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Photocatalytic Inactivation of Viruses and Prions: Multilevel Approach with Other Disinfectants. Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol2040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ag, Cu, Zn, Ti, and Au nanoparticles show enhanced photocatalytic properties. Efficient indoor disinfection strategies are imperative to manage the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Virucidal agents, such as ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, 222-nm UV light, and electrolyzed water inactivate SARS-CoV-2 in indoor environments. Tungsten trioxide (WO3) photocatalyst and visible light disinfect abiotic surfaces against SARS-CoV-2. The titanium dioxide (TiO2)/UV system inactivates SARS-CoV-2 in aerosols and on deliberately contaminated TiO2-coated glass slide surfaces in photocatalytic chambers, wherein 405-nm UV light treatment for 20 min sterilizes the environment and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that inactivate the virus by targeting S and envelope proteins and viral RNA. Mesoscopic calcium bicarbonate solution (CAC-717) inactivates pathogens, such as prions, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, and noroviruses, in fluids; it presumably acts similarly on human and animal skin. The molecular complexity of cementitious materials promotes the photocatalysis of microorganisms. In combination, the two methods can reduce the pathogen load in the environment. As photocatalysts and CAC-717 are potent disinfectants for prions, disinfectants against prionoids could be developed by combining photocatalysis, gas plasma methodology, and CAC-717 treatment, especially for surgical devices and instruments.
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Liu JYH, Sun MYY, Sommerville N, Ngan MP, Ponomarev ED, Lin G, Rudd JA. Soy flavonoids prevent cognitive deficits induced by intra-gastrointestinal administration of beta-amyloid. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 141:111396. [PMID: 32417364 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's diseases, beta-amyloid may act as prion-like protein and migrate from the gastrointestinal tract towards the brain. Soy flavonoids have been identified as neuroprotective against cognitive loss in human. Diet with soy flavonoids may be used to slow down the progression of Alzheimer's diseases. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed in-vitro tissue culture experiments using myenteric plexus longitudinal muscle layers isolated from the ileum and colon of ICR mice. Beta-amyloid can be taken up into myenteric neurons and induce neuron degeneration, which is protected by flavonoids compounds, including daidzein, genistein, glycitein and luteolin. We also administered oligomeric beta-amyloid (1-42) (total dose: 8 μg) into the gastrointestinal walls of ICR mice and conducted memory tests and gastrointestinal function assessments after 6 and 12 months. Mice treated with beta-amyloid exhibited minor learning deficits in a T-maze memory test at 6 months and significant memory impairment in a novel object recognition task at 12 months. These impairments were prevented by soy flavonoids. Tracking studies performed using fluorescently tagged beta-amyloid found that, beta-amyloid injected at the stomach can aggregate within the layer of myenteric neurons and migrate to the jejunum or via the vagus nerves to the brain after 1 month. Reductions in the gastrointestinal tissue weight and the spontaneous ileal contraction frequency were also observed at 6 and 12 months, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that beta-amyloid can migrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain to induce cognitive impairments. Furthermore, chronic soy flavonoids in drinking water have protective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y H Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Michelle Y Y Sun
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Nerina Sommerville
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Man Piu Ngan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Eugene D Ponomarev
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - John A Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Ackermann I, Balkema-Buschmann A, Ulrich R, Tauscher K, Shawulu JC, Keller M, Fatola OI, Brown P, Groschup MH. Detection of PrP BSE and prion infectivity in the ileal Peyer's patch of young calves as early as 2 months after oral challenge with classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet Res 2017; 48:88. [PMID: 29258602 PMCID: PMC5738053 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE), an orally acquired prion disease of cattle, the ileal Peyer’s patch (IPP) represents the main entry port for the BSE agent. In earlier C-BSE pathogenesis studies, cattle at 4–6 months of age were orally challenged, while there are strong indications that the risk of infection is highest in young animals. In the present study, unweaned calves aged 4–6 weeks were orally challenged to determine the earliest time point at which newly formed PrPBSE and BSE infectivity are detectable in the IPP. For this purpose, calves were culled 1 week as well as 2, 4, 6 and 8 months post-infection (mpi) and IPPs were examined for BSE infectivity using a bovine PrP transgenic mouse bioassay, and for PrPBSE by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assays. For the first time, BSE prions were detected in the IPP as early as 2 mpi by transgenic mouse bioassay and PMCA and 4 mpi by IHC in the follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the IPP follicles. These data indicate that BSE prions propagate in the IPP of unweaned calves within 2 months of oral uptake of the agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivett Ackermann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kerstin Tauscher
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - James C Shawulu
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Markus Keller
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Olanrewaju I Fatola
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Paul Brown
- National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin H Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.
