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Wu H, Chen B, Wu Y, Gao J, Li X, Tong P, Wu Y, Meng X, Chen H. New Perspectives on Food Matrix Modulation of Food Allergies: Immunomodulation and Component Interactions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13181-13196. [PMID: 37646334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Food allergy is a multifactorial interplay process influenced not only by the structure and function of the allergen itself but also by other components of the food matrix. For food, before it is thoroughly digested and absorbed, numerous factors make the food matrix constantly change. This will also lead to changes in the chemistry, biochemical composition, and structure of the various components in the matrix, resulting in multifaceted effects on food allergies. In this review, we reveal the relationship between the food matrix and food allergies and outline the immune role of the components in the food matrix, while highlighting the ways and pathways in which the components in the food matrix interact and their impact on food allergies. The in-depth study of the food matrix will essentially explore the mechanism of food allergies and bring about new ideas and breakthroughs for the prevention and treatment of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Bihua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanyi Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Sino-German Joint Research Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, People's Republic of China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Food Allergy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, People's Republic of China
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2
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Krutz NL, Kimber I, Winget J, Nguyen MN, Limviphuvadh V, Maurer-Stroh S, Mahony C, Gerberick GF. Application of AllerCatPro 2.0 for protein safety assessments of consumer products. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2023; 4:1209495. [PMID: 37497076 PMCID: PMC10367106 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1209495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Foreign proteins are potentially immunogenic, and a proportion of these are able to induce immune responses that result in allergic sensitization. Subsequent exposure of sensitized subjects to the inducing protein can provoke a variety of allergic reactions that may be severe, or even fatal. It has therefore been recognized for some time that it is important to determine a priori whether a given protein has the potential to induce allergic responses in exposed subjects. For example, the need to assess whether transgene products expressed in genetically engineered crop plants have allergenic properties. This is not necessarily a straightforward exercise (as discussed elsewhere in this edition), but the task becomes even more challenging when there is a need to conduct an overall allergenicity safety assessment of complex mixtures of proteins in botanicals or other natural sources that are to be used in consumer products. This paper describes a new paradigm for the allergenicity safety assessment of proteins that is based on the use of AllerCatPro 2.0, a new version of a previously described web application model developed for the characterization of the allergenic potential of proteins. Operational aspects of AllerCatPro 2.0 are described with emphasis on the application of new features that provide improvements in the predictions of allergenic properties such as the identification of proteins with high allergenic concern. Furthermore, the paper provides a description of strategies of how AllerCatPro 2.0 can best be deployed as a screening tool for identifying suitable proteins as ingredients in consumer products as well as a tool, in conjunction with label-free proteomic analysis, for identifying and semiquantifying protein allergens in complex materials. Lastly, the paper discusses the steps that are recommended for formal allergenicity safety assessment of novel consumer products which contain proteins, including consideration and integration of predicted consumer exposure metrics. The article therefore provides a holistic perspective of the processes through which effective protein safety assessments can be made of potential allergenic hazards and risks associated with exposure to proteins in consumer products, with a particular focus on the use of AllerCatPro 2.0 for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora L. Krutz
- NV Procter & Gamble Services Company SA, Global Product Stewardship, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | - Ian Kimber
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Winget
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, United States
| | - Minh N. Nguyen
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- IFCS Programme, Singapore Institute for Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vachiranee Limviphuvadh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- IFCS Programme, Singapore Institute for Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Maurer-Stroh
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- IFCS Programme, Singapore Institute for Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- YLL School of Medicine and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Procter & Gamble, Global Product Stewardship, Reading, United Kingdom
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Hopkins GV, Cochrane S, Onion D, Fairclough LC. The Role of Lipids in Allergic Sensitization: A Systematic Review. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:832330. [PMID: 35495627 PMCID: PMC9047936 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.832330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergies are increasing in prevalence, with IgE-mediated food allergies currently affecting up to 10% of children and 6% of adults worldwide. The mechanisms underpinning the first phase of IgE-mediated allergy, allergic sensitization, are still not clear. Recently, the potential involvement of lipids in allergic sensitization has been proposed, with reports that they can bind allergenic proteins and act on immune cells to skew to a T helper type 2 (Th2) response. Objectives: The objective of this systematic review is to determine if there is strong evidence for the role of lipids in allergic sensitization. Methods: Nineteen studies were reviewed, ten of which were relevant to lipids in allergic sensitization to food allergens, nine relevant to lipids in aeroallergen sensitization. Results: The results provide strong evidence for the role of lipids in allergies. Intrinsic lipids from allergen sources can interact with allergenic proteins to predominantly enhance but also inhibit allergic sensitization through various mechanisms. Proposed mechanisms included reducing the gastrointestinal degradation of allergenic proteins by altering protein structure, reducing dendritic cell (DC) uptake of allergenic proteins to reduce immune tolerance, regulating Th2 cytokines, activating invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells through CD1d presentation, and directly acting upon toll-like receptors (TLRs), epithelial cells, keratinocytes, and DCs. Conclusion: The current literature suggests intrinsic lipids are key influencers of allergic sensitization. Further research utilising human relevant in vitro models and clinical studies are needed to give a reliable account of the role of lipids in allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina V. Hopkins
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Cochrane
- SEAC, Unilever, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - David Onion
