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Kasmaei A, Salimi A, Helan JA, Asl SAS, Katiraee F. Molecular study of feline dermatophytosis and Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 gene expression in their lesions. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:1036-1042. [PMID: 36913145 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) as the recognition of pathogenic fungal structures induce the secretion of cytokines by immune systems. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 are the main PRRs that recognize fungal components. AIM The present study aimed to assess the presence of dermatophyte species in symptomatic cats in a region of Iran and to investigate the expression of TLR-2 and 4 in cat lesions with dermatophytosis. METHODS A total of 105 cats suspected of dermatophytosis with skin lesions were examined. Samples were analysed by direct microscopy using potassium hydroxide (20%) and culture on Mycobiotic agar. Dermatophytes strains were confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and then sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer rDNA region. Also, for pathology and real-time PCR studies, skin biopsies were taken by sterile single-use biopsy punch from active ringworm lesions. RESULTS Dermatophytes were found in 41 felines. Based on the sequencing of all strains, Microsporum canis (80.48%, p < 0.05), Microsporum gypseum (17.07%) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (2.43%) were the dermatophytes isolated from cultures. Cats under 1 year (78.04%) revealed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of infection (p < 0.05). Gene expression by real-time PCR revealed the increased TLR-2 and 4 mRNA levels in skin biopsies of cats with dermatophytosis. CONCLUSIONS M. canis is the most prevalent dermatophyte species isolated from feline dermatophytosis lesions. Increased expression of TLR-2 and TLR-4 mRNAs in cat skin biopsies suggests that these receptors are involved in the immune response by recognizing dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Kasmaei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Ashrafi Helan
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Katiraee
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Wang Z, Wang R, He L, Gu C, Zhao M, Yang Q, He M, Han J, Yu Z, Xiao W. Comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNA expression profiles in Trichophyton mentagrophytes-infected keratinocytes. Microb Pathog 2022; 167:105565. [PMID: 35523366 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxu Wang
- Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Lvqin He
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Mingde Zhao
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Manli He
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jianhong Han
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
| | - Wudian Xiao
- Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China; Model Animal and Human Disease Research of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Laboratory Animal Center, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Verma SB, Panda S, Nenoff P, Singal A, Rudramurthy SM, Uhrlass S, Das A, Bisherwal K, Shaw D, Vasani R. The unprecedented epidemic-like scenario of dermatophytosis in India: III. Antifungal resistance and treatment options. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2021; 87:468-482. [PMID: 34219433 DOI: 10.25259/ijdvl_303_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
One of the canonical features of the current outbreak of dermatophytosis in India is its unresponsiveness to treatment in majority of cases. Though there appears to be discordance between in vivo and in vitro resistance, demonstration of in vitro resistance of dermatophytes to antifungals by antifungal susceptibility testing is essential as it may help in appropriate management. The practical problem in the interpretation of antifungal susceptibility testing is the absence of clinical breakpoints and epidemiologic cutoff values. In their absence, evaluation of the upper limit of a minimal inhibitory concentration of wild type isolates may be beneficial for managing dermatophytosis and monitoring the emergence of isolates with reduced susceptibility. In the current scenario, most of the cases are unresponsive to standard dosages and duration of treatment recommended until now. This has resulted in many ex-cathedra modalities of treatment that are being pursued without any evidence. There is an urgent need to carry out methodical research to develop an evidence base to formulate a rational management approach in the current scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saumya Panda
- Department of Dermatology, Belle Vue Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, India
| | - Pietro Nenoff
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Moelbis, Germany
| | - Archana Singal
- Department of Dermatology and STD, University College of Medical Sciences and GTB Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - Shivprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Silke Uhrlass
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory Medicine, Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Moelbis, Germany
| | - Anupam Das
- Department of Dermatology, KPC Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Kavita Bisherwal
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Lady Hardinge Medical College and SSK Hospital, Delhi
| | - Dipika Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, PGI, Chandigarh, India
| | - Resham Vasani
- Department of Dermatology, Bhojani Clinic, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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4
