CseA, a peptidoglycan hydrolase. CseA is a multimodular protein that harbors a GH73 domain and six peptidoglycan-binding LysM domains. Recombinant CseA hydrolyzed peptidoglycan and promoted cell separation. Functional analysis of truncated CseA derivatives revealed that the LysM domains play an important role in efficient peptidoglycan degradation and cell separation. Taken together, the results of this study identify CseA as a factor that greatly affects the cluster formation in T. halophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Watanabe
- Manufacturing Division, Yamasa Corporation , Chiba, Japan
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Impact of growth pH and glucose concentrations on the CodY regulatory network in Streptococcus salivarius. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:386. [PMID: 29792173 PMCID: PMC5966866 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4781-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Streptococcus salivarius is an abundant isolate of the human oral microbiota. Since both pH and glucose availability fluctuate frequently in the oral cavity, the goal of this study was to investigate regulation by CodY, a conserved pleiotropic regulator of Gram positive bacteria, in response to these two signals. The chemostat culture system was employed to precisely control the growth parameters, and the transcriptomes of wild-type S. salivarius 57.I and its CodY-null derivative (ΔcodY) grown at pH 7 and 5.5, with limited and excessive glucose supply were determined. Results The transcriptomic analysis revealed that CodY was most active at pH 7 under conditions of glucose limitation. Based on whether a CodY binding consensus could be located in the 5′ flanking region of the identified target, the transcriptomic analysis also found that CodY shaped the transcriptome via both direct and indirect regulation. Inactivation of codY reduced the glycolytic capacity and the viability of S. salivarius at pH 5.5 or in the presence of H2O2. Studies using the Galleria mellonella larva model showed that CodY was essential for the toxicity generated from S. salivarius infection, suggesting that CodY regulation was critical for immune evasion and systemic infections. Furthermore, the CodY-null mutant strain exhibited a clumping phenotype and reduced attachment in biofilm assays, suggesting that CodY also modulates cell wall metabolism. Finally, the expression of genes belonging to the CovR regulon was affected by codY inactivation, but CodY and CovR regulated these genes in opposite directions. Conclusions Metabolic adaptation in response to nutrient availability and growth pH is tightly linked to stress responses and virulence expression in S. salivarius. The regulation of metabolism by CodY allows for the maximal utilization of available nutrients and ATP production. The counteractive regulation of the CovR regulon could fine tune the transcriptomes in response to environmental changes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4781-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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García-Cano I, Campos-Gómez M, Contreras-Cruz M, Serrano-Maldonado CE, González-Canto A, Peña-Montes C, Rodríguez-Sanoja R, Sánchez S, Farrés A. Expression, purification, and characterization of a bifunctional 99-kDa peptidoglycan hydrolase from Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8563-73. [PMID: 25940238 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6593-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pediococcus acidilactici ATCC 8042 is a lactic acid bacteria that inhibits pathogenic microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus through the production of two proteins with lytic activity, one of 110 kDa and the other of 99 kDa. The 99-kDa one has high homology to a putative peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) enzyme reported in the genome of P. acidilactici 7_4, where two different lytic domains have been identified but not characterized. The aim of this work was the biochemical characterization of the recombinant enzyme of 99 kDa. The enzyme was cloned and expressed successfully and retains its activity against Micrococcus lysodeikticus. It has a higher N-acetylglucosaminidase activity, but the N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase can also be detected spectrophotometrically. The protein was then purified using gel filtration chromatography. Antibacterial activity showed an optimal pH of 6.0 and was stable between 5.0 and 7.0. The optimal temperature for activity was 60 °C, and all activity was lost after 1 h of incubation at 70 °C. The number of strains susceptible to the recombinant 99-kDa enzyme was lower than that susceptible to the mixture of the 110- and 99-kDa PGHs of P. acidilactici, a result that suggests synergy between these two enzymes. This is the first PGH from LAB that has been shown to possess two lytic sites. The results of this study will aid in the design of new antibacterial agents from natural origin that can combat foodborne disease and improve hygienic practices in the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel García-Cano
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Manuel Campos-Gómez
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Mariana Contreras-Cruz
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Carlos Eduardo Serrano-Maldonado
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Augusto González-Canto
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y Hospital General de México, 06720, México D.F., México
| | - Carolina Peña-Montes
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Romina Rodríguez-Sanoja
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Sergio Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México
| | - Amelia Farrés
- Departamento de Alimentos y Biotecnología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, México D.F., México.
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Identification and characterization of an autolysin gene, atlA, from Streptococcus criceti. J Microbiol 2012; 50:777-84. [PMID: 23124745 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AtlA of Streptococcus mutans is a major autolysin and belongs to glycoside hydrolase family 25 with cellosyl of Streptomyces coelicolor. The autolysin gene (atlA) encoding AtlA was identified from S. criceti. AtlA of S. criceti comprises the signal sequence in the N-terminus, the putative cell-wall-binding domain in the middle, and the catalytic domain in the C-terminus. Homology modeling analysis of the catalytic domain of AtlA showed the resemblance of the spatial arrangement of five amino acids around the predicted catalytic cavity to that of cellosyl. Recombinant AtlA and its four point mutants, D655A, D747A, W831A, and D849A, were evaluated on zymogram of S. criceti cells. Lytic activity was destroyed in the mutants D655A and D747A and diminished in the mutants W831A and D849A. These results suggest that Asp655 and Asp747 residues are critical for lytic activity and Trp831 and Asp849 residues are also associated with enzymatic activity.
