1
|
Cheng S, Yu S. Enantioselective synthesis of 3-substituted 1,2-oxazinanes via organocatalytic intramolecular aza-Michael addition. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8607-10. [PMID: 25272305 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A highly enantioselective intramolecular 6-exo-trig aza-Michael addition was developed to afford chiral 3-substituted 1,2-oxazinanes in high yields (up to 99% yield) and good enantioselectivities (up to 98/2 er). These reactions were enabled by a quinine-derived primary-tertiary diamine as a catalyst and pentafluoropropionic acid (PFP) as a co-catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuanghua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Huso TH, Resar LMS. The high mobility group A1 molecular switch: turning on cancer - can we turn it off? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:541-53. [PMID: 24684280 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.900045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence demonstrates that the high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) chromatin remodeling protein is a key molecular switch required by cancer cells for tumor progression and a poorly differentiated, stem-like state. Because the HMGA1 gene and proteins are expressed at high levels in all aggressive tumors studied to date, research is needed to determine how to 'turn off' this master regulatory switch in cancer. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe prior studies that underscore the central role of HMGA1 in refractory cancers and we discuss approaches to target HMGA1 in cancer therapy. EXPERT OPINION Given the widespread overexpression of HMGA1 in diverse, aggressive tumors, further research to develop technology to target HMGA1 holds immense promise as potent anticancer therapy. Previous work in preclinical models indicates that delivery of short hairpin RNA or interfering RNA molecules to 'switch off' HMGA1 expression dramatically impairs cancer cell growth and tumor progression. The advent of nanoparticle technology to systemically deliver DNA or RNA molecules to tumors brings this approach even closer to clinical applications, although further efforts are needed to translate these advances into therapies for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tait H Huso
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hematology Division , Ross Research Building, Room 1015, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore MD 21205 , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wiedner SD, Vedejs E. Reactivity of aziridinomitosene derivatives related to FK317 in the presence of protic nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1045-55. [PMID: 22208619 PMCID: PMC3264803 DOI: 10.1021/jo202286a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and reactivity of N-TBDPS and N-trityl protected derivatives of an aziridinomitosene corresponding to FK317 are described. New reactivity patterns were observed for these highly sensitive and functionally dense heterocycles under mild nucleophilic conditions approaching the threshold for degradation. Thus, the silyl or trityl protected aziridinomitosene reacted with Cs(2)CO(3)/CD(3)OD to give isomeric products where substitution occurred at C(10) and C(9a) (mitomycin numbering) providing a CD(3) ether and a CD(3) hemiaminal, respectively. These findings show that heterolysis at C(10) is faster than at aziridine C(1), in contrast to the behavior of typical aziridinomitosenes in the mitomycin series. The labile N-TBDPS hemiaminal and the more stable N-trityl hemiaminal resemble the mitomycin K substitution pattern. A reagent consisting of CsF in CF(3)CH(2)OH/CH(3)CN desilylated a simple N-TBDPS aziridine but caused nucleophilic cleavage at C(1) as well as C(10) without cleavage of the N-TBPDS group in the fully functionalized penultimate aziridinomitosene. The high reactivity of the C(10) carbamate with nucleophiles precludes the use of deprotection methodology that requires N-protonation for fully functionalized aziridinomitosenes in the FK317 series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Edwin Vedejs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams RM. Natural products synthesis: enabling tools to penetrate Nature's secrets of biogenesis and biomechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4221-59. [PMID: 21438619 PMCID: PMC3174107 DOI: 10.1021/jo2003693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Selected examples from our laboratory of how synthetic technology platforms developed for the total synthesis of several disparate families of natural products was harnessed to penetrate biomechanistic and/or biosynthetic queries is discussed. Unexpected discoveries of biomechanistic reactivity and/or penetrating the biogenesis of naturally occurring substances were made possible through access to substances available only through chemical synthesis. Hypothesis-driven total synthesis programs are emerging as very useful conceptual templates for penetrating and exploiting the inherent reactivity of biologically active natural substances. In many instances, new enabling synthetic