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Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Patterns of Dermatophytes Isolated from Companion Animals with Clinical Symptoms of Dermatophytosis. J Vet Res 2021; 65:175-182. [PMID: 34250302 PMCID: PMC8256462 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2021-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dermatophytosis is a common skin disease in cats and dogs caused by Microsporum and Trichophyton fungi. Species identification and knowledge of their antifungal susceptibility are therapeutically and epidemiologically important. This study assessed the prevalence of feline and canine dermatophytosis in Iran, identified the aetiological agents molecularly and tested their antifungal susceptibility. Material and Methods A total of 308 companion animals (134 dogs and 174 cats) with skin lesions were examined from March 2015 to March 2018. Hair and skin samples were examined by microscopy with 20% KOH and cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol. Fungal isolates were confirmed by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) r-DNA region. The antifungal susceptibility of dermatophytes was tested by broth microdilution assay using standard drugs. Results Dermatophytes were found in 130 (42.2%) samples, 62 of them feline and 68 canine. Based on sequencing of all strains, M. canis (78.5%, P<0.05), M. gypseum (10.7%), and T. mentagrophytes (10.7%) were the dermatophytes isolated. The non-dermatophyte species Nannizziopsis vriesii was also isolated from two feline dermatomycosis cases. Dogs and cats younger than one year (61.5%) showed a statistically significantly higher prevalence of infection (P<0.05). Caspofungin produced the lowest geometric mean MIC at 0.0018 μg/mL, followed by ketoconazole, terbinafine, itraconazole, miconazole, griseofulvin, clotrimazole and fluconazole, in a 0.038–1.53 μg/mL range. Conclusion This is the first molecular study to identify the causes of pet dermatophytosis in north-western Iran. ITS-PCR was shown to be a useful and reliable method for the identification of closely related species of dermatophytes in clinical and epidemiological settings. The lowest MIC of caspofungin indicated that this drug was the most potent in vitro.
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Kozhichkina NV. Distributed glabrous skin mycosis involving foot nail lesions and showing resistance to antifungal therapy. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2020. [DOI: 10.25208/0042-4609-2019-95-6-55-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. V. Kozhichkina
- State Research Center of Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation
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6
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Vineetha M, Sheeja S, Celine MI, Sadeep MS, Palackal S, Shanimole PE, Das SS. Profile of Dermatophytosis in a Tertiary Care Center in Kerala, India. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 64:266-271. [PMID: 31516134 PMCID: PMC6714188 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.265814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of dermatophytosis is increasing over the last few years and there are many cases which are recurrent and chronic. Aim: The aim was to study the host and pathogen factors in dermatophytosis, to identify the species responsible, and to study the histopathological features of chronic dermatophytosis. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive study conducted in the Department of Dermatology for a period of 1 year and all patients who were clinically diagnosed as dermatophytosis were included. Isolated hair, and nail involvement were excluded from the study. Epidemiological parameters and treatment history were analyzed, scrapings, and fungal culture were done in all patients. Histopathological examination was done in patients with chronic dermatophytosis who had applied topical steroids. Results: Chronic dermatophytosis was seen in 68%; tinea corporis was the most common presentation; topical steroid application was seen in 63%; azoles were the most common antifungals used; varied morphologies such as follicular and nonfollicular papules, arciform lesions, pseudoimbricata were seen in steroid modified tinea. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were the most common species isolated in culture, but rare species such as Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum audouinii were also isolated from chronic cases. Histopathology showed perifolliculitis in steroid modified tinea. Minimal inhibitory concentration was lowest for itraconazole in susceptibility studies. Conclusion: Chronicity in dermatophytosis is due to various factors such as topical steroid application, noncompliance, and change in predominant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Vineetha
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - S Sheeja
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - M I Celine
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - M S Sadeep
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Seena Palackal
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - P E Shanimole
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - S Saranya Das
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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7
