1
|
Mahler V, Uter W. Epicutaneous Patch Testing in Type IV Allergy Diagnostics: State of the Art and Best Practice Recommendations. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 268:405-433. [PMID: 34312717 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This chapter summarises all relevant aspects of patch testing, closely following recommendations outlined in a recent European, and a German S3 guideline on diagnostic patch testing with contact allergens and medicinal products (drugs). Patch testing is indicated in patients suspected of suffering, or having been suffering, from delayed-type hypersensitivity leading to allergic contact dermatitis or other skin and mucosal diseases. Sections of this chapter include detailed indications, reasons for possibly postponing the test, considerations on choosing haptens (contact allergens) to test, various aspects of the application of patch test allergen preparations (storage, dosing) and of testing with individual materials provided by the patients. Special aspects of patch testing in cutaneous adverse drug reactions, children, or occupational contact dermatitis are outlined. Supplemental test methods, notably the repeated open application test, are briefly described. Finally, the final evaluation in terms of assessment of clinical relevance of reactions and patient counselling are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vera Mahler
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Uter W, Zetzmann A, Ofenloch R, Schliemann S, Bruze M, Gonçalo M, Naldi L, Schuttelaar MLA, Svensson Å, Elsner P. Prevalence of contact allergies in the population compared to a tertiary referral patch test clinic in Jena/Germany. Contact Dermatitis 2021; 85:563-571. [PMID: 34184275 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The contact allergy prevalences in patch-tested patients are usually higher than those in the population, owing to morbidity-driven selection. OBJECTIVES To examine the differences between two samples, one from the population, one from the patch test clinic, in one area of Germany (Jena, Thuringia). METHODS Between August 2008 and October 2011, a total of 519 participants of the population-based european dermato-epidemiology network (EDEN) fragrance study were patch tested in Jena using a TRUE Test baseline series extended with some pet.-based (fragrance) allergen preparations. Between 2007 and 2012 (inclusive), 1906 routine patients were patch tested for suspected allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in the Jena University Hospital Department; of these 1694 (83.2%) with the German baseline series using pet./aq.-based, investigator-loaded allergens. RESULTS In the population (clinical) sample, 19.6% (41.1%) were sensitized to at least one of the allergens considered. The most common baseline series allergens in the population/clinical sample were nickel (10.5%/13.2%), fragrance mix (FM) II (2.9%/6.7%), FM I (2.3%/8.3%), and cobalt (1.6%/5%). The clinical sample was slightly older (71.5% vs 55.9% age 40+) and included less males (36% vs 49.3%). CONCLUSIONS Results are quite similar, although prevalences are usually higher in the clinical setting, with the exception of p-tert-butylphenol formaldehyde resin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anica Zetzmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Ofenloch
- Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Clinic of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luigi Naldi
- Department of Dermatology, AULSS8 Ospedale San Bortolo di Vicenza, Vicenza, Italy.,Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marie-Louise A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Åke Svensson
- Department of Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter Elsner
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Whitehouse H, Uter W, Geier J, Ballmer-Weber B, Bauer A, Cooper S, Czarnecka-Operacz M, Dagmar S, Dickel H, Fortina AB, Gallo R, Giménez-Arnau AM, Johnston GA, Filon FL, Mahler V, Pesonen M, Rustemeyer T, Schuttelaar MLA, Valiukevičienė S, Weisshaar E, Werfel T, Wilkinson M. Formaldehyde 2% is not a useful means of detecting allergy to formaldehyde releasers- results of the ESSCA network, 2015-2018. Contact Dermatitis 2020; 84:95-102. [PMID: 32876992 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies suggest that patch testing with formaldehyde releasers (FRs) gives significant additional information to formaldehyde 1% aq. and should be considered for addition to the European baseline series (EBS). It is not known if this is also true for formaldehyde 2% aq. OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of sensitization to formaldehyde 2% aq. and co-reactivity with FRs. To establish whether there is justification for including FRs in the EBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 4-year, multi-center retrospective analysis of patients with positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde 2% aq. and five FRs. RESULTS A maximum of 15 067 patients were tested to formaldehyde 2% aq. and at least one FR. The percentage of isolated reactions to FR, without co-reactivity to, formaldehyde 2% aq. for each FR were: 46.8% for quarternium-15 1% pet.; 67.4% imidazolidinyl urea 2% pet.; 64% diazolidinyl urea 2% pet.; 83.3% 1,3-dimethylol-5, 5-dimethyl hydantoin (DMDM) hydantoin 2% pet. and 96.3% 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol 