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Jawad M, Bakir AM, Ali M, Jawad S, Akl EA. Key health themes and reporting of numerical cigarette-waterpipe equivalence in online news articles reporting on waterpipe tobacco smoking: a content analysis. Tob Control 2015; 24:43-7. [PMID: 23868396 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2013-050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is anecdotal evidence that health messages interpreted from waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) research are inconsistent, such as comparing the health effects of one WTS session with that of 100 cigarettes. This study aimed to identify key health themes about WTS discussed by online news media, and how numerical cigarette-waterpipe equivalence (CWE) was being interpreted. METHODS We identified 1065 online news articles published between March 2011 and September 2012 using the 'Google Alerts' service. We screened for health themes, assessed statements mentioning CWE and reported differences between countries. We used logistic regression to identify factors associated with articles incorrectly reporting a CWE equal to or greater than 100 cigarettes, in the absence of any comparative parameter ('CWE ≥100 cigarettes'). RESULTS Commonly mentioned health themes were the presence of tobacco (67%) and being as bad as cigarettes (49%), and we report on differences between countries. While 10.8% of all news articles contained at least one positive health theme, 22.9% contained a statement about a CWE. Most of these (18.6% total) were incorrectly a CWE ≥100 cigarettes, a quarter of which were made by healthcare professionals/organisations. Compared with the Middle East, articles from the USA and the UK were the most significant predictors to contain a CWE ≥100 cigarettes statement. CONCLUSIONS Those wishing to write or publish information related to WTS may wish to avoid comparing WTS to cigarettes using numerical values as this is a major source of confusion. Future research is needed to address the impact of the media on the attitudes, initiation and cessation rates of waterpipe smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ali M Bakir
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed Ali
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sena Jawad
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elie A Akl
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
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He S, Shen Q, Yin X, Xu L, Lan X. Newspaper coverage of tobacco issues: an analysis of print news in Chinese cities, 2008–2011. Tob Control 2013; 23:345-52. [DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hammond D, Wakefield M, Durkin S, Brennan E. Tobacco packaging and mass media campaigns: research needs for Articles 11 and 12 of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 15:817-31. [PMID: 23042986 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Communicating the health risks of smoking remains a primary objective of tobacco-control policy. Articles 11 and 12 of the World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control establish standards for two important forms of communication: packaging regulations (Article 11), and mass media campaigns (Article 12). METHODS A narrative review approach was used to identify existing evidence in the areas of package labeling regulations (including health warnings, constituent and emission messages, and prohibitions on misleading information) and communication activities (including mass media campaigns and news media coverage). When available, recent reviews of the literature were used, updated with more recent high-quality studies from published literature. RESULTS Implementation of Articles 11 and 12 share several important research priorities: (a) identify existing consumer information needs and gaps, (b) research on the message source to identify effective types of content for health warnings and media campaigns, (c) research on how messages are processed and the extent to which the content and form of messages need to be tailored to different cultural and geographic groups, as well as subgroups within countries, and (d) research to identify the most cost-effective mix and best practices for sustaining health communications over time. CONCLUSION A unifying theme of effective health communication through tobacco packaging and mass media campaigns is the need to provide salient, timely, and engaging reminders of the consequences of tobacco use in ways that motivate and support tobacco users trying to quit and make tobacco use less appealing for those at risk of taking it up.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hammond
- Department of Health Studies & Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
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Mowery PD, Babb S, Hobart R, Tworek C, MacNeil A. The impact of state preemption of local smoking restrictions on public health protections and changes in social norms. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 2012:632629. [PMID: 22654921 PMCID: PMC3359706 DOI: 10.1155/2012/632629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Preemption is a legislative or judicial arrangement in which a higher level of government precludes lower levels of government from exercising authority over a topic. In the area of smoke-free policy, preemption typically takes the form of a state law that prevents communities from adopting local smoking restrictions. BACKGROUND A broad consensus exists among tobacco control practitioners that preemption adversely impacts tobacco control efforts. This paper examines the effect of state provisions preempting local smoking restrictions in enclosed public places and workplaces. METHODS Multiple data sources were used to assess the impact of state preemptive laws on the proportion of indoor workers covered by smoke-free workplace policies and public support for smoke-free policies. We controlled for potential confounding variables. RESULTS State preemptive laws were associated with fewer local ordinances restricting smoking, a reduced level of worker protection from secondhand smoke, and reduced support for smoke-free policies among current smokers. DISCUSSION State preemptive laws have several effects that could impede progress in secondhand smoke protections and broader tobacco control efforts. Conclusion. Practitioners and advocates working on other public health issues should familiarize themselves with the benefits of local policy making and the potential impact of preemption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Mowery
- Biostatistics Inc., 228 East Wesley Road, NE, Atlanta, GA 30305, USA.