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Vineetha M, Sheeja S, Celine MI, Sadeep MS, Palackal S, Shanimole PE, Das SS. Profile of Dermatophytosis in a Tertiary Care Center. Indian J Dermatol 2019; 63:490-495. [PMID: 30504978 PMCID: PMC6233031 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_177_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The incidence of dermatophytosis is increasing over the last few years and there are many cases which are recurrent and chronic. Aim: The aim was to study the host and pathogen factors in dermatophytosis, to identify the species responsible, and to study the histopathological features of chronic dermatophytosis. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive study conducted in the Department of Dermatology for a period of 1 year and all patients who were clinically diagnosed as dermatophytosis were included. Isolated hair, and nail involvement were excluded from the study. Epidemiological parameters and treatment history were analyzed, scrapings, and fungal culture were done in all patients. Histopathological examination was done in patients with chronic dermatophytosis who had applied topical steroids. Results: Chronic dermatophytosis was seen in 68%; tinea corporis was the most common presentation; topical steroid application was seen in 63%; azoles were the most common antifungals used; varied morphologies such as follicular and nonfollicular papules, arciform lesions, pseudoimbricata were seen in steroid modified tinea. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes were the most common species isolated in culture, but rare species such as Trichophyton tonsurans, Trichophyton schoenleinii, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum audouinii were also isolated from chronic cases. Histopathology showed perifolliculitis in steroid modified tinea. Minimal inhibitory concentration was lowest for itraconazole in susceptibility studies. Conclusion: Chronicity in dermatophytosis is due to various factors such as topical steroid application, noncompliance, and change in predominant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Vineetha
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - S Sheeja
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - M I Celine
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - M S Sadeep
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Seena Palackal
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - P E Shanimole
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - S Saranya Das
- Department of Dermatology, Government Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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8
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Rudramurthy SM, Shankarnarayan SA, Dogra S, Shaw D, Mushtaq K, Paul RA, Narang T, Chakrabarti A. Mutation in the Squalene Epoxidase Gene of Trichophyton interdigitale and Trichophyton rubrum Associated with Allylamine Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02522-17. [PMID: 29530857 PMCID: PMC5923174 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02522-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatophytosis, the commonest superficial fungal infection, has gained recent attention due to its change of epidemiology and treatment failures. Despite the availability of several agents effective against dermatophytes, the incidences of chronic infection, reinfection, and treatment failures are on the rise. Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale are the two species most frequently identified among clinical isolates in India. Consecutive patients (n = 195) with suspected dermatophytosis during the second half of 2014 were included in this study. Patients were categorized into relapse and new cases according to standard definitions. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the isolated Trichophyton species (n = 127) was carried out with 12 antifungal agents: fluconazole, voriconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, sertaconazole, clotrimazole, terbinafine, naftifine, amorolfine, ciclopirox olamine, griseofulvin, and luliconazole. The squalene epoxidase gene was evaluated for mutation (if any) in 15 T. interdigitale and 5 T. rubrum isolates exhibiting high MICs for terbinafine. A T1189C mutation was observed in four T. interdigitale and two T. rubrum isolates. This transition leads to the change of phenylalanine to leucine in the 397th position of the squalene epoxidase enzyme. In homology modeling the mutant residue was smaller than the wild type and positioned in the dominant site of squalene epoxidase during drug interaction, which may lead to a failure to block the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway by the antifungal drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprakash M Rudramurthy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Shamanth A Shankarnarayan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprosy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Dipika Shaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Raees A Paul
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Tarun Narang
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Leprosy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arunaloke Chakrabarti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Xiao W, Hu Y, Tong Y, Cai M, He H, Liu B, Shi Y, Wang J, Qin Y, Lai S. Landscape of long non-coding RNAs in Trichophyton mentagrophytes-induced rabbit dermatophytosis lesional skin and normal skin. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:401-410. [PMID: 29560532 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0601-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidences suggest that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important role in disease development. However, the role of rabbit lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis remains elusive. The present study aimed to study and characterize lncRNA transcriptome in 8 T. mentagrophytes-induced female rabbit dermatophytosis lesional (TM) and 4 normal saline-infected (NS) skin biopsies using RNAseq. We identified 5883 lncRNAs in 12 strand-specific RNA-seq libraries and found 64 differentially expressed lncRNAs (q < 0.05) in TM relative to NS. As in other mammalian counterparts, rabbit lncRNAs were distributed in all chromosomes except the Y chromosome and were generally smaller in size and fewer in exon numbers compared to protein coding genes. Next, co-expression analysis revealed that 107 pairs between 32 DE lncRNAs and 96 protein coding genes showed a highly correlated expression (|r| > 0.8). Moreover, miRPara analysis of the lncRNAs revealed 173 lncRNAs with precursor sequences for 9561 probable novel miRNAs. Finally, q-PCR results validated the RNA-seq results with eight randomly selected lncRNAs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on rabbit lncRNAs, and our results highlighted the potential role of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudian Xiao