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy C. Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Pazos-Castro D, Gonzalez-Klein Z, Montalvo AY, Hernandez-Ramirez G, Romero-Sahagun A, Esteban V, Garrido-Arandia M, Tome-Amat J, Diaz-Perales A. NLRP3 priming due to skin damage precedes LTP allergic sensitization in a mouse model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3329. [PMID: 35228630 PMCID: PMC8885703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07421-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic sensitization is initiated by protein and epithelia interaction, although the molecular mechanisms leading this encounter toward an allergic phenotype remain unknown. Here, we apply the two-hit hypothesis of inflammatory diseases to the study of food allergy sensitization. First, we studied the effects of long-term depilation in mice by analyzing samples at different time points. Several weeks of depilation were needed until clear immunological changes were evidenced, starting with upregulation of NLRP3 protein levels, which was followed by overexpression of Il1b and Il18 transcripts. Secondly, we assessed the effects of allergen addition (in this case, Pru p 3 in complex with its natural lipid ligand) over depilated skin. Systemic sensitization was evaluated by intraperitoneal provocation with Pru p 3 and measure of body temperature. Anaphylaxis was achieved, but only in mice sensitized with Prup3_complex and not treated with the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, thus demonstrating the importance of both hits (depilation + allergen addition) in the consecution of the allergic phenotype. In addition, allergen encounter (but not depilation) promoted skin remodeling, as well as CD45+ infiltration not only in the sensitized area (the skin), but across several mucosal tissues (skin, lungs, and gut), furtherly validating the systemization of the response. Finally, a low-scale study with human ILC2s is reported, where we demonstrate that Prup3_complex can induce their phenotype switch (↑CD86, ↑S1P1) when cultured in vitro, although more data is needed to understand the implications of these changes in food allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pazos-Castro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zulema Gonzalez-Klein
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guadalupe Hernandez-Ramirez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Romero-Sahagun
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Esteban
- IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Tome-Amat
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Dietary Linolenic Acid Increases Sensitizing and Eliciting Capacities of Cow's Milk Whey Proteins in BALB/c Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14040822. [PMID: 35215473 PMCID: PMC8877816 DOI: 10.3390/nu14040822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Lactalbumin (BLA) and β-lactoglobulin (BLG) are the major whey proteins causing allergic reactions. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) stand among the extrinsic factors of the food matrix that can bind BLA and BLG and change their bioactivities, but their contribution to change the allergenic properties of these proteins has not been investigated. Here, we aimed to determine how PUFAs influence BLA and BLG to sensitize and trigger allergic responses in BALB/c mice. First, tricine-SDS-PAGE and spectroscopic assays identified that α-linolenic acid (ALA, as a proof-of-concept model) can induce BLA and BLG to form cross-linked complexes and substantially modify their conformation. Then, BALB/c mice (n = 10/group) were orally sensitized and challenged with BLA and BLG or ALA-interacted BLA and BLG, respectively. Allergic reactions upon oral challenge were determined by measuring clinical allergic signs, specific antibodies, levels of type-1/2 cytokines, the status of mast cell activation, and percentage of cell populations (B and T cells) in different tissues (PP, MLN, and spleen). Overall, systemic allergic reaction was promoted in mice gavage with ALA-interacted BLA and BLG by disrupting the Th1/Th2 balance toward a Th2 immune response with the decreased number of Tregs. Enhanced induction of Th2-related cytokines, as well as serum-specific antibodies and mast cell activation, was also observed. In this study, we validated that ALA in the food matrix promoted both the sensitization and elicitation of allergic reactions in BALB/c mice.
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Foo ACY, Mueller GA. Abundance and Stability as Common Properties of Allergens. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:769728. [PMID: 35386965 PMCID: PMC8974735 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.769728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to identify common biophysical properties which differentiate allergens from their non-immunogenic counterparts. This review will focus on recent studies which examine two such factors: abundance and stability. Anecdotal accounts have speculated that the elevated abundance of potential allergens would increase the likelihood of human exposure and thus the probability of sensitization. Similarly, the stability of potential allergens dictates its ability to remain a viable immunogen during the transfer from the source to humans. This stability could also increase the resilience of potential allergens to both gastric and endosomal degradation, further skewing the immune system toward allergy. Statistical analyses confirm both abundance and stability as common properties of allergens, while epidemiological surveys show a correlation between exposure levels (abundance) and allergic disease. Additional studies show that changes in protein stability can predictably alter gastric/endosomal processing and immunogenicity, providing a mechanistic link between stability and allergenicity. However, notable exceptions exist to both hypotheses which highlight the multifaceted nature of immunological sensitization, and further inform our understanding of some of these other factors and their contribution to allergic disease.
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Characterization of Relevant Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Food Allergies: An Overview of the 2S Albumin Family. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061235. [PMID: 34072292 PMCID: PMC8228421 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
2S albumins are relevant and often major allergens from several tree nuts and seeds, affecting mainly children and young people. The present study aims to assess how the structural features of 2S albumins could affect their immunogenic capacity, which is essential to comprehend the role of these proteins in food allergy. For this purpose, twelve 2S albumins were isolated from their respective extracts by chromatographic methods and identified by MALDI-TOF mass-spectrometry. Their molecular and structural characterization was conducted by electrophoretic, spectroscopic and in silico methods, showing that these are small proteins that comprise a wide range of isoelectric points, displaying a general high structure stability to thermal treatment. Despite low amino acid sequence identity, these proteins share structural features, pointing conformational epitopes to explain cross-reactivity between them. Immunoblotting with allergic patients’ sera revealed those possible correlations between evolutionarily distant 2S albumins from different sources. The availability of a well-characterized panel of 2S albumins from plant-derived sources allowed establishing correlations between their structural features and their allergenic potential, including their role in cross-reactivity processes.
