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Pandey R, Bakay M, Hakonarson H. SOCS-JAK-STAT inhibitors and SOCS mimetics as treatment options for autoimmune uveitis, psoriasis, lupus, and autoimmune encephalitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271102. [PMID: 38022642 PMCID: PMC10643230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases arise from atypical immune responses that attack self-tissue epitopes, and their development is intricately connected to the disruption of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, where SOCS proteins play crucial roles. Conditions such as autoimmune uveitis, psoriasis, lupus, and autoimmune encephalitis exhibit immune system dysfunctions associated with JAK-STAT signaling dysregulation. Emerging therapeutic strategies utilize JAK-STAT inhibitors and SOCS mimetics to modulate immune responses and alleviate autoimmune manifestations. Although more research and clinical studies are required to assess their effectiveness, safety profiles, and potential for personalized therapeutic approaches in autoimmune conditions, JAK-STAT inhibitors and SOCS mimetics show promise as potential treatment options. This review explores the action, effectiveness, safety profiles, and future prospects of JAK inhibitors and SOCS mimetics as therapeutic agents for psoriasis, autoimmune uveitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and autoimmune encephalitis. The findings underscore the importance of investigating these targeted therapies to advance treatment options for individuals suffering from autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Pandey
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marina Bakay
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Zhong L, Wang W, Ma M, Gou L, Tang X, Song H. Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection as the initial symptom in a Janus kinase 3 deficiency child: Case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7989. [PMID: 29049190 PMCID: PMC5662356 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE With the progress of sequencing technology, an increasing number of atypical primary immunodeficiency (PID) patients have been discovered, including Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) gene deficiency. PATIENT CONCERNS We report a patient who presented with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (CAEBV) infection but responded poorly to treatment with ganciclovir. DIAGNOSES Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed, including all known PID genes, after which Sanger sequencing was performed to verify the results. Genetic analysis revealed that our patient had 2 novel compound heterozygous mutations of JAK3, a gene previously reported to cause a rare form of autosomal recessive severe combined immunodeficiency with recurrent infections. The p.H27Q mutation came from his father, while p. R222H from his mother. Thus, his diagnosis was corrected for JAK3-deficiency PID and CAEBV. INTERVENTIONS Maintenance treatment of subcutaneous injection of recombinant human interferon α-2a was given to our patient with 2 MU, 3 times a week. OUTCOMES Interferon alpha was applied and the EBV infection was gradually controlled and his symptoms ameliorated remarkably. Our patient is in good health now and did not have relapses. LESSONS The diagnoses of PID should be taken into consideration when CAEBV patients respond poorly to conventional treatments. Good results of our patient indicate that interferon α-2a may be an alternative treatment for those who are unwilling to accept hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) like our patient. Literature review identified 59 additional cases of JAK3 deficiency with various infections.