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yongsong Hu
- Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingcheng Cai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hongbing He
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Buwei Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Shi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yinghe Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Songjia Lai
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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10
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Xiao W, He H, Tong Y, Cai M, Shi Y, Liu B, Wang J, Qin Y, Lai S. Transcriptome analysis of Trichophyton mentagrophytes–induced rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dermatophytosis. Microb Pathog 2018; 114:350-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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11
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Toukabri N, Corpologno S, Bougnoux ME, El Euch D, Sadfi-Zouaoui N, Simonetti G. In vitro biofilms and antifungal susceptibility of dermatophyte and non-dermatophyte moulds involved in foot mycosis. Mycoses 2017; 61:79-87. [PMID: 28940733 DOI: 10.1111/myc.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tinea pedis and onychomycosis are among the commonest fungal diseases in the world. Dermatophytes and, less frequently, non-dermatophyte moulds are aetiological agents of foot mycosis and are capable of forming biofilms. Fungal biofilm has demonstrated increasing drug resistance. This work aims to evaluate, in vitro, the ability to form biofilm and the susceptibility to antifungal drugs of sessile dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds involved in foot mycosis. Thirty-six dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte moulds isolated from Tunisian patients with foot mycoses, and identified with MALDI-TOF have been tested. MICs of fluconazole, econazole, itraconazole, terbinafine and griseofulvin were carried out using CLSI broth microdilution method. The ability to form biofilm and antifungal activities of drugs against fungal biofilm formation has been quantified by Crystal Violet and Safranin Red staining. Biomass quantification revealed that all species studied were able to form biofilms in vitro after 72 hours. Fluconazole, econazole, itraconazole and terbinafine inhibited fungal growth with MIC values ranging from 0.031 to >64 μg mL-1 . The best antifungal activity has been obtained with terbinafine against Fusarium solani. Econazole showed the highest activity against fungal biofilm formation. These findings can help clinicians to develop the appropriate therapy of foot mycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourchéne Toukabri
- Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Serena Corpologno
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marie-Elisabeth Bougnoux
- Department of Microbiology, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades AP-HP, University Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Dalenda El Euch
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Hôpital La Rabta, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Najla Sadfi-Zouaoui
- Laboratory of Mycology, Pathologies and Biomarkers, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Giovanna Simonetti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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12
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The Tetrazole VT-1161 Is a Potent Inhibitor of Trichophyton rubrum through Its Inhibition of T. rubrum CYP51. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.00333-17. [PMID: 28483956 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00333-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior to characterization of antifungal inhibitors that target CYP51, Trichophyton rubrum CYP51 was expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and characterized. T. rubrum CYP51 bound lanosterol, obtusifoliol, and eburicol with similar affinities (dissociation constant [Kd ] values, 22.7, 20.3, and 20.9 μM, respectively) but displayed substrate specificity, insofar as only eburicol was demethylated in CYP51 reconstitution assays (turnover number, 1.55 min-1; Km value, 2 μM). The investigational agent VT-1161 bound tightly to T. rubrum CYP51 (Kd = 242 nM) with an affinity similar to that of clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, and voriconazole (Kd values, 179, 173, 312, and 304 nM, respectively) and with an affinity lower than that of itraconazole (Kd = 53 nM). Determinations of 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) using 0.5 μM CYP51 showed that VT-1161 was a tight-binding inhibitor of T. rubrum CYP51 activity, yielding an IC50 of 0.14 μM, whereas itraconazole, fluconazole, and ketoconazole had IC50s of 0.26, 0.4, and 0.6 μM, respectively. When the activity of VT-1161 was tested against 34 clinical isolates, VT-1161 was a potent inhibitor of T. rubrum growth, with MIC50, MIC90, and geometric mean MIC values of ≤0.03, 0.06, and 0.033 μg ml-1, respectively. With its selectivity versus human CYP51 and drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s having already been established, VT-1161 should prove to be safe and effective in combating T. rubrum infections in patients.