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Gonzalez-Klein Z, Cuevas-Zuviria B, Wangorsch A, Hernandez-Ramirez G, Pazos-Castro D, Oeo-Santos C, Romero-Sahagun A, Pacios LF, Tome-Amat J, Scheurer S, Diaz-Perales A, Garrido-Arandia M. The key to the allergenicity of lipid transfer protein (LTP) ligands: A structural characterization. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158928. [PMID: 33771708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant lipid transfer proteins are a large family that can be found in all land plants. They have a hydrophobic cavity that allows them to harbor lipids and facilitates their traffic between membranes. However, in humans, this plant protein family is responsible for the main food allergies in the Mediterranean area. Nevertheless, not only the protein itself but also its ligand is relevant for allergic sensitization. The main aim of the present work is to analyse the natural ligands carried by four allergenic LTPs (Tri a 14, Art v 3, Par j 2, and Ole e 7), compared with the previously identified ligand of Pru p 3 (CPT-PHS ligand), and clarify their role within the immunological reactions. Results showed that the ligands of the LTPs studied shared a chemical identity, in which the presence of a polar head was essential to the protein-ligand binding. This ligand was transported through a skin cellular model, and phosphorylated phytosphingosine could be detected as result of cell metabolism. Since sphingosine kinase 1 was overexpressed in keratinocytes incubated with the LTP-ligand complex, this enzyme might be responsible for the phosphorylation of the phytosphingosine fraction of the CPT-PHS ligand. This way, phytosphingosine-1-phosphate could be mimicking the role of the human inflammatory mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate, explaining why LTPs are associated with more severe allergic responses. In conclusion, this work contributes to the understanding of the chemical nature and behavior of lipid ligands carried by allergens, which would help to gain insight into their role during allergic sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulema Gonzalez-Klein
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Bruno Cuevas-Zuviria
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Guadalupe Hernandez-Ramirez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Pazos-Castro
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carmen Oeo-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Cellular Degradation Systems Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Romero-Sahagun
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis F Pacios
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jaime Tome-Amat
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Araceli Diaz-Perales
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Garrido-Arandia
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Foo ACY, Thompson PM, Mueller GA. Removal and Replacement of Endogenous Ligands from Lipid-Bound Proteins and Allergens. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33720118 DOI: 10.3791/61780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Many major allergens bind to hydrophobic lipid-like molecules, including Mus m 1, Bet v 1, Der p 2, and Fel d 1. These ligands are strongly retained and have the potential to influence the sensitization process either through directly stimulating the immune system or altering the biophysical properties of the allergenic protein. In order to control for these variables, techniques are required for the removal of endogenously bound ligands and, if necessary, replacement with lipids of known composition. The cockroach allergen Bla g 1 encloses a large hydrophobic cavity which binds a heterogeneous mixture of endogenous lipids when purified using traditional techniques. Here, we describe a method through which these lipids are removed using reverse-phase HPLC followed by thermal annealing to yield Bla g 1 in either its Apo-form or reloaded with a user-defined mixture of fatty acid or phospholipid cargoes. Coupling this protocol with biochemical assays reveal that fatty acid cargoes significantly alter the thermostability and proteolytic resistance of Bla g 1, with downstream implications for the rate of T-cell epitope generation and allergenicity. These results highlight the importance of lipid removal/reloading protocols such as the one described herein when studying allergens from both recombinant and natural sources. The protocol is generalizable to other allergen families including lipocalins (Mus m 1), PR-10 (Bet v 1), MD-2 (Der p 2) and Uteroglobin (Fel d 1), providing a valuable tool to study the role of lipids in the allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Y Foo
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences;
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10
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Wang R, Ghumra A, Cochrane S, Fairclough L, Broughton R, Michaelson LV, Beaudoin F, Alcocer MJC. Defining lipids and T cell receptors involved in the intrinsic allergenicity of nut proteins. Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:54. [PMID: 33292600 PMCID: PMC7687982 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ashfaq Ghumra
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stella Cochrane
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, MK44 1LQ, Sharnbrook, UK.
| | - Lucy Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Richard Broughton
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamstead Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | | | - Frederic Beaudoin
- Plant Sciences Department, Rothamstead Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Marcos J C Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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11
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Foo ACY, Thompson PM, Perera L, Arora S, DeRose EF, Williams J, Mueller GA. Hydrophobic ligands influence the structure, stability, and processing of the major cockroach allergen Bla g 1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18294. [PMID: 31797892 PMCID: PMC6893020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54689-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The cockroach allergen Bla g 1 forms a novel fold consisting of 12 amphipathic alpha-helices enclosing an exceptionally large hydrophobic cavity which was previously demonstrated to bind a variety of lipids. Since lipid-dependent immunoactivity is observed in numerous allergens, understanding the structural basis of this interaction could yield insights into the molecular determinants of allergenicity. Here, we report atomic modelling of Bla g 1 bound to both fatty-acid and phospholipids ligands, with 8 acyl chains suggested to represent full stoichiometric binding. This unusually high occupancy was verified experimentally, though both modelling and circular dichroism indicate that the general alpha-helical structure is maintained regardless of cargo loading. Fatty-acid cargoes significantly enhanced thermostability while inhibiting cleavage by cathepsin S, an endosomal protease essential for antigen processing and presentation; the latter of which was found to correlate to a decreased production of known T-cell epitopes. Both effects were strongly dependent on acyl chain length, with 18-20 carbons providing the maximal increase in melting temperature (~20 °C) while completely abolishing proteolysis. Diacyl chain cargoes provided similar enhancements to thermostability, but yielded reduced levels of proteolytic resistance. This study describes how the biophysical properties of Bla g 1 ligand binding and digestion may relate to antigen processing, with potential downstream implications for immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Y Foo
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter M Thompson
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lalith Perera
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA
| | - Simrat Arora
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eugene F DeRose
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jason Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Research and Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, HHS, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, North Carolina, USA.