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Yu GP, Nadeau KC, Berk DR, de Saint Basile G, Lambert N, Knapnougel P, Roberts J, Kavanau K, Dunn E, Stiehm ER, Lewis DB, Umetsu DT, Puck JM, Cowan MJ. Genotype, phenotype, and outcomes of nine patients with T-B+NK+ SCID. Pediatr Transplant 2011; 15:733-41. [PMID: 21883749 PMCID: PMC3196791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3046.2011.01563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There are few reports of clinical presentation, genotype, and HCT outcomes for patients with T-B+NK+ SCID. Between 1981 and 2007, eight of 84 patients with SCID who received and/or were followed after HCT at UCSF had the T-B+NK+ phenotype. One additional patient with T-B+NK+ SCID was identified as the sibling of a patient treated at UCSF. Chart reviews were performed. Molecular analyses of IL7R, IL2RG, JAK3, and the genes encoding the CD3 T-cell receptor components δ (CD3D), ε (CD3E), and ζ (CD3Z) were carried out. IL7R mutations were documented in four patients and CD3D mutations in two others. Three patients had no defects found. Only two of nine patients had an HLA-matched related HCT donor. Both survived, and neither developed GVHD. Five of seven recipients of haploidentical grafts survived. Although the majority of reported cases of T-B+NK+ SCID are caused by defects in IL7R, CD3 complex defects were also found in this series and should be considered when evaluating patients with T-B+NK+ SCID. Additional genes, mutations in which account for T-B+NK+ SCID, remain to be found. Better approaches to early diagnosis and HCT treatment are needed for patients lacking an HLA-matched related donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace P Yu
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
| | - David R Berk
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Divisions of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- Inserm, U768, Paris, F-75015 France,Université Paris Descartes, IRNEM (IFR95), Paris, F-75015 France,AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Unité d'Immunologie-Hématologie Pédiatrique, Paris, F-75015 France
| | - Nathalie Lambert
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Unité d'Immunologie-Hématologie Pédiatrique, Paris, F-75015 France
| | | | - Joseph Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center
| | - Kristina Kavanau
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
| | - Elizabeth Dunn
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
| | - E. Richard Stiehm
- Divison of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at the University of California Los Angeles
| | - David B Lewis
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine and Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford
| | - Dale T Umetsu
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Boston
| | - Jennifer M Puck
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
| | - Morton J Cowan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco Children's Hospital
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Pesu M, Candotti F, Husa M, Hofmann SR, Notarangelo LD, O'Shea JJ. Jak3, severe combined immunodeficiency, and a new class of immunosuppressive drugs. Immunol Rev 2005; 203:127-42. [PMID: 15661026 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2005.00220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent elucidation of the multiple molecular mechanisms underlying severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is an impressive example of the power of molecular medicine. Analysis of patients and the concomitant generation of animal models mimicking these disorders have quickly provided great insights into the pathophysiology of these potentially devastating illnesses. In this review, we summarize the discoveries that led to the understanding of the role of cytokine receptors and a specific tyrosine kinase, Janus kinase 3 (Jak3), in the pathogenesis of SCID. We discuss how the identification of mutations of Jak3 in autosomal recessive SCID has facilitated the diagnosis of these disorders, offered new insights into the biology of this kinase, permitted new avenues for therapy, and provided the rationale for a generation of a new class of immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Pesu
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892-1820, USA
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Abstract
Mutations in nine different genes have been found to cause the human severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. The products of three of the genes--IL-2RG, Jak3, and IL-7R alpha--are components of cytokine receptors, and the products of three more-RAG1, RAG2, and Artemis-are essential for effecting antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Additionally, a deficiency of CD3 delta, a component of the T-cell antigen receptor, results in a near absence of circulating mature CD3+ T cells and a complete lack of gamma/delta T cells. Adenosine deaminase deficiency results in toxic accumulations of metabolites that cause T cell apoptosis. Finally, a deficiency of CD45, a critical regulator of signaling thresholds in immune cells, also causes SCID. Approaches to immune reconstitution have included bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy. Bone marrow transplantation, both HLA identical unfractionated and T cell-depleted HLA haploidentical, has been very successful in effecting immune reconstitution if done in the first 3.5 months of life and without pretransplant chemotherapy. Gene therapy was highly successful in nine infants with X-linked SCID, but the trials have been placed on hold due to the development of a leukemic process in two of the children because of insertional oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca H Buckley