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Characterization of lytic enzyme open reading frame 9 (ORF9) derived from Enterococcus faecalis bacteriophage phiEF24C. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:580-5. [PMID: 21097580 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01540-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In bacteriophage (phage) therapy against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Enterococcus faecalis, members of a genus of SPO1-like viruses are typically employed because of their extreme virulence and broad host spectrum. Phage φEF24C, which is a SPO1-like virus infecting E. faecalis, has previously been characterized as a therapeutic phage candidate. In addition to the phage itself, phage endolysin is also recognized as an effective antimicrobial agent. In this study, a putative endolysin gene (orf9) of E. faecalis phage φEF24C was analyzed in silico, and its activity was characterized using the recombinant form. First, bioinformatics analysis predicted that the open reading frame 9 (ORF9) protein is N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase. Second, bacteriolytic and bactericidal activities of ORF9 against E. faecalis were confirmed by zymography, decrease of peptidoglycan turbidity, decrease of the viable count, and morphological analysis of ORF9-treated cells. Third, ORF9 did not appear to require Zn(2+) ions for its activity, contrary to the bioinformatics prediction of a Zn(2+) ion requirement. Fourth, the lytic spectrum was from 97.1% (34 out of 35 strains, including vancomycin-resistant strains) of E. faecalis strains to 60% (6 out of 10 strains) of Enterococcus faecium strains. Fifth, N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidase activity of ORF9 was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and the subsequent MALDI-postsource decay (PSD) analyses. Finally, functional analysis using N- or C-terminally deleted ORF9 mutants suggested that a complete ORF9 molecule is essential for its activity. These results suggested that ORF9 is an endolysin of phage φEF24C and can be a therapeutic alternative to antibiotics.
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Thanyasrisung P, Komatsuzawa H, Yoshimura G, Fujiwara T, Yamada S, Kozai K, Eto K, Izumi Y, Sugai M. Automutanolysin disrupts clinical isolates of cariogenic streptococci in biofilms and planktonic cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 24:451-5. [PMID: 19832796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2009.00536.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dental caries remains one of the most common chronic infectious diseases throughout the world. The formation of dental plaque is one of the caries risk factors. As a consequence, the removal of plaque may reduce the incidence of caries development. We identified an autolysin produced by Streptococcus mutans named auto-mutanolysin (Aml). Aml selectively lyses S. mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. The specificity towards these cariogenic bacteria suggests that Aml may be used to prevent dental caries. Here, with the aim towards therapeutic application, we investigated the lytic activity of Aml against clinical isolates of S. mutans and S. sobrinus using planktonic cells and biofilms. METHODS Planktonic cell suspensions and biofilms of clinically isolated streptococci were treated with Aml in the absence or the presence of Triton X-100. The lytic activity of Aml was monitored as the change in turbidity. The disruption of biofilms was evaluated by detecting the released DNA by polymerase chain reaction and observing the alteration of optical density of treated biofilms. RESULTS Triton X-100 enhances the lytic ability of Aml. Using planktonic cells, Aml had various lysis levels against clinical strains. Repeated Aml treatment showed disruption of the biofilm using the representative clinical strains. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that Aml has an ability to lyse planktonic and biofilm cells of clinically isolated mutans streptococci in the presence of Triton X-100. These results suggest the possibility of using Aml as an alternative or additional approach for caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thanyasrisung
- Department of Bacteriology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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Jung CJ, Zheng QH, Shieh YH, Lin CS, Chia JS. Streptococcus mutans autolysin AtlA is a fibronectin-binding protein and contributes to bacterial survival in the bloodstream and virulence for infective endocarditis. Mol Microbiol 2009; 74:888-902. [PMID: 19818020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a commensal of the human oral cavity, can survive in the bloodstream and cause infective endocarditis (IE). However, the virulence factors associated with this manifestation of disease are not known. Here, we demonstrate that AtlA, an autolysin of S. mutans is a newly identified fibronectin (Fn) binding protein and contributes to bacterial resistance to phagocytosis and survival in the bloodstream. Interestingly, prior exposure to plasma at low concentrations was sufficient to enhance bacterial survival in the circulation. Calcium ions at physiological plasma concentrations induced maturation of AtlA from the 104-90 kDa isoform resulting in increased Fn binding and resistance to phagocytosis. An isogenic mutant strain defective in AtlA expression exhibited reduced survival and virulence when tested in a rat model of IE compared with the wild-type and complemented strains. The data presented suggest that plasma components utilized by S. mutans enhanced survival in the circulation and AtlA is a virulence factor associated with infective endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiau-Jing Jung
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen Ai Road Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