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12
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Wang R, Pscheid R, Ghumra A, Kan LYL, Cochrane S, Fairclough L, Alcocer MJC. Towards a surrogate system to express human lipid binding TCRs. Biotechnol Lett 2019; 41:1095-1104. [PMID: 31346817 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-019-02713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously we reported that natural nut lipids were necessary for sensitization and that natural killer T cells (NKTs) must play a critical role in the development of food allergic responses. A major bottleneck in further understanding the interaction of nut lipids with the cells of the human immune system is the lack of well-characterized lipid responsive human cell lines. OBJECTIVE In the present study, we engineered human T cell receptor (TCR) sequences TRAV10 and TRBV25 responsive to α-GalCer into a stable murine iNKT hybridoma and surrogate human T cell lines. RESULTS The murine hybridoma system has shown to be problematic. To overcome this limitation, the expression of human TCR α/β sequences has been achieved driven by a bidirectional promoter on a plasmids or a lentivirus system, employing stable DC cell lines as lipid presenting cells, and a stable T cell line as a surrogate system. Further, a commercial human Jurkat T cell line containing an inducible secreted luciferase reporter construct was shown to be functional and can be used for a transient expression of human TCRs in a lipid screening program. The transfection efficiencies were improved using the lentivirus polycistronic constructs containing the P2A sequence in a TCR αβ/γδ null cell line (Jurkat 76). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the mis-pairing of the endogenous α/β TCR during ER folding in the presence of the new human TCR sequences could be impairing the functionality of the TCR lipid receptors. The surrogate systems presented here are important first steps in the establishment of human cell-specific lipid responsive libraries for the study of natural lipid substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ronja Pscheid
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ashfaq Ghumra
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ling Yu Lea Kan
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Stella Cochrane
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre (SEAC), Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Lucy Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Marcos J C Alcocer
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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13
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Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy is raising in industrialized countries, but the mechanisms behind this increased incidence are not fully understood. Environmental factors are believed to play a role in allergic diseases, including lifestyle influences, such as diet. There is a close relationship between allergens and lipids, with many allergenic proteins having the ability to bind lipids. Dietary lipids exert pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions on cells of the innate immunity and influence antigen presentation to cells of the adaptive immunity. In addition to modifying the immunostimulating properties of proteins, lipids also alter their digestibility and intestinal absorption, changing allergen bioavailability. This study provides an overview of the role of dietary lipids in food allergy, taking into account epidemiological information, as well as results of mechanistic investigations using in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro models. The emerging link among high-fat diets, obesity, and allergy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina López-Fandiño
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL, CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
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14
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Pang SL, Ho KL, Waterman J, Rambo RP, Teh AH, Mathavan I, Harris G, Beis K, Say YH, Anusha MS, Sio YY, Chew FT, Ng CL. Crystal structure and epitope analysis of house dust mite allergen Der f 21. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4933. [PMID: 30894561 PMCID: PMC6426935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Group 21 and 5 allergens are homologous house dust mite proteins known as mid-tier allergens. To reveal the biological function of group 21 allergens and to understand better the allergenicity of the rDer f 21 allergen, we determined the 1.5 Å crystal structure of rDer f 21 allergen from Dermatophagoides farinae. The rDer f 21 protein consists of a three helical bundle, similar to available structures of group 21 and homologous group 5 allergens. The rDer f 21 dimer forms a hydrophobic binding pocket similar to the one in the Der p 5 allergen, which indicates that both of the homologous groups could share a similar function. By performing structure-guided mutagenesis, we mutated all 38 surface-exposed polar residues of the rDer f 21 allergen and carried out immuno-dot blot assays using 24 atopic sera. Six residues, K10, K26, K42, E43, K46, and K48, which are located in the region between the N-terminus and the loop 1 of rDer f 21 were identified as the major IgE epitopes of rDer f 21. Epitope mapping of all potential IgE epitopes on the surface of the rDer f 21 crystal structure revealed heterogeneity in the sIgE recognition of the allergen epitopes in atopic individuals. The higher the allergen-sIgE level of an individual, the higher the number of epitope residues that are found in the allergen. The results illustrate the clear correlation between the number of specific major epitope residues in an allergen and the sIgE level of the atopic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Lei Pang
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jitka Waterman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Robert Paul Rambo
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Aik-Hong Teh
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 10 Persiaran Bukit Jambul, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Indran Mathavan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma Harris
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantinos Beis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Yee-How Say
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) Perak Campus, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Matta Sri Anusha
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Yie Sio
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, 117543, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Chyan Leong Ng
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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15
