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Vij S, Thakur R, Singh RP, Kumar R, Pathania P, Gupta V, Suri CR, Rishi P. Dual immunization with CdtB protein and flagellin epitope offers augmented protection against enteric fever in mice. Life Sci 2023; 334:122216. [PMID: 37918629 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Present study has explored the protective response of dual immunization using two different antigenic entities (i.e. flagellin epitope and cytolethal distending toxin subunit B (CdtB) protein) against lethal challenge of typhoidal serovars in a murine model. MAIN METHODS In-vitro immunogenicity of flagellin epitope-BSA conjugate and CdtB protein was confirmed using Indirect ELISA of typhoid positive patients' sera. Further, both entities were administered intraperitoneally in mice individually or in combination, followed by lethal challenge of typhoidal Salmonellae. Various parameters were analysed such as bacterial burden, mice survival, histopathological analysis, cytokine analysis and immunophenotyping. Serum samples obtained from the immunized mice were used for passive immunization studies, wherein mice survival and mechanism of action of the generated antibodies was studied. KEY FINDINGS Active immunization studies using the combination of both entities demonstrated improved mice survival after lethal challenge with typhoidal Salmonellae, reduced bacterial burden in organs, expression of immunophenotypic markers in splenocytes and restored tissue histoarchitecture. When used in combination, the effective doses of both the candidates reduced which may be attributed to multiprong approach used by the immune system to recognize Salmonella. Passive immunization studies further determined the protective efficacy of generated antibodies by different mechanisms such as complement mediated bactericidal action, swarming inhibition and increased phagocytic uptake. SIGNIFICANCE Present study is the first phase of the proof-of-concept which may prove to be beneficial in developing an effective bi-functional vaccine candidate to render protection against both Vi-positive as well as Vi-negative Salmonella strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | | | - Rashmi Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTech), Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Preeti Pathania
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTech), Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Varsha Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital (GMCH), Sector 32, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Chander Raman Suri
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology (IMTech), Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Vij S, Thakur R, Kumari L, Suri CR, Rishi P. Potential of a novel flagellin epitope as a broad-spectrum vaccine candidate against enteric fever. Microb Pathog 2023; 174:105936. [PMID: 36494021 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Relentless emergence of antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains, coupled with the drawbacks associated with currently available vaccines against enteric fever, warrants an urgent need to look for new vaccine candidates. Out of the multiple virulence factors harbored by Salmonella, flagella are regarded as one of the most important targets of innate as well as adaptive immune response. Individual Salmonella serotypes alternate between expression of two different antigenic forms encoded by fliC and fljB genes, respectively thereby employing this as a strategy to escape the host immune response. In the present study, using various immunoinformatic approaches, a flagellin epitope, present in both antigenic forms of typhoidal Salmonellae has been targeted. Following B-cell epitope and B-cell derived T-cell epitope prediction and interaction studies with major histocompatibility complexes using molecular docking, a peptide epitope was selected. Further, it was screened for its presence in majority of typhoidal serovars along with other useful attributes, in silico. Thereafter, safety studies were performed with the synthesized peptide. Subsequently, immunization studies were carried out using S. Typhi as well as S. Paratyphi A induced murine peritonitis model. Active immunization with peptide-BSA conjugate resulted in 75% and 80% mice survival following lethal challenge with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A respectively, along with a significant IgG antibody titer, thereby highlighting its immunogenic potential. Reduced bacterial burden in vital organs along with improved histoarchitecture and cytokine levels further substantiated the protective efficacy of the proposed candidate. Passive immunization studies with the candidate verified the protective efficacy of the generated antibodies against lethal challenge of bacteria in mice. Given the endemic nature of enteric fever and the antigenic variability observed in Salmonella serotypes, present study highlights the importance of using a vaccine candidate, which, along with generating a strong immune response, also exhibits a broad coverage against both, S. Typhi as well as S. Paratyphi A strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shania Vij
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Reena Thakur
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Laxmi Kumari
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Block I, South Campus, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Zhou M, Shi Q, Zhang X, Mei L, Ye Y, Fang C, Shang S. Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae Harboring ST233, ST1263, and ST1845 in Children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:727811. [PMID: 34490148 PMCID: PMC8417408 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.727811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aims to analyze the molecular epidemiology, resistance, and pathogenicity of Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae isolated from children. Methods Whole genome sequencing was carried out, and molecular serotypes, sequence types, resistance genes, and virulence genes of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae isolates were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was determined by commercialized microdilution method. Results A total of three isolates of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae were isolated during 2015 to 2020. The molecular serotypes of the three strains were 61:c:z35, 61:l,v:1,5,7:[z57], and 65:k:z, respectively, and the sequence types were ST1845, ST233, and ST1263. All the three isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefepime, amoxycillin/clavulanic acid, piperacillin/tazobactam, ertapenem, imipenem, levofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. No other resistant gene was detected except aac(6')-Iaa. There were no resistant plasmids detected in all the three isolates. A total of 76 genes were present in all isolates, containing 49 genes of Type III Secretion System (T3SS) mediated by SPI-1and SPI-2, 13 genes of adherence (type 1 fimbriae, Agf, and MisL-related genes), 11 genes of iron uptake (Yersiniabactin), two genes of magnesium uptake, and one gene of typhoid toxin(cdtB). Conclusion The serotypes and sequence types of S. enterica subsp. diarizonae isolates were rarely reported in children; all the S. enterica subsp. diarizonae isolates were susceptible to detected antibiotics; T3SS, adherence, iron uptake, magnesium uptake, and typhoid toxin were responsible for pathogenicity of the S. enterica subsp. diarizonae isolates in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiucheng Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiucai Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingling Mei
- Microbiological Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqiang Shang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China
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Protective function of surface layer protein from Lactobacillus casei fb05 against intestinal pathogens in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 546:15-20. [PMID: 33561743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella are common pathogenic bacteria in human intestine, which can infect epithelial cells and cause diseases. Adhesion to intestinal tissue is the first step of pathogen infection. This work was to investigate the protective function of surface layer protein (SLP) from Lactobacillus casei fb05 against the harmful effects of E. coli and Salmonella on intestinal tissue (collagen and HT-29 cells). The SLP of L. casei fb05 was identified by transmission electron microscopy and SDS-PAGE. The purified SLP could reduce the adhesion of E. coli and Salmonella to collagen and HT-29 cells as observed by light microscope. The flow cytometry results showed that the L. casei fb05 SLP decreased the two pathogens-induced apoptosis of HT-29 cells by about 45%-49%. In addition, the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 caused by the two pathogens was significantly declined by the interference of the L. casei fb05 SLP. All the findings demonstrated that the L. casei fb05 SLP could decrease the deleterious effects of E. coli and Salmonella on intestinal tract in two ways: reducing pathogen adhesion and inhibiting pathogen-induced apoptosis. The potential of L. casei fb05 SLP in the treatment of intestinal diseases might be explored in this work.
