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Zaballos M, Callejo D, Sevilla R, Quintela O, López-Menchaca R, Melone A, Varela O, Anadón Baselga MJ, Almendral J. Comparative Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate and Intravenous Lipid Emulsions on Reversing Bupivacaine-Induced Electrophysiological Toxicity in a Porcine Experimental Model. Anesth Analg 2019; 129:63-72. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Effect of Intralipid® on the Dose of Ropivacaine or Levobupivacaine Tolerated by Volunteers. Anesthesiology 2016; 125:474-83. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Rapid intravenous administration of lipid emulsion has become the standard treatment of severe local anesthetic systemic toxicity. This experiment in volunteers aimed at determining the effect of Intralipid® administration on the time to neurologic symptoms.
Methods
Ropivacaine or levobupivacaine was infused intravenously in 16 volunteers (8 mg/min up to 120 mg) with 120 ml Intralipid® 20% (Fresenius, Paris France) or placebo infused at T + 2 min). Each subject received all four treatments in a crossover manner. The infusion was stopped after the intended dose had been administered or on occurrence of incipient neurologic signs of toxicity. The primary outcome was time-to-event. In addition, blood ropivacaine and levobupivacaine concentrations were measured.
Results
The dose infused was not different whether volunteers received placebo (81.7 ± 22.3 vs. 80.8 ± 31.7 mg, ropivacaine vs. levobupivacaine) or Intralipid® (75.7 ± 29.1 vs. 69.4 ± 26.2 mg, ropivacaine vs. levobupivacaine), P = 0.755, Intralipid® versus placebo groups. Plasma concentrations were best modeled with an additional volume of distribution associated with Intralipid®. Simulations suggested that decreased peak concentrations would be seen if Intralipid® was given during a period of increasing concentrations after extravascular administration.
Conclusions
At modestly toxic doses of ropivacaine or levobupivacaine, we were unable to find any effect of the infusion of Intralipid® on the time to early signs of neurologic toxicity in volunteers. Peak concentration was decreased by 26 to 30% in the subjects receiving Intralipid®. Simulations showed that Intralipid® might prevent the rapid increase of local anesthetic concentration after extravascular administration.
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Hoegberg LCG, Bania TC, Lavergne V, Bailey B, Turgeon AF, Thomas SHL, Morris M, Miller-Nesbitt A, Mégarbane B, Magder S, Gosselin S. Systematic review of the effect of intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for local anesthetic toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2016; 54:167-93. [PMID: 26853119 DOI: 10.3109/15563650.2015.1121270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following national and regional recommendations, intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) has become established in clinical practice as a treatment for acute local anesthetic (LA) toxicity, although evidence of efficacy is limited to animal studies and human case reports. A collaborative lipid emulsion workgroup was therefore established by the American Academy of Clinical Toxicology to review the evidence on the effect of ILE for LA toxicity. METHODS We performed a systematic review of the literature published through 15 December 2014. Relevant articles were determined based on pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Pre-treatment experiments, pharmacokinetic studies not involving toxicity and studies that did not address antidotal use of ILE were excluded. RESULTS We included 113 studies and reports. Of these, 76 were human and 38 animal studies. One publication included both a human case report and an animal study. Human studies included one randomized controlled crossover trial involving 16 healthy volunteers. The subclinical LA toxicity design did not show a difference in the effects of ILE versus saline. There was one case series and 73 case reports of ILE use in the context of toxicity (83 patients) including CNS depression or agitation (n = 45, 54%), seizures (n = 49, 59%), hypotension, hypertension, EKG changes, arrhythmias (n = 39, 47%), cardiac arrest (n = 18, 22%), cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and/or requirement for endotracheal intubation and/or mechanical ventilation (n = 35, 42%). There were 81 (98%) survivors including 63 (76%) with no reported sequelae from the LA poisoning or ILE, although the presence or absence of sequelae was not reported in 15 (18%) cases. Animal studies included 29 randomized controlled studies, three observational studies, five case series, and one case report; bupivacaine was used in 29 of these reports (76%). Of 14 controlled experiments in animals, eight showed improved survival or time to return of spontaneous circulation and five no benefit of ILE versus saline or non-ILE treatments. Combining ILE with epinephrine improved survival in five of the six controlled animal experiments that studied this intervention. The studies were heterogeneous in the formulations and doses of ILE used as well as the doses of LA. The body of the literature identified by this systematic review yielded only a very low quality of evidence. CONCLUSION ILE appears to be effective for reversal of cardiovascular or neurological features in some cases of LA toxicity, but there is currently no convincing evidence showing that ILE is more effective than vasopressors or to indicate which treatment should be instituted as first line therapy in severe LA toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte C G Hoegberg