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Scheurer S, Schülke S. Interaction of Non-Specific Lipid-Transfer Proteins With Plant-Derived Lipids and Its Impact on Allergic Sensitization. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1389. [PMID: 29973934 PMCID: PMC6019453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific lipid-transfer proteins (nsLTPs) represent a family of ubiquitous plant proteins belonging to the prolamin superfamily. nsLTPs are characterized by a globular α-helical structure stabilized by four disulfide bonds and a hydrophobic cavity which acts as ligand-binding site for a broad spectrum of lipids and hydrophobic molecules. nsLTPs are involved in membrane biogenesis and in the adaption of plants to abiotic and biotic stress. They display antimicrobial activity by the ability to permeabilize the cell membrane of phytopathogens. Moreover, in the presence of lipids, nsLTPs are suggested to activate the plant immune system by a receptor-dependent mechanism. Additionally, nsLTPs from pollen and plant-derived food, in particular type 1 nsLTPs (9 kDa), are described as potent allergens. Within the nsLTP family Pru p 3 from peach is the clinically most relevant allergen which can cause genuine food allergy and frequently elicits severe clinical reactions. So far, the allergenic properties of nsLTPs are attributed to both their low molecular mass and their high thermal and proteolytic stability which allow them to reach the immune system in a biological intact form. Recently, the interaction of nsLTPs with lipids has been suggested to increase their allergenic properties and to promote the allergic sensitization to these proteins. This review will summarize the current knowledge on diversity of lipid ligands of plant LTPs, and illustrate recent studies performed with allergenic nsLTPs to investigate the effect of lipid binding on the structural modification and IgE-binding properties of proteins, and finally the potential effect on the innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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16
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Geiselhart S, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Bublin M. Tree nut allergens. Mol Immunol 2018; 100:71-81. [PMID: 29680588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tree nuts are considered as part of a healthy diet due to their high nutritional quality. However, they are also a potent source of allergenic proteins inducing IgE mediated hypersensitivity often causing serious, life-threatening reactions. The reported prevalence of tree nut allergy is up to 4.9% worldwide. The general term "tree nuts" comprises a number of nuts, seeds, and drupes, derived from trees from different botanical families. For hazelnut and walnut several allergens have been identified which are already partly applied in component resolved diagnosis, while for other tree nuts such as macadamia, coconut, and Brazil nut only individual allergens were identified and data on additional allergenic proteins are missing. This review summarizes the current knowledge on tree nut allergens and describes their physicochemical and immunological characterization and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Geiselhart
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Tordesillas L, Cubells-Baeza N, Gómez-Casado C, Berin C, Esteban V, Barcik W, O'Mahony L, Ramirez C, Pacios LF, Garrido-Arandia M, Díaz-Perales A. Mechanisms underlying induction of allergic sensitization by Pru p 3. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1398-1408. [PMID: 28618148 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, the nature of the lipid-ligand of Pru p 3, one of the most common plant food allergens in southern Europe, has been identified as a derivative of the alkaloid camptothecin bound to phytosphingosine. However, the origin of its immunological activity is still unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the role of the Pru p 3 lipid-ligand in the immunogenic activity of Pru p 3. METHODS In vitro cultures of different cell types (monocyte-derived dendritic cells [moDCs], PBMCs [peripheral blood mononuclear cells] and epithelial and iNKT-hybridoma cell lines) have been used to determine the immunological capacity of the ligand, by measuring cell proliferation, maturation markers and cytokine production. To study the capacity of the lipid-ligand to promote sensitization to Pru p 3 in vivo, a mouse model of anaphylaxis to peach has been produced and changes in the humoral and basophil responses have been analysed. RESULTS The lipid-ligand of Pru p 3 induced maturation of moDCsc and proliferation of PBMCs. Its immunological activity resided in the phytosphingosine tail of the ligand. The adjuvant activity of the ligand was also confirmed in vivo, where the complex of Pru p 3-ligand induced higher levels of IgE than Pru p 3 alone. The immunological capacity of the Pru p 3 ligand was mediated by CD1d, as maturation of moDCs was inhibited by anti-CD1d antibodies and Pru p 3-ligand co-localized with CD1d on epithelial cells. Finally, Pru p 3-ligand presented by CD1d was able to interact with iNKTs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Pru p 3 lipid-ligand could act as an adjuvant to promote sensitization to Pru p 3, through its recognition by CD1d receptors. This intrinsic adjuvant activity of the accompanying lipid cargo could be a general essential feature of the mechanism underlying the phenomenon of allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tordesillas
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Cubells-Baeza
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Gómez-Casado
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine (IMMA), CEU San Pablo University, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - C Berin
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - V Esteban
- Fundacion Jimenez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - W Barcik
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - L O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - C Ramirez
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biotechnology and Plant Biology, ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - L F Pacios
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Natural Systems and Resources, ETSI Montes, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Garrido-Arandia
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Díaz-Perales
- Centre for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology (UPM-INIA), Pozuelo de Alarcon, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biotechnology and Plant Biology, ETSI Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Allergy: Uptake, Proteolytic Processing and Presentation of Allergens. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071491. [PMID: 28696399 PMCID: PMC5535981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen presenting cells to activate naïve T cells, which results in the case of Type 1 allergies in a Type 2 helper T cell (Th2)-driven specific immune response towards allergens. So far, a number of different subsets of specialized DCs in different organs have been identified. In the recent past methods to study the interaction of DCs with allergenic proteins, their different uptake and processing mechanisms followed by the presentation to T cells were developed. The following review aims to summarize the most important characteristics of DC subsets in the context of allergic diseases, and highlights the recent findings. These detailed studies can contribute to a better understanding of the pathomechanisms of allergic diseases and contribute to the identification of key factors to be addressed for therapeutic interventions.