technologies were required to be developed. The examples demonstrate the often untapped richness of complex molecule synthesis to provide powerful tools to understand, manipulate and exploit Nature's vast and creative palette of secondary metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Subramanian V, Ducept P, Williams RM, Luger K. Effects of photochemically activated alkylating agents of the FR900482 family on chromatin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:553-63. [PMID: 17524986 PMCID: PMC3097141 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioreductive alkylating agents are an important class of clinical antitumor antibiotics that crosslink and monoalkylate DNA. Here, we use a synthetic, photochemically activated derivative of FR400482 to investigate the molecular mechanism of this class of drugs in a biologically relevant context. We find that the organization of DNA into nucleosomes effectively protects it against drug-mediated crosslinking, while permitting monoalkylation. This modification has the potential to lead to the formation of covalent crosslinks between chromatin and nuclear proteins. Using in vitro approaches, we found that interstrand crosslinking of free DNA results in a significant decrease in basal and activated transcription. Finally, crosslinked plasmid DNA is inefficiently assembled into chromatin. Our studies suggest pathways for the clinical effectiveness of this class of reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Pascal Ducept
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Robert M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- The University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado 80045
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Karolin Luger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Corresponding authors: ;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kim M, Vedejs E. A synthetic approach toward the proposed tetracyclic aziridinomitosene derived from FK317. J Org Chem 2004; 69:7262-5. [PMID: 15471479 DOI: 10.1021/jo040211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A synthesis of the FK317 derivative 25 is described using internal Michael addition. Tin-lithium exchange of the deuterated stannylaziridine 18 generated the key lithioaziridine intermediate, followed by cyclization and aromatization of the pyrrole ring to give 7. Ester reduction from 7 to 23 was effected via temporary aldehyde protection as the silylimidazole adduct 22, and conversion to the carbamate 25 was carried out using FmocNCO and FMOC cleavage. Structure 25 is the N-trityl-protected derivative of the proposed intermediate from bioactivation of FK317 that is responsible for DNA cross-linking. Attempted nitrogen deprotection of 25 using MsOH/i-Pr(3)SiH resulted in replacement of the C(10) carbamate by hydride. Deprotection of the more stable 21 gave the desired aziridine 26.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Musong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The concise, enantioselective total synthesis of the potent antitumor antibiotics (+)-FR900482 and (+)-FR66979 are described. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation technology has been deployed to construct the optically active aziridine-containing fragment that is joined to the aromatic moiety in a highly convergent manner. Dimethyldioxirane effects the remarkable one-step deprotection/oxidative cyclization of an eight-membered ring amino-ketone to the unique hydroxylamine hemiketal ring system that is a distinctive structural motif of FR900482. This reaction has been exploited in a concise 33-step enantioselective total synthesis of FR900482.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted C Judd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
The development of two approaches for the enantioselective total synthesis of FR900482 is described. A precursor for the formation of the benzazocine ring was assembled effectively by a modification of the Sonogashira coupling of an aryl triflate with a chiral acetylene unit derived from tartaric acid and the subsequent novel ketone formation via conjugate addition of pyrrolidine to the o-nitrophenylacetylene derivative. The first-generation approach to the key pentacyclic intermediate of our racemic total synthesis utilizes an intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction of an omega-hydroxynitrobenzenesulfonamide to form the benzazocine ring and a stepwise sequence to construct the hydroxymethyl group at the C(7) position. The key intermediate could be synthesized in optically pure form via formation of the characteristic hydroxylamine hemiacetal and a stereoselective epoxide formation. In the second-generation approach, the N-hydroxybenzazocine ring could be constructed directly from an omega-formylnitrobenzene derivative by intramolecular reductive hydroxylamination. The crucial stereoselective hydroxymethylation and the formation of the hydroxylamine hemiacetal could be performed efficiently by a one-pot sequence. After leading to the pentacyclic key intermediate, the total synthesis of (+)-FR900482 was accomplished by a modification of our