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Dunlop SM, Cotter T, Perez D, Chapman S. Tobacco in the news: associations between news coverage, news recall and smoking-related outcomes in a sample of Australian smokers and recent quitters. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2012; 27:160-71. [PMID: 22156232 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyr105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper aims to track smokers' and recent quitters' recall of tobacco news, compare patterns of recall with patterns of news coverage and assess associations between news recall and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours, by using a quantitative analysis. The Cancer Institute New South Wales (NSW)'s Tobacco Tracking Survey, a continuous tracking telephone survey of adult smokers and recent quitters, was used to monitor recall of tobacco news and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours from January to September 2010 (approximately 50 interviews per week; n = 1952). Thirty per cent of respondents reported semi-prompted recall of tobacco news with patterns of recall closely following peaks in news coverage. Television was the most frequently cited source of tobacco news. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that, controlling for individual characteristics, smokers with high levels of tobacco news recall were significantly more likely to have strong beliefs about harms from smoking [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38] and frequent thoughts about quitting (OR = 1.32). The results show that the news media are an important source of information for smokers, with the potential to influence beliefs and to put or keep quitting on the smokers' agenda. Media advocacy remains an important component of tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M Dunlop
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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Wakefield MA, Brennan E, Durkin SJ, McLeod K, Smith KC. Still a burning issue: trends in the volume, content and population reach of newspaper coverage about tobacco issues. CRITICAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/09581596.2010.502930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Wakefield
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , The Cancer Council Victoria , Carlton , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Emily Brennan
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , The Cancer Council Victoria , Carlton , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Sarah J. Durkin
- a Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer , The Cancer Council Victoria , Carlton , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Kim McLeod
- b Centre for Health and Society, Melbourne School of Population Health , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Katherine C. Smith
- c Department of Health Policy & Management , School of Public Health, John Hopkins University , Baltimore , USA
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Thomson G, Wilson N. Implementation failures in the use of two New Zealand laws to control the tobacco industry: 1989-2005. AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND HEALTH POLICY 2005; 2:32. [PMID: 16354296 PMCID: PMC1325239 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8462-2-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We reviewed the implementation of New Zealand laws in relation to the activities of the tobacco industry and their allies. Material for two brief case studies was obtained from correspondence with official agencies, official information requests, internet searches (tobacco industry documents and official government sites), and interviews with 12 key informants. RESULTS The first case study identified four occasions over a period of 14 years where New Zealand Government agencies appeared to fail to enforce consumer protection law, although apparent breaches by the tobacco industry and their allies had occurred in relation to statements on the relative safety of secondhand smoke. The second case study examined responses to a legal requirement for the tobacco industry to provide information on tobacco additives. There was failure to enforce the law, and a failure of the political process for at least 13 years to clarify and strengthen the law. Relevant factors in both these cases of 'policy slippage' appear to have been financial and opportunity costs of taking legal action, political difficulties and the fragmented nature of government structures. CONCLUSION Considered together, these case studies suggest the need for governments to: (i) make better use of national consumer laws (with proper monitoring and enforcement) in relation to tobacco; and (ii) to strengthen international law and resources around tobacco-related consumer protection. A number of options for achieving these aims are available to governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Thomson
- Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Box 7343 Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Box 7343 Wellington South, New Zealand
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Smith KC, McLeod K, Wakefield M. Australian letters to the editor on tobacco: triggers, rhetoric, and claims of legitimate voice. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2005; 15:1180-98. [PMID: 16204400 DOI: 10.1177/1049732305279145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
News coverage of tobacco issues influences both individual behavior change and policy progression. Thus, media advocacy is increasingly recognized as important for promoting public health. Letters to the editor (LTE) are a basic form of media advocacy, serving to demonstrate community sentiment on a given issue. Such letters are yet to receive systematic analytic consideration. The authors conducted an ethnographic content analysis of LTE on tobacco issues from a sample of 11 Australian daily newspapers over a 3-year period (2001 to 2003, N=361). They argue that letters are artifacts of active engagement in a public debate and note that various stakeholders adopt similar strategies to pursue their objectives. They illustrate how identifying personal and collective identities is crucial in the assertion of legitimacy of voice in LTEs. Better understanding is needed of both the particular issues that spark public engagement, and the salient rhetoric employed by advocates of disparate positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Clegg Smith
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Smith KC, Terry-McElrath Y, Wakefield M, Durrant R. Media advocacy and newspaper coverage of tobacco issues: A comparative analysis of 1 year's print news in the United States and Australia. Nicotine Tob Res 2005; 7:289-99. [PMID: 16036287 DOI: 10.1080/14622200500056291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco control advocates now recognize the value of influencing news coverage of tobacco; news coverage influences attitudes and behavior as well as policy progression. It is, however, difficult to assess the progress of such efforts within a single national and temporal context. Our data represent the first systematic international comparison of press coverage of tobacco issues. Tobacco articles from major daily newspapers in Australia (12 newspapers; 1,188 articles) and the United States (30 newspapers; 1,317 articles) were collected over 1 year (2001). The analysis shows that coverage in the two countries was similarly apportioned between hard news (>70%) and opinion pieces. Similarly, stories in both countries were most likely to recount positive events. The substantive focus of coverage, however, differed, as did the expression of hostile opinion toward tobacco control efforts (United States, 4%; Australia, 7.1%). Although secondhand smoke and education, cessation, and prevention efforts were covered widely in both settings, these topics dominated coverage in Australia (29.2%) more than in the United States (17.6%), where a more diffuse set of tobacco topics gained relative prominence. The difference in policy conditions seems to offer contrasting opportunities for advocates in the two countries to use newspapers to promote helpful tobacco control messages for both behavior and policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Clegg Smith