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19
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Mattison CP, Rai R, Settlage RE, Hinchliffe DJ, Madison C, Bland JM, Brashear S, Graham CJ, Tarver MR, Florane C, Bechtel PJ. RNA-Seq Analysis of Developing Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) Embryos Reveals Parallel Expression Patterns among Allergen and Lipid Metabolism Genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1443-1455. [PMID: 28121438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The pecan nut is a nutrient-rich part of a healthy diet full of beneficial fatty acids and antioxidants, but can also cause allergic reactions in people suffering from food allergy to the nuts. The transcriptome of a developing pecan nut was characterized to identify the gene expression occurring during the process of nut development and to highlight those genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and those that commonly act as food allergens. Pecan samples were collected at several time points during the embryo development process including the water, gel, dough, and mature nut stages. Library preparation and sequencing were performed using Illumina-based mRNA HiSeq with RNA from four time points during the growing season during August and September 2012. Sequence analysis with Trinotate software following the Trinity protocol identified 133,000 unigenes with 52,267 named transcripts and 45,882 annotated genes. A total of 27,312 genes were defined by GO annotation. Gene expression clustering analysis identified 12 different gene expression profiles, each containing a number of genes. Three pecan seed storage proteins that commonly act as allergens, Car i 1, Car i 2, and Car i 4, were significantly up-regulated during the time course. Up-regulated fatty acid metabolism genes that were identified included acyl-[ACP] desaturase and omega-6 desaturase genes involved in oleic and linoleic acid metabolism. Notably, a few of the up-regulated acyl-[ACP] desaturase and omega-6 desaturase genes that were identified have expression patterns similar to the allergen genes based upon gene expression clustering and qPCR analysis. These findings suggest the possibility of coordinated accumulation of lipids and allergens during pecan nut embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Mattison
- Southern Regional Research Center, FPSQ, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Ruhi Rai
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute , 1015 Life Science Circle, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Robert E Settlage
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute , 1015 Life Science Circle, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Doug J Hinchliffe
- Southern Regional Research Center, CCU, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Crista Madison
- Southern Regional Research Center, CCU, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - John M Bland
- Southern Regional Research Center, FPSQ, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Suzanne Brashear
- Southern Regional Research Center, FPSQ, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Charles J Graham
- Pecan Research & Extension Station, Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University-AgCenter , 10300 Harts Island Road, Shreveport, Louisiana 71115, United States
| | - Matthew R Tarver
- Biologics, Bayer CropScience , 890 Embarcadero Drive, West Sacramento, California 95605, United States
| | - Christopher Florane
- Southern Regional Research Center, CFB, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
| | - Peter J Bechtel
- Southern Regional Research Center, FPSQ, ARS, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 1100 Robert E. Lee Boulevard, New Orleans, Louisiana 70124, United States
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20
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Angelina A, Sirvent S, Palladino C, Vereda A, Cuesta-Herranz J, Eiwegger T, Rodríguez R, Breiteneder H, Villalba M, Palomares O. The lipid interaction capacity of Sin a 2 and Ara h 1, major mustard and peanut allergens of the cupin superfamily, endorses allergenicity. Allergy 2016; 71:1284-94. [PMID: 26991432 DOI: 10.1111/all.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sin a 2 (11S globulin) and Ara h 1 (7S globulin) are major allergens from yellow mustard seeds and peanut, respectively. The ability of these two allergens to interact with lipid components remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To study the capacity of Sin a 2 and Ara h 1 to interact with lipid components and the potential effects of such interaction in their allergenic capacity. METHODS Spectroscopic and SDS-PAGE binding assays of Sin a 2 and Ara h 1 with different phospholipid vesicles and gastrointestinal and endolysosomal digestions in the presence or absence of lipids were performed. The capacity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (hmoDCs) to capture food allergens in the presence or absence of lipids, the induced cytokine signature, and the effect of allergens and lipids to regulate TLR2-L-induced NF-kB/AP-1 activation in THP1 cells were analyzed. RESULTS Sin a 2 and Ara h 1 bind phosphatidylglycerol (PG) acid but not phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles in a pH-dependent manner. The interaction of these two allergens with lipid components confers resistance to gastrointestinal digestion, reduces their uptake by hmoDCs, and enhances their stability to microsomal degradation. Mustard and peanut lipids favor a proinflammatory environment by increasing the IL-4/IL-10 ratio and IL-1β production by hmoDCs. The presence of mustard lipids and PG vesicles inhibits TLR2-L-induced NF-kB/AP-1 activation in THP1 cells. CONCLUSION Sin a 2 and Ara h 1 interact with lipid components, which might well contribute to explain the potent allergenic capacity of these two clinically relevant allergens belonging to the cupin superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Angelina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - S. Sirvent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - C. Palladino
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - A. Vereda
- Servicio de Alergia; Fundación Jiménez Diaz; Madrid Spain
| | | | - T. Eiwegger
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
- Division of Immunology and Allergy; Food allergy and Anaphylaxis Program; The Department of Paediatrics; Hospital for Sick Children; The University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - R. Rodríguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - H. Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research; Medical University of Vienna; Vienna Austria
| | - M. Villalba
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
| | - O. Palomares
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; School of Chemistry; Complutense University of Madrid; Madrid Spain
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21
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Han Y, Lin J, Bardina L, Grishina GA, Lee C, Seo WH, Sampson HA. What Characteristics Confer Proteins the Ability to Induce Allergic Responses? IgE Epitope Mapping and Comparison of the Structure of Soybean 2S Albumins and Ara h 2. Molecules 2016; 21:E622. [PMID: 27187334 PMCID: PMC6273924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ara h 2, a peanut 2S albumin, is associated with severe allergic reactions, but a homologous protein, soybean 2S albumin, is not recognized as an important allergen. Structural difference between these proteins might explain this clinical discrepancy. Therefore, we mapped sequential epitopes and compared the structure of Ara h 2, Soy Al 1, and Soy Al 3 (Gly m 8) to confirm whether structural differences account for the discrepancy in clinical responses to these two proteins. Commercially synthesized peptides covering the full length of Ara h 2 and two soybean 2S albumins were analyzed by peptide microarray. Sera from 10 patients with peanut and soybean allergies and seven non-atopic controls were examined. The majority of epitopes in Ara h 2 identified by microarray are consistent with those identified previously. Several regions in the 2S albumins are weakly recognized by individual sera from different patients. A comparison of allergenic epitopes on peanut and soybean proteins suggests that loop-helix type secondary structures and some amino acids with a large side chain including lone electron pair, such as arginine, glutamine, and tyrosine, makes the peptides highly recognizable by the immune system. By utilizing the peptide microarray assay, we mapped IgE epitopes of Ara h 2 and two soybean 2S albumins. The use of peptide microarray mapping and analysis of the epitope characteristics may provide critical information to access the allergenicity of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngshin Han
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
- Department of Medical Science, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.
| | - Jing Lin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Ludmilla Bardina
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Galina A Grishina
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Chaeyoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
| | - Won Hee Seo
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea.