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Sharifzadeh A, Shokri H, khosravi AR. In vitroevaluation of antifungal susceptibility and keratinase, elastase, lipase and DNase activities of different dermatophyte species isolated from clinical specimens in Iran. Mycoses 2016; 59:710-719. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aghil Sharifzadeh
- Mycology Research Center; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Shokri
- Department of Pathobiology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Amol University of Special Modern Technologies; Amol Iran
| | - Ali Reza khosravi
- Mycology Research Center; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Tehran; Tehran Iran
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14
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Oz Y, Qoraan I, Oz A, Balta I. Prevalence and epidemiology of tinea pedis and toenail onychomycosis and antifungal susceptibility of the causative agents in patients with type 2 diabetes in Turkey. Int J Dermatol 2016; 56:68-74. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Oz
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Eskisehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Iman Qoraan
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Eskisehir Osmangazi University; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Ali Oz
- Department of Internal Medicine; Eskisehir State Hospital; Eskisehir Turkey
| | - Ilknur Balta
- Department of Dermatology; Eskisehir State Hospital; Eskisehir Turkey
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Dogra S, Uprety S. The menace of chronic and recurrent dermatophytosis in India: Is the problem deeper than we perceive? Indian Dermatol Online J 2016; 7:73-6. [PMID: 27057485 PMCID: PMC4804598 DOI: 10.4103/2229-5178.178100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Dogra
- Department of Dermatology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. E-mail: E-mail:
| | - Shraddha Uprety
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology, Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
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16
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Dolenc-Voljč M. Dermatophyte Infections in Humans: Current Trends and Future Prospects. Med Mycol 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b18707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Comparison of the in vitro activities of newer triazoles and established antifungal agents against Trichophyton rubrum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:4312-4. [PMID: 25896691 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00244-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred eleven clinical Trichophyton rubrum isolates were tested against 7 antifungal agents. The geometric mean MICs of all isolates were, in increasing order: terbinafine, 0.03 mg/liter; voriconazole, 0.05 mg/liter; posaconazole, 0.11 mg/liter; isavuconazole, 0.13 mg/liter; itraconazole, 0.26 mg/liter; griseofulvin, 1.65 mg/liter; and fluconazole, 2.12 mg/liter.
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Evaluación del perfil de sensibilidad in vitro de aislamientos clínicos de Trichophyton mentagrophytes y Trichophyton rubrum en Santiago, Chile. Rev Iberoam Micol 2015; 32:83-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Background Onychomycosis has several clinical presentations and is caused by various infectious organisms. Objective To provide guidance for selection of appropriate treatment. Methods The literature on onychomycosis management was reviewed to generate an evidence-based decision tree. Results and Conclusion Several options are available: terbinafine, itraconazole, fluconazole, ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer, efinaconazole 10% nail solution, and laser therapy. Further studies on lasers are needed before use can be recommended. Nondermatophyte molds or mixed infection can be managed with terbinafine or itraconazole with or without topicals. Itraconazole, fluconazole, and efinaconazole can be used for Candida infection. For dermatophytes, topicals can be considered for mild to moderate onychomycosis. For moderate to severe cases, any oral monotherapy can be used; however, we suggest terbinafine if there is a possibility of a drug interaction. These recommendations can be applied for all ages, immune function, or metabolic status, but proper monitoring and contraindications should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Gupta
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, and Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON
| | - Maryse Paquet
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, and Mediprobe Research Inc., London, ON