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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Vihinen M, Arredondo-Vega FX, Casanova JL, Etzioni A, Giliani S, Hammarström L, Hershfield MS, Heyworth PG, Hsu AP, Lähdesmäki A, Lappalainen I, Notarangelo LD, Puck JM, Reith W, Roos D, Schumacher RF, Schwarz K, Vezzoni P, Villa A, Väliaho J, Smith CI. Primary immunodeficiency mutation databases. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2001; 43:103-88. [PMID: 11037300 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)43005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies are intrinsic defects of immune systems. Mutations in a large number of cellular functions can lead to impaired immune responses. More than 80 primary immunodeficiencies are known to date. During the last years genes for several of these disorders have been identified. Here, mutation information for 23 genes affected in 14 immunodefects is presented. The proteins produced are employed in widely diverse functions, such as signal transduction, cell surface receptors, nucleotide metabolism, gene diversification, transcription factors, and phagocytosis. Altogether, the genetic defect of 2,140 families has been determined. Diseases with X-chromosomal origin constitute about 70% of all the cases, presumably due to full penetrance and because the single affected allele causes the phenotype. All types of mutations have been identified; missense mutations are the most common mutation type, and truncation is the most common effect on the protein level. Mutational hotspots in many disorders appear in CPG dinucleotides. The mutation data for the majority of diseases are distributed on the Internet with a special database management system, MUTbase. Despite large numbers of mutations, it has not been possible to make genotype-phenotype correlations for many of the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, Finland
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Hou M, Xu D, Björkholm M, Gruber A. Real-Time Quantitative Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol Assay for the Detection of Telomerase Activity2. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.3.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme associated with immortalization and transformation of human cells. The telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) is widely used for the detection of telomerase activity. The TRAP method, although highly sensitive and specific because it includes PCR amplification, is laborious and does not provide precise quantitative information.
Methods: We developed a real-time quantitative TRAP (RTQ-TRAP) system by combining a real-time PCR technique with the conventional TRAP method. Telomerase activity in human tumor cell lines and in 13 lymphoma samples was measured using the RTQ-TRAP assay, and the results obtained from the samples using the RTQ-TRAP method were compared with the conventional TRAP method.
Results: The RTQ-TRAP method was both accurate and reproducible in measuring telomerase activity in a dilution series of protein extracts from HL60 cells. Telomerase activity in 13 lymphoma samples, as determined by the RTQ-TRAP method, was ninefold lower than that measured by the conventional TRAP method. The half-life of telomerase activity in human tumor cells, as determined using RTQ-TRAP, was much shorter than the half-life reported previously.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that the conventional TRAP assay frequently overestimates telomerase activity in tumor samples. The RTQ-TRAP method is thus a useful tool to rapidly and precisely quantify telomerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dawei Xu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Björkholm
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Astrid Gruber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska Hospital and Institute, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Vihinen M, Villa A, Mella P, Schumacher RF, Savoldi G, O'Shea JJ, Candotti F, Notarangelo LD. Molecular modeling of the Jak3 kinase domains and structural basis for severe combined immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol 2000; 96:108-18. [PMID: 10900158 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) includes a heterogeneous group of diseases that profoundly affect both cellular and humoral immune responses and require treatment by bone marrow transplantation. Characterization of the cellular and molecular bases of SCID is essential to provide accurate genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis, and it may offer the grounds for alternative forms of treatment. The Jak3 gene is mutated in most cases of autosomal recessive T(-)B(+) SCID in humans. Jak3 belongs to the family of intracellular Janus tyrosine kinases. It is physically and functionally coupled to the common gamma chain, gammac, shared by several cytokine receptors. We have established the JAK3base registry for disease and mutation information. In order to study the structural consequences of the Jak3 mutations, the structure of the human Jak3 kinase and pseudokinase domains was modeled. Residues involved in ATP and Mg(2+) binding were highly conserved in the kinase domain whereas the substrate binding region is somewhat different compared to other kinases. We have identified the first naturally occurring mutations disrupting the function of the human Jak3 kinase domain. The structural basis of all of the known Jak3 mutations reported so far is discussed based on the modeled structure. The model of the Jak3 protein also permits us to study Jak3 phosphorylation at the structural level and may thus serve in the design of novel immune suppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vihinen
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere, FIN-33014, Finland
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Notarangelo LD, Candotti F. JAK3-DEFICIENT SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY. Radiol Clin North Am 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0033-8389(22)00181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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