0.5% pet. This demonstrates that co-reactivity varies between FRs and formaldehyde, from being virtually non-existent in 2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol 0.5% pet. (Cohen's kappa: 0, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.02 to 0.02)], to only weak concordance for quaternium-15 [Cohen's kappa: 0.22, 95%CI 0.16 to 0.28)], where Cohen's kappa value of 1 would indicate full concordance. CONCLUSIONS Formaldehyde 2% aq. is an inadequate screen for contact allergy to the formaldehyde releasers, which should be considered for inclusion in any series dependant on the frequency of reactions to and relevance of each individual allergen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, University of Erlangen/Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), Institute at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ballmer-Weber
- Clinic for Dermatology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Allergy Unit, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susan Cooper
- Dermatology Department, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Simon Dagmar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Dickel
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Belloni Fortina
- Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rosella Gallo
- Clinica Dermatologica, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ana M Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autónoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francesca Laresse Filon
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vera Mahler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Erlangen, Medical Faculty Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.,Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Maria Pesonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Rustemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Skaidra Valiukevičienė
- Department of Skin and Venereal Diseases, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Department of Dermatology, Occupational Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Immunodermatology and Experimental Allergy, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Dermatology, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Uter W, Gefeller O, Mahler V, Geier J. Trends and current spectrum of contact allergy in Central Europe: results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) 2007–2018*. Br J Dermatol 2020; 183:857-865. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen/Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - O. Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology University of Erlangen/Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | - V. Mahler
- Paul Ehrlich Institut Langen Germany
| | - J. Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology University Medical Center Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Linauskiene K, Zimerson E, Malinauskiene L, Isaksson M. Low amount of formaldehyde in topical medication and cosmetics: Is it clinically relevant? Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:60-61. [PMID: 30653674 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kotryna Linauskiene
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.,Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Erik Zimerson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Laura Malinauskiene
- Vilnius University, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marléne Isaksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Malinauskiene L. Formaldehyde may be found in cosmetic products even when unlabelled. Open Med (Wars) 2015; 10:323-328. [PMID: 28352713 PMCID: PMC5152996 DOI: 10.1515/med-2015-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant contact allergy to formaldehyde and formaldehyde-releasers remains common among patients with allergic contact dermatitis. Concentration of free formaldehyde in cosmetic products within allowed limits have been shown to induce dermatitis from short-term use on normal skin. The aim of this study was to investigate the formaldehyde content of cosmetic products made in Lithuania. 42 samples were analysed with the chromotropic acid (CA) method for semi-quantitative formaldehyde determination. These included 24 leave-on (e.g., creams, lotions) and 18 rinse-off (e.g., shampoos, soaps) products. Formaldehyde releasers were declared on the labels of 10 products. No formaldehyde releaser was declared on the label of the only face cream investigated, but levels of free formaldehyde with the CA method was >40 mg/ml and when analysed with a high-performance liquid chromatographic method - 532 ppm. According to the EU Cosmetic directive, if the concentration of formaldehyde is above 0.05% a cosmetic product must be labelled "contains formaldehyde". It could be difficult for patients allergic to formaldehyde to avoid contact with products containing it as its presence cannot be determined from the ingredient labelling with certainty. The CA method is a simple and reliable method for detecting formaldehyde presence in cosmetic products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Malinauskiene
- Vilnius University, Centre of Pulmonology and Allergology, Santariskiu 2, Vilnius LT-08661, Lithuania. Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden, Tel: +37061114673
| |
Collapse
|