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Aktas AE, Yigit N, Aktas A, Gozubuyuk SG. Investigation of In Vitro Activity of Five Antifungal Drugs against Dermatophytes Species Isolated from Clinical Samples Using the E-Test Method. Eurasian J Med 2015; 46:26-31. [PMID: 25610290 DOI: 10.5152/eajm.2014.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dermatomycosis is an infection with fungi related to the skin: glabrous skin, hair and/or nails. Oral treatment of fungal infections in dermatology has become a preferred modality for the management of these very common conditions. Although there are increasing numbers of antifungals available for treatment of dermatophytes, some cases and relapses have been unresponsive to treatment. The determination of fungus in-vitro antifungal susceptibility has been reported to be important for the ability to eradicate dermatophytes. It is necessary to perform antifungal susceptibility testing of dermatophytes. E-test (AB Biodisk, Sweden) is a rapid, easy-to-perform in-vitro antifungal susceptibility test. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of the different species of dermatophyte strains isolated clinical specimens to five antifungal agents using the E-test method. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 66 specimens were collected from the nails, feet, inguinal region, trunk and hands. These strains tested MIC endpoints of E-test for amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole, caspofungin, and ketoconazole were read after 72, and 96 hours incubation for each strain on RPMI 1640 agar. RESULTS The dermatophytes tested included Trichophyton rubrum 43 (65.1%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes 7 (10.7%), Microsporum canis 5 (7.6%), Trichophyton tonsurans 5 (7.6%), Epidermophyton floccosum 4 (6.0%) and Trichophyton violaceum 2 (3.0%). The most active agent against all dermatophytes species was caspofungin with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) range (μg/mL(-1)) (0.02-3, 0.032-4, 0.125-0.50, 0.032-2, 0.25-0.50, 0.125-0.50) and it raconazole with an MIC range (μg/mL(-1)) (0.038-1.5, 0.094-1.5, 1-32, 0.016-0.50, 0.25-0.50, 0.125-0.50). The least active agent was fluconazole with an MIC range (μg/mL(-1)) (0, 19-48, 2-256, 2-8, 256, 256, 8-24). CONCLUSION E-test seems to be an alternative method to MIC-determination of antifungal drugs for dermatophytes species, since it is a less-laborious methodology and results could be obtained faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Esin Aktas
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Nimet Yigit
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Ataturk University Health Services Vocational School, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Akin Aktas
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sultan Gamze Gozubuyuk
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Azambuja CVDA, Pimmel LA, Klafke GB, Xavier MO. Onychomycosis: clinical, mycological and in vitro susceptibility testing of isolates of Trichophyton rubrum. An Bras Dermatol 2014; 89:581-6. [PMID: 25054744 PMCID: PMC4148271 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Onychomycosis or nail fungal infection is the most common nail disease.
Despite the wide range of studies on this condition, it remains difficult to
establish the correct diagnosis and effective treatment. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of classical laboratory methods for the diagnosis
of onychomycosis, and the in vitro susceptibility of the its main
etiological agent to antifungals used in routine. METHODS Nail samples of 100 patients with clinically suspected feet onychomycosis
were collected to confirm the diagnosis by direct mycological examination
and fungal culture. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed
against strains of the main dermatophyte isolated by microdilution,
according to the standardized protocol (M38-A2 - CLSI) RESULTS Clinical diagnosis of onychomycosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis in
59% of patients. Of these, 54.2% were positive only in direct mycological
examination, 44.1% in direct mycological examination and culture, and one
case (1.7%) was positive only in culture, resulting in weak agreement
between these tests (Kappa = 0.385; p <0.001) High minimum inhibitory
concentration values of fluconazole and itraconazole were observed in 66.7%
and 25.0% of isolates of T. rubrum tested. Additionally,
high MIC values of terbinafine and ciclopirox was detected in only one
isolate, and this was one of the strains in which in vitro activity of
itraconazole and fluconazole has not been proven. CONCLUSIONS Poor agreement was observed between direct mycological examination and
culture for the diagnosis of onychomycosis, with direct mycological
examination being significantly more sensitive. Except for fluconazole, the
other three antifungals tested showed good in vitro activity against
clinical isolates of T. rubrum.