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Abstract
This paper summarizes results of empirical studies on cigarette advertising and promotions, antismoking advertising, product placement in movies, on television and in music media and news coverage about smoking. In addition, we provide an overview of some of the theoretical literature relevant to the study of media uses and effects. Finally, we discuss empirical findings in the context of these theories to draw some conclusions about media influences on smoking and identify issues for further research. We conclude that (a) the media both shape and reflect social values about smoking; (b) the media provide new information about smoking directly to audiences; (c) the media act as a source of observational learning by providing models which teenagers may seek to emulate; (d) exposure to media messages about smoking also provides direct reinforcement for smoking or not smoking; (e) the media promote interpersonal discussion about smoking; (f) the media can influence "intervening" behaviors that may make teenage smoking less likely; and (g) antismoking media messages can also set the agenda for other change at the community, state or national level. We outline priorities for further research which emphasize the need for longitudinal studies, multi-level studies, an awareness of the probably dynamic relationship between tobacco advertising and antismoking advertising, the importance of determining appraisal of tobacco industry youth smoking prevention efforts and the dearth of research on news coverage about smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, The Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street, Carlton, Victoria, Australia 3053.
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Hopkins DP, Briss PA, Ricard CJ, Husten CG, Carande-Kulis VG, Fielding JE, Alao MO, McKenna JW, Sharp DJ, Harris JR, Woollery TA, Harris KW. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Am J Prev Med 2001; 20:16-66. [PMID: 11173215 DOI: 10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This report presents the results of systematic reviews of effectiveness, applicability, other effects, economic evaluations, and barriers to use of selected population-based interventions intended to reduce tobacco use and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. The related systematic reviews are linked by a common conceptual approach. These reviews form the basis of recommendations by the Task Force on Community Preventive Services (TFCPS) regarding the use of these selected interventions. The TFCPS recommendations are presented on page 67 of this supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Hopkins
- Division of Prevention Research and Analytic Methods, Epidemiology Program Office, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Effect of changes in the price of cigarettes on the rate of adolescent smoking. Paediatr Child Health 1998; 3:97-100. [PMID: 20401208 PMCID: PMC2851278 DOI: 10.1093/pch/3.2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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14
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L'effet de la variation du prix de la cigarette sur l'usage du tabac chez les adolescents. Paediatr Child Health 1998. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/3.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Poses
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island, Pawtucket 02860, USA
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Kessler DA, Wilkenfeld JP, Thompson LJ. The Food and Drug Administration's rule on tobacco: blending science and Law. Pediatrics 1997; 99:884-7. [PMID: 9164785 DOI: 10.1542/peds.99.6.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D A Kessler
- Food and Drug Administration, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857, USA
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Kraft P, Svendsen T. Tobacco use among young adults in Norway, 1973-95: has the decrease levelled out? Tob Control 1997; 6:27-32. [PMID: 9176983 PMCID: PMC1759536 DOI: 10.1136/tc.6.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of tobacco use among young Norwegian adults, 1973-1995. DESIGN Cross sectional personal and telephone surveys. SETTING Norway, 1973-1995. PARTICIPANTS Population based samples of Norwegians aged 16-74 years. RESULTS A trend to a decline in tobacco use among young adult Norwegians during the 1960s and 1970s levelled out during the 1980s. Hence, the total prevalence of smoking in Norway decreased by only two percentage points from 1980 to 1993, as compared to approximately 10 percentage points in many other European countries. An increase in smoking prevalence (and in the use of snuff among males) in the age group 16-19 years has been observed in recent years. Thus smoking prevalence among young males and females in 1995 was comparable to that observed in the early 1980s. CONCLUSIONS Trends in tobacco use reflect an underutilization of preventive measures in general, and health education measures in particular. Financial resources appropriated for health education and information were reduced by 90% during the 1980s.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kraft
- Research Centre for Health Promotion, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.
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Abstract
A review is presented of factors that have been investigated on their relevance in mass media communications that are specifically designed to alter health and safety related behaviours of the recipients. While alcohol consumption is a major concern in this paper, the evidence regarding the effective use of mass communications for the modification of other health and safety habits has also been incorporated. Specific topics include the choice of yardstick of effect, study methodology and the strength of conclusion this permits, as well as the dependency of the effect of mass communication upon its four constituent components: the source, the content of the message, the channel of communication, and the characteristics of the recipients. Reference is made to the effect of educational journalism related to the prevention of health problems and to efforts to increase the educational value of traffic accident reports in daily newspapers through the inclusion of information that is potentially helpful to accident avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Wilde
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Mullins PR. Cigarette sales in New Zealand. BRITISH JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 1991; 86:790-1. [PMID: 1878631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb03107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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