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Bertolini M, Ramot Y, Gherardini J, Heinen G, Chéret J, Welss T, Giesen M, Funk W, Paus R. Theophylline exerts complex anti-ageing and anti-cytotoxicity effects in human skin ex vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci 2019; 42:79-88. [PMID: 31633195 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theophylline is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is being used clinically for asthma therapy. In addition, it is recognized as a cosmetic agent with possible anti-ageing and anti-oxidative properties. Nevertheless, how it affects human skin is still poorly examined. METHODS Theophylline (10 or 100 µM) was administered to the culture medium of full-thickness human skin ex vivo for 24 or 72 h. RESULTS Theophylline stimulated protein expression of the anti-oxidant metallothionein-1 and mRNA levels of collagen I and III. Assessment of fibrillin-1 immunohistology revealed enhanced structural stability of dermal microfibrils. Theophylline also exerted extracellular matrix-protective effects by decreasing MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA levels, partially antagonizing the effects of menadione, the potent, toxic ROS donor. In addition, it decreased menadione-stimulated epidermal keratinocytes apoptosis. Interestingly, theophylline also increased the level of intracutaneously produced melatonin, that is the most potent ROS-protective and DNA damage repair neuromediator, and tendentially increased protein expression of MT1, the melatonin receptor. Theophylline also increased the expression of keratin 15, the stem cell marker, in the epidermal basal layer but did not change mitochondrial activity or epidermal pigmentation. CONCLUSION This ex vivo pilot study in human skin shows that theophylline possesses several interesting complex skin-protective properties. It encourages further examination of theophylline as a topical candidate for anti-ageing treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bertolini
- Monasterium Laboratory GmbH, 48149 , Muenster, Germany
| | - Y Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, The Faculty of Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112001 , Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Gherardini
- Monasterium Laboratory GmbH, 48149 , Muenster, Germany
| | - G Heinen
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40589 , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Chéret
- Monasterium Laboratory GmbH, 48149 , Muenster, Germany.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 33136 , Miami, FL, USA
| | - T Welss
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40589 , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - M Giesen
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaA, 40589 , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - W Funk
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dr. Dr. med. Funk, 81739, Munich, Germany
| | - R Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory GmbH, 48149 , Muenster, Germany.,Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 33136 , Miami, FL, USA.,Centre for Dermatology Research, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, Manchester, UK
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The Reduced Expression of EOLA1 May Be Related to Refractory Diabetic Foot Ulcer. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6705424. [PMID: 31007603 PMCID: PMC6441532 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6705424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most intractable complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Its pathogenesis is complex, and uncontrolled chronic inflammation is an important factor. Endothelial overexpressed lipopolysaccharide-associated factor 1 (EOLA1) discovered in our laboratory is an intracellular protein with the function of inflammatory regulation. This study was aimed at observing the expression of EOLA1 in DFU skin tissues and its relationship with inflammation and at exploring the possible role of EOLA1 in DFU and its mechanism. Methods The patients with DFU were divided into 2 groups based on the formation time of ulcer: the acute wound (AW) group with the course of disease ≤ 4 weeks and the chronic wound (CW) group with the course of disease > 4 weeks. The relevant clinical data of patients were collected, and the skin tissues around the ulcer were used for immunofluorescence detection and immunohistochemical staining to observe inflammation. The expression levels of EOLA1, metallothionein 2A (MT2A), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected by western blot. Results A total of 79 patients were enrolled in the study. The results of immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry showed that EOLA1 was expressed in the epithelial tissues of DFU. However, the expression of EOLA1 in the CW group was significantly lower than that in the AW group (P < 0.05), and the expression of NF-κB and IL-6 was obviously increased (P < 0.05). Conclusion The refractory wounds in patients with DFU may be closely related to the uncontrolled activation of inflammatory pathways in cells caused by the reduced expression of negative regulators of inflammation (e.g., EOLA1), and such decreased expression may be also strongly linked to the persistent state of inflammation.
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