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology and the Jaffe Food Allergy Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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22
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Bublin M, Eiwegger T, Breiteneder H. Do lipids influence the allergic sensitization process? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:521-9. [PMID: 24880633 PMCID: PMC4151997 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Allergic sensitization is a multifactorial process that is not only influenced by the allergen and its biological function per se but also by other small molecular compounds, such as lipids, that are directly bound as ligands by the allergen or are present in the allergen source. Several members of major allergen families bind lipid ligands through hydrophobic cavities or electrostatic or hydrophobic interactions. These allergens include certain seed storage proteins, Bet v 1–like and nonspecific lipid transfer proteins from pollens and fruits, certain inhalant allergens from house dust mites and cockroaches, and lipocalins. Lipids from the pollen coat and furry animals and the so-called pollen-associated lipid mediators are codelivered with the allergens and can modulate the immune responses of predisposed subjects by interacting with the innate immune system and invariant natural killer T cells. In addition, lipids originating from bacterial members of the pollen microbiome contribute to the outcome of the sensitization process. Dietary lipids act as adjuvants and might skew the immune response toward a TH2-dominated phenotype. In addition, the association with lipids protects food allergens from gastrointestinal degradation and facilitates their uptake by intestinal cells. These findings will have a major influence on how allergic sensitization will be viewed and studied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merima Bublin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Eiwegger
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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24
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Production and analysis of recombinant tree nut allergens. Methods 2014; 66:34-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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25
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Mirotti L, Florsheim E, Rundqvist L, Larsson G, Spinozzi F, Leite-de-Moraes M, Russo M, Alcocer M. Lipids are required for the development of Brazil nut allergy: the role of mouse and human iNKT cells. Allergy 2013; 68:74-83. [PMID: 23137012 DOI: 10.1111/all.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipids are required for mice sensitization to Ber e 1, Brazil nut major allergen. Here, we characterized different lipid fractions extracted from Brazil nuts and the lipid-binding ability of Ber e 1. Further, we determined their in vivo ability to induce Ber-specific anaphylactic antibodies and the role of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in this process. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and iNKT cell-deficient mice were sensitized with Ber e 1 and specific lipid fractions, and anaphylactic antibodies were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA). The lipid-binding characteristic of Ber e 1 (Ber) was established by using fluorescent probes and (15) N-labeled NMR. In vitro production of IL-4 was determined in Ber/lipid C-stimulated mouse iNKT cells and human T-cell lines containing NKTs primed with CD1d+C1R transfectants by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Only one specific lipid fraction (lipid C), containing neutral and common phospholipids, induced Ber anaphylactic antibodies in mice. Ber e 1 has a lipid-binding site, and our results indicated an interaction between Ber e 1 and lipid C. iNKT-deficient mice produced lower levels of anaphylactic antibodies than WT mice. In vitro, Ber/lipid C-stimulated murine iNKT cells produced IL-4 but not IFN-gamma. Human T-cell lines derived from nut-allergic patients produced IL-4 to Ber/lipid C in a CD1d- and dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Lipid fraction C from Brazil nut presents an essential adjuvant activity to Ber e 1 sensitization, and iNKT cells play a critical role in the development of Brazil nut-allergic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Mirotti
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - E. Florsheim
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - L. Rundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - G. Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics; Umeå University; Umeå; Sweden
| | - F. Spinozzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology and Allergy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia; Italy
| | - M. Leite-de-Moraes
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8147; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Faculté de Médecine René Descartes; Paris V, Hôpital Necker; Paris; France
| | - M. Russo
- Departamento de Imunologia; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo; Brasil
| | - M. Alcocer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences; School of Biosciences; University of Nottingham; Nottingham; UK
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26
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Rundqvist L, Tengel T, Zdunek J, Björn E, Schleucher J, Alcocer MJC, Larsson G. Solution structure, copper binding and backbone dynamics of recombinant Ber e 1-the major allergen from Brazil nut. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46435. [PMID: 23056307 PMCID: PMC3464261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2S albumin Ber e 1 is the major allergen in Brazil nuts. Previous findings indicated that the protein alone does not cause an allergenic response in mice, but the addition of components from a Brazil nut lipid fraction were required. Structural details of Ber e 1 may contribute to the understanding of the allergenic properties of the protein and its potential interaction partners. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The solution structure of recombinant Ber e 1 was solved using NMR spectroscopy and measurements of the protein back bone dynamics at a residue-specific level were extracted using (15)N-spin relaxation. A hydrophobic cavity was identified in the structure of Ber e 1. Using the paramagnetic relaxation enhancement property of Cu(2+) in conjunction with NMR, it was shown that Ber e 1 is able to specifically interact with the divalent copper ion and the binding site was modeled into the structure. The IgE binding region as well as the copper binding site show increased dynamics on both fast ps-ns timescale as well as slower µs-ms timescale. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The overall fold of Ber e 1 is similar to other 2S albumins, but the hydrophobic cavity resembles that of a homologous non-specific lipid transfer protein. Ber e 1 is the first 2S albumin shown to interact with Cu(2+) ions. This Cu(2+) binding has minimal effect on the electrostatic potential on the surface of the protein, but the charge distribution within the hydrophobic cavity is significantly altered. As the hydrophobic cavity is likely to be involved in a putative lipid interaction the Cu(2+) can in turn affect the interaction that is essential to provoke an allergenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Rundqvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Tobias Tengel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janusz Zdunek
- Protein Constructor Developers Company, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Erik Björn
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcos J. C. Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Göran Larsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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27