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Kalokasidis K, Onder M, Trakatelli MG, Richert B, Fritz K. The Effect of Q-Switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm/532 nm Laser in the Treatment of Onychomycosis In Vivo. Dermatol Res Pract 2013; 2013:379725. [PMID: 24396343 PMCID: PMC3875102 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this prospective clinical study, the Q-Switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm/532 nm laser (Light Age, Inc., Somerset, NJ, USA) was used on 131 onychomycosis subjects (94 females, 37 males; ages 18 to 68 years). Mycotic cultures were taken and fungus types were detected. The laser protocol included two sessions with a one-month interval. Treatment duration was approximately 15 minutes per session and patients were observed over a 3-month time period. Laser fluencies of 14 J/cm(2) were applied at 9 billionths of a second pulse duration and at 5 Hz frequency. Follow-up was performed at 3 months with mycological cultures. Before and after digital photographs were taken. Adverse effects were recorded and all participants completed "self-evaluation questionnaires" rating their level of satisfaction. All subjects were well satisfied with the treatments, there were no noticeable side effects, and no significant differences were found treating men versus women. At the 3-month follow-up 95.42% of the patients were laboratory mycologically cured of fungal infection. This clinical study demonstrates that fungal nail infections can be effectively and safely treated with Q-Switched Nd:YAG 1064 nm/532 nm laser. It can also be combined with systemic oral antifungals providing more limited treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Kalokasidis
- Dermatology and Laser Clinic, 88 Tsimiski Street, 54622 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Meltem Onder
- Dermatology and Laser Center, Reduitstrare 13, 76829 Landau, Germany
- Gazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Dermatology, 06510 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Myrto-Georgia Trakatelli
- Aristotle University School of Medicine, Second Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 54622 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Bertrand Richert
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Department CHU Brugmann-Saint Pierre, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Klaus Fritz
- Dermatology and Laser Center, Reduitstrare 13, 76829 Landau, Germany
- Carol Davila University of Medicine, Dionisie Lupu Street, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Osnabrueck University, Sedanstraße 115, 49090 Osnabrueck, Germany
- Bern University, Department of Dermatology, 117 Inselspital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Succi IB, Bernardes-Engemann AR, Orofino-Costa R. Intermittent therapy with terbinafine and nail abrasion for dermatophyte toe onychomycosis: a pilot study. Mycoses 2013; 56:327-32. [DOI: 10.1111/myc.12032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Onychomycosis (OM) is a fungal infection of the nail plate or nail bed which is highly prevalent in the general population and also responsible for significant morbidity. The condition needs to be treated in view of the physical and emotional handicap it produces. The peculiarities of the nail apparatus in health and disease lead to difficulties in being able to successfully treat this condition. Hence, the very same antifungals which produce high cure rates in skin infections are rendered less efficacious in nail disease. Low cure rates and high relapse rates even with highly efficacious antifungals have lead to an increasing interest in exploring newer treatment options which can ensure drug penetration, drug persistence, mycological cure and effective prevention of relapse. The current review aims to summarize our current status of knowledge about the treatment options for OM. It also summarizes the newer areas of research especially with respect to devices related therapies; physical measures to enhance penetration through nail; and development and evaluation of synergistic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander Grover
- University College of Medical Sciences, Dilshad Garden, Delhi, India.