- a Department of Anesthesiology, Danish Poisons Information Centre , Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Theodore C Bania
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Mt Sinai Roosevelt, Mt Sinai St. Luke's, Icahn School of Medicine , New York , NY , USA
| | - Valéry Lavergne
- c Department of Medical Biology , Sacré-Coeur Hospital, University Of Montréal , Montréal , Canada
| | - Benoit Bailey
- d Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics , CHU Sainte-Justine , Montreal , Canada ;,e Centre Antipoison du Québec , Québec , Canada
| | - Alexis F Turgeon
- f Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine , CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Unit, Université Laval , Québec City , Canada
| | - Simon H L Thomas
- g National Poisons Information Service (Newcastle) and Medical Toxicology Centre , Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle , United Kingdom
| | - Martin Morris
- h Schulich Library of Science and Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , Canada
| | - Andrea Miller-Nesbitt
- h Schulich Library of Science and Engineering , McGill University , Montréal , Canada
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- i Department of Medical and Toxicological Intensive Care , Lariboisière Hospital, Paris-Diderot University , Paris , France
| | - Sheldon Magder
- j Department of Critical Care , McGill University Health Centre , Montreal , Canada
| | - Sophie Gosselin
- e Centre Antipoison du Québec , Québec , Canada ;,k Department of Emergency Medicine , McGill University Health Centre , Montréal , Canada
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Kandemir U, Maltepe F, Ugurlu B, Gokmen N, Celik A. The effects of levosimendan and dobutamine in experimental bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. BMC Anesthesiol 2013; 13:28. [PMID: 24088357 PMCID: PMC3852593 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2253-13-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental intravenous exposure to bupivacaine is highly cardiotoxic and may lead to death. Positive inotropic agents are usually utilized in resuscitative efforts. We have compared the efficacy of levosimendan, a novel inotropic agent, with dobutamine and their combination in a rat model of bupivacaine intoxication. Methods Twenty-eight male Wistar albino rats weighing between 250-300 g were divided into these four groups: control (C), levosimendan (L), dobutamine (D) and dobutamine+levosimendan (D+L). Bupivacaine was administered at a dose of 3 mg/kg/min until cardiac arrest occurred or for 120 min. ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, arterial blood gases, and end tidal CO2 levels were monitored. Levosimendan was administered as a bolus of 12 μg/kg for 10 min and continued as an infusion at 0.3 μg/kg/min. Dobutamine was infused at a dose of 3 μg/kg/min. The time required for a 50% and 75% decrease in heart rate and blood pressure with a total time to cardiac arrest and bupivacaine dose for obtaining cardiac arrest were analyzed. Results Time periods for heart rate reductions of 50% and 75% were significantly longer in groups L (903, 1198 s), D (984, 1542 s) and L+D (1705, 3152 s) compared with the control group (345, 538 s p < 0.001). Median times to mean blood pressure reductions of 50% and 75% were 399 - 504 s in the control group, 1005 -1204 s in group L, 685 - 1009 s in group D and 1544- 2982 s in group L+D, and the difference was significant compared with the control group. Median time duration to asystole was 703 s in the control group compared with 1385 s in group L, 1789 s in group D and 3557 s in group L+D. Time to cardiac arrest was significantly higher in all 3 study groups. It was also significantly higher in the L+D group compared with both groups L and D separately. Conclusion A combination of dobutamine with levosimendan significantly increased survival times in this bupivacaine-induced toxicity rat model compared with the control, levosimendan, and dobutamine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulku Kandemir
- Department of Anaesthesia and Reanimation, Dokuz Eylul University, Medical Faculty, Izmir, Turkey.
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