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Alcocer M, Rundqvist L, Larsson G. Ber e 1 protein: the versatile major allergen from Brazil nut seeds. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 34:597-610. [PMID: 22187079 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0831-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due mainly to its extremely high content of sulphur amino acids, Ber e 1 protein, the major allergen from Brazil nut, has attracted much scientific and press attention. Ber e 1 was the main target protein in early biotechnology transgenic work, in early processing studies of plant storage proteins, in plant vacuolar targeting studies and as the main protein in early nutritional supplementation experiments. Ber e 1 was also one of the first food allergens to be unintentionally transferred from one plant to another and was involved in the first reported case of systemic allergic reaction caused by a food allergen transferred in semen. In this review, many of the Ber e 1 unique biotechnological and structural functions are discussed with a particular emphasis on its use as model protein for studies of intrinsic allergenicity of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Alcocer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
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28
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Renault NK, Gaddipati SR, Wulfert F, Falcone FH, Mirotti L, Tighe PJ, Wright V, Alcocer MJC. Multiple protein extract microarray for profiling human food-specific immunoglobulins A, M, G and E. J Immunol Methods 2010; 364:21-32. [PMID: 20974146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/17/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing food immunoglobulin (Ig) tests require large volumes of serum, are limited to one immunoglobulin class, are not amenable to high throughput analysis and only give a limited picture of the immunological response to food antigens. Conversely a new generation of Component Resolved Diagnostic systems using pure proteins is highly specific and totally dependent on the availability of the protein in its recombinant or natural origin form. Here we demonstrate a proof-of-concept of a microarray test based on protein extracts of food components. Our approach relies on innovations on three different fronts: the novelty of using arrayed food samples sequentially extracted with detergent and chaotropic agents, the ability to measure four different Ig classes simultaneously and the ability to analyse the generated data via a suitable bioinformatics/statistical analysis interface. This approach combines high numerical power of microarrays with automation, high throughput analysis and enables detailed investigation of the Ig profiles to food antigens. The prototype shown contains extracts of approximately 350 food ingredients that cover most of the food products found in the UK. Here we showed that the use of a sequential extraction technique to solubilise and then denature food samples has its benefits in the assessment of variations in antigenicity when tested with human sera. A patient dependent degree of class specificity was observed with human sera (IgG specificity correlates well with IgA>IgM>>>>>IgE). Besides generating a simultaneous profile for IgA, IgM, IgG and IgE the array system has shown good discrimination between challenge responders in atopic and non-atopic individuals. Poly- and mono-specific IgE responders were easily identified. The mathematical modelling of specific IgE content showed good correlations when compared with established IgE antibody testing assay (UniCAP). Although in its proof-of-principle stages, the immune profiling technique described here has the potential to provide unique insights into exposure/sensitization and establish relationships between specific immunoglobulin classes and subclasses against food protein antigens. In further developments, the immune profiling technique could also be extended to other related areas such as parasite and bacterial gut infection. Full analyses of large longitudinal and retrospective clinical trials are on going to determine the positive and negative predictive values of the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Renault
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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30
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Comstock SS, Gershwin LJ, Teuber SS. Effect of walnut (Juglans regia) polyphenolic compounds on ovalbumin-specific IgE induction in female BALB/c mice. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1190:58-69. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Ladics G, Knippels L, Penninks A, Bannon G, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C. Review of animal models designed to predict the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in genetically modified crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:212-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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32
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Aldemir H, Bars R, Herouet-Guicheney C. Murine models for evaluating the allergenicity of novel proteins and foods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:S52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Dearman RJ, Kimber I. Animal models of protein allergenicity: potential benefits, pitfalls and challenges. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:458-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03194.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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34
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Model systems. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 8:276-85. [PMID: 18560306 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e328303e104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Moreno FJ, Clemente A. 2S Albumin Storage Proteins: What Makes them Food Allergens? Open Biochem J 2008; 2:16-28. [PMID: 18949071 PMCID: PMC2570561 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x00802010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2007] [Revised: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 01/20/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
2S albumin storage proteins are becoming of increasing interest in nutritional and clinical studies as they have been reported as major food allergens in seeds of many mono- and di-cotyledonous plants. This review describes the main biochemical, structural and functional properties of these proteins thought to play a role in determining their potential allergenicity. 2S albumins are considered to sensitize directly via the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The high stability of their intrinsic protein structure, dominated by a well-conserved skeleton of cysteine residues, to the harsh conditions present in the GIT suggests that these proteins are able to cross the gut mucosal barrier to sensitize the mucosal immune system and/or elicit an allergic response. The flexible and solvent-exposed hypervariable region of these proteins is immunodominant and has the ability to bind IgE from allergic patients sera. Several linear IgE-binding epitopes of 2S albumins spanning this region have been described to play a major role in allergenicity; the role of conformational epitopes of these proteins in food allergy is far from being understood and need to be investigated. Finally, the interaction of these proteins with other components of the food matrix might influence the absorption rates of immunologically reactive 2S albumins but also in their immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Javier Moreno
- Instituto de Fermentaciones Industriales (CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Clemente
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC), Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
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