protocol established in the racemic total synthesis. Stereochemical issues involved in the hydroxymethylation at the C(7) position and formation of the hydroxylamine hemiacetal are also discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vedejs E, Little JD. Synthesis of the Aziridinomitosene Skeleton by Intramolecular Michael Addition of α-Lithioaziridines: An Aromatic Route Featuring Deuterium as a Removable Blocking Group. J Org Chem 2004; 69:1794-9. [PMID: 15058920 DOI: 10.1021/jo030223i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A convergent synthetic route to the 1,2-aziridinopyrrolo(1,2-a)indole 34 has been developed. Key features of this route include the deuterium kinetic isotope effect to block undesired indole lithiation during tin-lithium exchange from 27a to 30a, the intramolecular Michael addition to generate the enolate 31a, and conversion into 34 by trapping with phenylselenenyl chloride. Reductive cleavage of the N-trityl group in 34 allows access to tetracyclic aziridinomitosenes containing the aziridine N-H subunit. Reduction of the C(9) ester in 34 with LAH gives the primary alcohol 35 with the correct C(9), C(9a), C(10) oxidation state corresponding to the aziridinomitosenes, and deprotection of 34 affords 37.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Vedejs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paleo MR, Aurrecoechea N, Jung KY, Rapoport H. Formal enantiospecific synthesis of (+)-FR900482. J Org Chem 2003; 68:130-8. [PMID: 12515471 DOI: 10.1021/jo0206521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enantiospecific synthesis of FK973, and thus a formal enantiospecific synthesis of the antitumor antibiotic (+)-FR900482, is reported. Addition of aniline 8 to chiral epoxide 9, prepared from l-vinylglycine, afforded amino alcohol 12. After protection of the aliphatic nitrogen with the 9-phenylfluoren-9-yl group, to preserve the acidic stereocenter from racemization, formation of the aziridine 14 and intramolecular condensation under basic conditions gave azocinone 15. Hydroxymethylation at the benzylic position was achieved by a process involving methylenation, epoxidation, and hydrogenolysis; the absolute stereochemistry of the resulting alcohol 23 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The hydroxyl group of 23 was carbamoylated, and the aromatic amine was deprotected electrochemically and then oxidized to give an unstable hydroxylamine that was immediately protected as acetate 26. Oxidation of 26 with DMP, followed by hydrazinolysis of the acetyl group led to spontaneous closure of the resulting N-hydroxyamino ketone to hemiketal 28, which can be considered as a fully protected precursor of FR900482 and derivatives. Acid treatment to remove the protecting groups and acetylation afforded the triacetate FK973.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rita Paleo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Judd TC, Williams RM. Concise Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)-FR66979 and (+)-FR900482: Dimethyldioxirane-Mediated Construction of the Hydroxylamine Hemiketal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200290014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
12
|
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ducray
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et Méthodologie Organiques, CNRS UMR 5078, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Judd TC, Williams RM. Concise enantioselective synthesis of (+)-FR66979 and (+)-FR900482: dimethyldioxirane-mediated construction of the hydroxylamine hemiketal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:4683-5. [PMID: 12481325 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200290015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ted C Judd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Judd TC, Williams RM. Synthesis and DNA cross-linking of a phototriggered FR900482 mitosene progenitor. Org Lett 2002; 4:3711-4. [PMID: 12375925 DOI: 10.1021/ol0266774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The synthesis and biochemical reactivity of the first photoactivated mitosene-based DNA interstrand cross-linking agent is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ted C Judd
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Inami M, Kawamura I, Tsujimoto S, Nishigaki F, Matsumoto S, Naoe Y, Sasakawa Y, Matsuo M, Manda T, Goto T. Effects of FK317, a novel anti-cancer agent, on survival of mice bearing B16BL6 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2002; 181:39-45. [PMID: 12430177 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(02)00044-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of FK317 (11-acetyl-8-carbamoyloxymethyl-4-formyl-6-methoxy-14- oxa-1,11-diazatraacylo[7.4.1.0(2.7).0(10.2)]-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetate), a novel anti-cancer agent, and mitomycin C (MMC) on survival time of mice bearing B16BL6 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), induced by intravenous inoculation of the tumor, were investigated. Treatment with FK317 resulted in a significant prolongation of survival time in both tumor models. Four of ten mice bearing B16BL6 were disease-free following FK317 treatment. In contrast, MMC was not effective in prolonging survival time. Overall, this study demonstrated that FK317 shows more potent survival extension in mice bearing B16BL6 and LLC than MMC, suggesting that FK317 may have therapeutic utility for cancer chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Inami