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Lassé M, Ulluwishewa D, Healy J, Thompson D, Miller A, Roy N, Chitcholtan K, Gerrard JA. Evaluation of protease resistance and toxicity of amyloid-like food fibrils from whey, soy, kidney bean, and egg white. Food Chem 2016; 192:491-8. [PMID: 26304377 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The structural properties of amyloid fibrils combined with their highly functional surface chemistry make them an attractive new food ingredient, for example as highly effective gelling agents. However, the toxic role of amyloid fibrils in disease may cause some concern about their food safety because it has not been established unequivocally if consumption of food fibrils poses a health risk to consumers. Here we present a study of amyloid-like fibrils from whey, kidney bean, soy bean, and egg white to partially address this concern. Fibrils showed varied resistance to proteolytic digestion in vitro by either Proteinase K, pepsin or pancreatin. The toxicity of mature fibrils was measured in vitro and compared to native protein, early-stage-fibrillar protein, and sonicated fibrils in two immortalised human cancer cell lines, Caco-2 and Hec-1a. There was no reduction in the viability of either Caco-2 or Hec-1a cells after treatment with a fibril concentration of up to 0.25 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Lassé
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Dulantha Ulluwishewa
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jackie Healy
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dion Thompson
- Protein Science & Engineering Team, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch and Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Antonia Miller
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Protein Science & Engineering Team, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch and Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Nicole Roy
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Food Nutrition & Health Team, Food & Bio-based Products Group, AgResearch Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Kenny Chitcholtan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Juliet A Gerrard
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Protein Science & Engineering Team, Callaghan Innovation, Christchurch and Lower Hutt, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences and School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Puig KL, Manocha GD, Combs CK. Amyloid precursor protein mediated changes in intestinal epithelial phenotype in vitro. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119534. [PMID: 25742317 PMCID: PMC4351204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although APP and its proteolytic metabolites have been well examined in the central nervous system, there remains limited information of their functions outside of the brain. For example, amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) immunoreactivity have both been demonstrated in intestinal epithelial cells. Based upon the critical role of these cells in absorption and secretion, we sought to determine whether APP or its metabolite amyloid β (Aβ), had a definable function in these cells. Methodology/Principal Findings The human colonic epithelial cell line, Caco-2 cells, were cultured to examine APP expression and Aβ secretion, uptake, and stimulation. Similar to human colonic epithelium stains, Caco-2 cells expressed APP. They also secreted Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42, with LPS stimulating higher concentrations of Aβ 1-40 secretion. The cells also responded to Aβ 1-40 stimulation by increasing IL-6 cytokine secretion and decreasing cholesterol uptake. Conversely, stimulation with a sAPP-derived peptide increased cholesterol uptake. APP was associated with CD36 but not FATP4 in co-IP pull down experiments from the Caco-2 cells. Moreover, stimulation of APP with an agonist antibody acutely decreased CD36-mediated cholesterol uptake. Conclusions/Significance APP exists as part of a multi-protein complex with CD36 in human colonic epithelial cells where its proteolytic fragments have complex, reciprocal roles in regulating cholesterol uptake. A biologically active peptide fragment from the N-terminal derived, sAPP, potentiated cholesterol uptake while the β secretase generated product, Aβ1-40, attenuated it. These data suggest that APP is important in regulating intestinal cholesterol uptake in a fashion dependent upon specific proteolytic pathways. Moreover, this biology may be applicable to cells beyond the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra L. Puig
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Gunjan D. Manocha
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Colin K. Combs
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Susceptibility of young sheep to oral infection with bovine spongiform encephalopathy decreases significantly after weaning. J Virol 2012; 86:11856-62. [PMID: 22915816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01573-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) (or prion disease) that is readily transmissible to sheep by experimental infection and has the shortest incubation period in animals with the ARQ/ARQ PRNP genotype (at codons 136, 154, and 171). Because it is possible that sheep in the United Kingdom could have been infected with BSE by being fed contaminated meat and bone meal supplements at the same time as cattle, there is considerable interest in the responses of sheep to BSE inoculation. Epidemiological evidence suggests that very young individuals are more susceptible to TSE infection; however, this has never been properly tested in sheep. In the present study, low doses of BSE were fed to lambs of a range of ages (~24 h, 2 to 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) and adult sheep. The incidence of clinical BSE disease after inoculation was high in unweaned lambs (~24 h and 2 to 3 weeks old) but much lower in older weaned animals The incubation period was also found to be influenced by the genotype at codon 141 of the PRNP gene, as lambs that were LF heterozygotes had a longer mean incubation period than those that were homozygotes of either type. The results suggest that sheep in the United Kingdom would have been at high risk of BSE infection only if neonatal animals had inadvertently ingested contaminated supplementary foodstuffs.
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Dagleish MP, Hamilton S, González L, Eaton SL, Steele P, Finlayson J, Sisó S, Pang Y, Sales J, Chianini F, Jeffrey M. Digestion and transportation of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-derived prion protein in the sheep intestine. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:3116-23. [PMID: 20826616 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.025049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is acquired orally and the mechanisms involved in the absorption and transportation of infectivity across the gut wall are therefore critical. Isolated gut loops were created in lambs, massaged to remove intestinal contents (flushed) or left non-flushed, inoculated with cattle BSE homogenate and excised at different time-points. Gut loops were examined by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for disease-associated prion protein (PrP(d)), and the contents were analysed by Western blotting (WB) to determine the degradation rate of protease-resistant PrP (PrP(res)). The contents of scrapie-inoculated gut loops from a previous experiment were analysed by WB, and these in vivo digestion results were compared with those of an in vitro experiment on the same transmissible spongiform encephalopathy homogenates. BSE-inoculum-derived PrP(d) was detected by IHC in the gut lumen between 15 min and 3.5 h. It was found in the intestinal lymphatic system from 30 min onwards and was present at the highest frequency at 120 min post-inoculation. In vivo degradation of PrP(res) in the BSE inoculum had a significantly (P=0.006) different pattern compared with scrapie-derived PrP(res), with the BSE PrP(res) degrading more rapidly. However, the overall amount of degradation became similar by 120 min post-challenge. The results of the in vitro digestion experiments showed a similar pattern, although the magnitude of PrP(res) degradation was less than in the in vivo environment where absorption could also take place. BSE-derived PrP(res) is less protease resistant than scrapie PrP over a short time-course and the disappearance of detectable PrP(res) from the gut lumen results from both absorption and digestion by intestinal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Dagleish
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
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