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Pérez JE, Cárdenas C, Hoyos AM. Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y microbiológicas de la onicomicosis en un laboratorio de referencia, Manizales (Caldas), 2009. INFECTIO 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s0123-9392(11)70081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Park BJ, Taguchi H, Kamei K, Matsuzawa T, Hyon SH, Park JC. In vitro antifungal activity of epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:535-8. [PMID: 21488200 PMCID: PMC3101062 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.3.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that epigallocatechin 3-O-gallate (EGCg) has growth-inhibitory effect on clinical isolates of Candida species. In this study, we investigated the antifungal activity of EGCg and antifungal agents against thirty-five of dermatophytes clinically isolated by the international guidelines (M38-A2). All isolates exhibited good susceptibility to EGCg (MIC₅₀, 2-4 μg/mL, MIC₉₀, 4-8 μg/mL, and geometric mean (GM) MICs, 3.36-4 μg/mL) than those of fluconazole (MIC₅₀, 2-16 μg/mL, MIC₉₀, 4-32 μg/mL, and GM MICs, 3.45-25.8 μg/mL) and flucytosin (MIC₅₀, MIC₉₀, and GM MICs, >64 μg/mL), although they were less susceptible to other antifungal agents, such as amphotericin B, itraconazole, and miconazole. These activities of EGCg were approximately 4-fold higher than those of fluconazole, and were 4 to 16-fold higher than flucytosin. This result indicates that EGCg can inhibit pathogenic dermatophyte species. Therefore, we suggest that EGCg may be effectively used solely as a possible agent or combined with other antifungal agents for antifungal therapy in dermatophytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Joo Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hideaki Taguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Kamei
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Suong-Hyu Hyon
- Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jong-Chul Park
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Smijs TGM, Pavel S. The susceptibility of dermatophytes to photodynamic treatment with special focus on Trichophyton rubrum. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:2-13. [PMID: 21114670 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the accessibility of skin to light, many applications of photodynamic treatment (PDT) have been developed within dermatology. The recent increase of dermatological antimicrobial PDT investigations is related to the growing problem of bacterial and fungal resistance to antibiotics. This review focuses on the susceptibility of dermatophytic fungi, in particular Trichophyton rubrum, to PDT and shows its potential usefulness in treatment of clinical dermatophytoses. There are no data indicating significant differences in PDT susceptibility between various dermatophytes and it is unlikely that treatment problems of especially T. rubrum with current antimycotics would occur in case of PDT. Red light 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated PDT is after repeated sessions successful in in vivo treatment of onychomycosis (fungal nail infection) caused by various dermatophytes. Regarding skin dermatophytoses, UVA-1 PDT with cationic porphyrins appears to be safe and efficient. Most effective toward T. rubrum ex vivo is 5,10,15-tris(4-methylpyridinium)-20-phenyl-[21H,23H]-porphine trichloride (Sylsens B) when combined with UVA-1 radiation or red light; this creates the possibility of efficiently treating nail infections and remaining spores in hair follicles. If the promising in vitro and ex vivo results could be transferred to clinical practice, then PDT has a good prospect to become a worthy alternative to established antifungal drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Threes G M Smijs
- Department of Environmental Science, Open University Netherlands, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Özcan D, Seçkin D, Demirbilek M. In vitro antifungal susceptibility of dermatophyte strains causing tinea pedis and onychomycosis in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a case-control study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2010; 24:1442-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Machado KE, Filho VC, Cruz RCB, Meyre-Silva C, Cruz AB. Antifungal Activity of Eugenia umbelliflora against Dermatophytes. Nat Prod Commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x0900400904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifungal activities of Eugenia umbelliflora Berg. (Myrtaceae) were tested in vitro against a panel of standard and clinical isolates of human fungal pathogens (dermatophytes and opportunistic saprobes). Methanol extracts of leaves and fruits of E. umbelliflora were separately prepared and partitioned, to yield dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and aqueous fractions (Aq). Three compounds (1-3) were obtained from the DCM extract using chromatographic procedures. Antifungal assays were performed using agar dilution techniques. Both extracts (fruits and leaves), their DCM and EtOAc fractions, and compound 2 (betulin and betulinic acid) presented selective antifungal activity against dermatophytes (Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes), with MIC values between 200 and 1000 μg/mL, and interestingly, inhibited 4/5 species with MIC values of ≤500 ≤g/mL. The aqueous fractions of fruits and leaves, and compounds 1 (α, β amyrin) and 3 (taraxerol) were inactive up to the maximum concentrations tested (1000 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina E. Machado
- Programa de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas/CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Valdir Cechinel Filho
- Programa de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas/CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Rosana C. B. Cruz
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Christiane Meyre-Silva
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bella Cruz
- Programa de Mestrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas/CCS, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
- Núcleo de Investigações Químico-Farmacêuticas (NIQFAR), Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Rua Uruguai, 458, 88.302-202, Itajaí, SC, Brazil
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Simonetti O, Arzeni D, Ganzetti G, Silvestri C, Cirioni O, Gabrielli E, Castelletti S, Kamysz W, Kamysz E, Scalise G, Offidani A, Barchiesi F. In vitroactivity of the lipopeptide derivative (Pal-lys-lys-NH2), alone and in combination with antifungal agents, against clinical isolates of dermatophytes. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:249-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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