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-1-6, Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Beckerbauer L, Tepe JJ, Eastman RA, Mixter PF, Williams RM, Reeves R. Differential effects of FR900482 and FK317 on apoptosis, IL-2 gene expression, and induction of vascular leak syndrome. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2002; 9:427-41. [PMID: 11983332 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(02)00122-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular leak syndrome (VLS) is a harmful side effect that resulted in withdrawal of the antitumor drug FR900482, but not FK317, from clinical trials. Here we present chromatin immunoprecipitation data showing that FK317, like FR900482, crosslinks minor-groove binding proteins to DNA in vivo. However, these drugs differ in how they induce cell death. We demonstrate that, whereas FR900482 induces necrosis, FK317 induces a necrosis-to-apoptosis switch that is drug concentration dependent. Northern blot analyses of drug-treated cells suggest that this "switch" is mediated, at least in part, by modulation of the expression levels of Bcl-2. Additionally, FR900482, in contrast to FK317, induces the expression of known elicitors of both Bcl-2 gene expression and VLS. These findings provide plausible explanations for why these structurally similar drugs have different biological effects, especially with respect to VLS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lois Beckerbauer
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kambe M, Arai E, Suzuki M, Tokuyama H, Fukuyama T. Intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition strategy for enantioselective synthesis of FR-900482 analogues. Org Lett 2001; 3:2575-8. [PMID: 11483064 DOI: 10.1021/ol016243t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Enantioselective synthesis of FR-900482 analogues is described. The key reaction of the synthesis is intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of a highly functionalized nitrile oxide with complete stereo- and regioselectivities to construct the eight-membered benzazocine ring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kambe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, CREST, The Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rajski SR, Williams RM. Observations on the covalent cross-linking of the binding domain (BD) of the high mobility group I/Y (HMG I/Y) proteins to DNA by FR66979. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1331-42. [PMID: 10896111 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
FR66979, a drug closely related to the mitomycin C class of antitumor antibiotics, is shown to covalently cross-link DNA to the DNA-binding domain of the High Mobility Group I/Y (HMG I/Y) DNA-binding proteins in the minor groove.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S R Rajski
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Williams RM, Rollins SB, Judd TC. Synthesis of the First Photo-Triggered Pro-mitosene Based on FR-900482. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)01046-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
21
|
Naoe Y, Kawamura I, Inami M, Matsumoto S, Nishigaki F, Tsujimoto S, Manda T, Shimomura K. Anti-cachectic effect of FK317, a novel anti-cancer agent, in colon26 and LX-1 models in mice. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1318-25. [PMID: 10081493 PMCID: PMC5921729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1998.tb00529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of FK317 (11-acetyl-8-carbamoyloxymethyl-4-formyl-6- methoxy-14-oxa-1,11-diazatetracyclo[7.4.1.0(2, 7). 0(10, 2] tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetate), a novel anti-cancer agent, on murine adenocarcinoma colon26- and human lung carcinoma LX-1-induced cachexia were investigated in mice. Mice bearing colon26 or LX-1 s.c. lost weight and became cachectic, associated with tumor growth. FK317 and mitomycin C (MMC) inhibited the growth of both tumors. FK317 ameliorated the weight loss induced by the presence of colon26 or LX-1, while MMC enhanced it. An attenuation of the reduction in the weights of epididymal fat, gastrocnemius muscle and carcass was observed in FK317-treated tumor-bearing mice in both cachexia models, but not in MMC-treated mice. The decreases in the circulating levels of triglyceride, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid, which were induced by the presence of colon26, was partially inhibited by treatment with FK317. Overall, this study revealed that FK317 is a potent anti-cancer drug with anti-cachectic activity, suggesting that FK317 has potential utility for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Naoe
- Department of Pharmacology, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|