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Layec S, Gérard J, Legué V, Chapot-Chartier MP, Courtin P, Borges F, Decaris B, Leblond-Bourget N. The CHAP domain of Cse functions as an endopeptidase that acts at mature septa to promote Streptococcus thermophilus cell separation. Mol Microbiol 2009; 71:1205-17. [PMID: 19170887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2009.06595.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell separation is dependent on cell wall hydrolases that cleave the peptidoglycan shared between daughter cells. In Streptococcus thermophilus, this step is performed by the Cse protein whose depletion resulted in the formation of extremely long chains of cells. Cse, a natural chimeric enzyme created by domain shuffling, carries at least two important domains for its activity: the LysM expected to be responsible for the cell wall-binding and the CHAP domain predicted to contain the active centre. Accordingly, the localization of Cse on S. thermophilus cell surface has been undertaken by immunogold electron and immunofluorescence microscopies using of antibodies raised against the N-terminal end of this protein. Immunolocalization shows the presence of the Cse protein at mature septa. Moreover, the CHAP domain of Cse exhibits a cell wall lytic activity in zymograms performed with cell walls of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Bacillus subtilis and S. thermophilus. Additionally, RP-HPLC analysis of muropeptides released from B. subtilis and S. thermophilus cell wall after digestion with the CHAP domain shows that Cse is an endopeptidase. Altogether, these results suggest that Cse is a cell wall hydrolase involved in daughter cell separation of S. thermophilus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Layec
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR INRA/UHP 1128, IFR 110, Nancy-Université, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Tamura H, Yamada A, Yoshida Y, Kato H. Identification and characterization of an autolysin gene, atlh, from Streptococcus downei. Curr Microbiol 2008; 58:432-7. [PMID: 19093149 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9336-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An autolysin gene, atlh, was identified and sequenced from Streptococcus downei MFe28 using degenerate polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the gene-walking method. Atlh protein encoded by atlh is composed of 879 amino acids, with a molecular weight of 95,902.26. Atlh possesses four 15-amino-acid residue repeats in the putative cell-wall-binding domain and has a catalytic domain in the C-terminus. The deduced amino acid sequence of atlh showed homology to S. mutans autolysin AtlA (68.4% similarity). Inactivation of atlh resulted in elongated chain formation compared to the parent strain. Recombinant proteins Atlh and its derivatives were constructed and analyzed by zymography. Zymographic analysis revealed that the Asp-771 residue of Atlh was essential for lytic activity and that lytic activity was not diminished by the deletion of repetitive regions in the putative cell-wall-binding domain of Atlh. Biofilm assay showed that the wild-type strain formed glucose- and sucrose-dependent biofilms, the atlh mutant diminished this ability. These results suggest that Atlh is associated with cell separation and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Tamura
- Department of Dental Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
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Deletion of cgR_1596 and cgR_2070, encoding NlpC/P60 proteins, causes a defect in cell separation in Corynebacterium glutamicum R. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:8204-14. [PMID: 18931118 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00752-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous work, random genome deletion mutants of Corynebacterium glutamicum R were generated using the insertion sequence (IS) element IS31831 and the Cre/loxP excision system. One of these mutants, C. glutamicum strain RD41, resulting from the deletion of a 10.1-kb genomic region (DeltacgR_1595 through cgR_1604) from the WT strain, showed cell elongation, and several lines appeared on the cell surface (bamboo shape). The morphological changes were suppressed by overexpression of cgR_1596. Single disruption of cgR_1596 in WT C. glutamicum R resulted in morphological changes similar to those observed in the RD41 strain. CgR_1596 has a predicted secretion signal peptide in the amino-terminal region and a predicted NlpC/P60 domain, which is conserved in cell wall hydrolases, in the carboxyl-terminal region. In C. glutamicum R, CgR_0802, CgR_1596, CgR_2069, and CgR_2070 have the NlpC/P60 domain; however, only simultaneous disruption of cgR_1596 and cgR_2070, and not cgR_2070 single disruption, resulted in cell growth delay and more severe morphological changes than disruption of cgR_1596. Transmission electron microscopy revealed multiple septa within individual cells of cgR_1596 single and cgR_1596-cgR_2070 double disruptants. Taken together, these results suggest that cgR_1596 and cgR_2070 are involved in cell separation and cell growth in C. glutamicum.
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Layec S, Decaris B, Leblond-Bourget N. Diversity of Firmicutes peptidoglycan hydrolases and specificities of those involved in daughter cell separation. Res Microbiol 2008; 159:507-15. [PMID: 18656532 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Within Streptococcus thermophilus, Cse was identified as the major cell disconnecting peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) and was demonstrated to be species-specific. To identify cell disconnecting PGHs encoded by other Streptococcus genomes, we explored the diversity of domains carried by Firmicutes PGHs, and especially that of enzymes involved in daughter cell separation. This work brings to light the diversity of PGHs and reveals that each species recruits its own cell-separating enzyme distinct from that of the others. This specificity is probably correlated with the diversity of substrates found in the bacterial cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Layec
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR INRA/UHP 1128, IFR 110, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Nancy-Université, BP 239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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