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Febriza A, Natzir R, Hatta M, As'ad S, Budu ., Kaelan C, Kasim VN, Idrus HH. The Role of IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR in Inhibiting the Growth of Salmonella Typhi: in vivo Study. Open Microbiol J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802014010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim:
The prevalence of typhoid fever is reportedly high, especially in Asia. When a pathogen enters the human body, there are markers in the form of molecules that will be known by the innate immune system. Specific molecular markers of gram negative bacteria, which are Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and Toll-Like receptors-4 will interact with LPS. The binding between LPS and TLR-4 will give rise to activation signals that will activate innate immune cells. Immune cells will release a number of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. While Vitamin D Receptors (VDR) are expressed in large amounts in tumor tissue and infected cells. This study aimed to prove the role of IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR in inhibiting bacterial growth in mice that have been induced by S.Typhi.
Methods:
This research was a real experimental pre-post test design to investigate the level of IL-6, TNF-α and VDR in suppressing the growth of bacteria in the peritoneal fluid of S. Typhi, male, mice BALB/c. Mice were divided into three groups comprised of 10 mice each. All mice in groups A and B were intraperitoneally inoculated with S. Typhi strain Thy1 in study day 0. Group A was treated with antibiotic Levofloxacine, on study day 4th. Another study group, group B, was used as a placebo and received aquades on study day 4th. While group C as a control was not inoculated with S. Typhi. Blood samples from three groups for the calculation of serum Il-6, TNF-α, and VDR were collected. This examination was taken four times; at baseline, 4th day, 10th day, and 30th day. For the calculation of bacterial colony, peritoneal fluid retrieval was collected three times, which is on 4th day, 10th day, and 30th day.
Results:
A repeated measure ANOVA in group A (antibiotic) and group B (placebo) group showed that mean IL-6, TNF-α, and VDR level differed statistically significant between times (p-value 0.000). There was a strong negative correlation between bacterial colony count and VDR level, which was statistically significant in both groups (group A; r = -0.875, p-value = 0.000 vs group B; r = -0.470, p-value = 0.002). IL-6 and TNF-α didn't give significant statistical correlation with bacterial colony count.
Conclusion:
VDR, IL-6, and TNF-α play an important role in killing bacteria. From the results of this study, IL-6 level is related to the number of bacterial colonies, the lower the IL-6 level, the less the number of bacterial colonies. Similarly, TNF-α levels have a positive correlation with the number of bacterial colonies. While VDR levels are also related to the number of bacterial colonies, the higher the VDR level, the lower the number of bacterial colonies.
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Mechesso AF, Quah Y, Park SC. Ginsenoside Rg3 reduces the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. J Ginseng Res 2019; 45:75-85. [PMID: 33437159 PMCID: PMC7790883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive infections due to foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, are prevalent and life-threatening. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) on the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium. Methods The impacts of Rg3 on bacterial growth and host cell viability were determined using the time kill and the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assays, respectively. Gentamicin assay and confocal microscopic examination were undertaken to determine the effects of Rg3 on the adhesive and invasive abilities of S. Typhimurium to Caco-2 and RAW 264.7 cells. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to assess the expression of genes correlated with the adhesion, invasion, and virulence of S. Typhimurium. Results Subinhibitory concentrations of Rg3 significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the adhesion, invasion, and intracellular survival of S. Typhimurium. Rg3 considerably reduced (p < 0.05) the bacterial motility as well as the release of nitrite from infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner. The expression of genes related to the adhesion, invasion, quorum sensing, and virulence of S. Typhimurium including cheY, hilA, OmpD, PrgK, rsgE, SdiA, and SipB was significantly reduced after Rg3 treatment. Besides, the compound downregulated rac-1 and Cdc-42 that are essential for actin remodeling and membrane ruffling, thereby facilitating Salmonella entry into host cells. This report is the first to describe the effects of Rg3 on "trigger" entry mechanism and intracellular survival S. Typhimurium. Conclusion Rg3 could be considered as a supplement agent to prevent S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham F Mechesso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yixian Quah
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Trikha R, Rishi P, Tewari R. Remediation of intramacrophageal Shigella dysenteriae type 1 by probiotic lactobacilli isolated from human infants' stool samples. Indian J Med Res 2017; 145:679-686. [PMID: 28948960 PMCID: PMC5644304 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1212_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Shigella dysenteriae is one of the most virulent pathogens causing bacillary dysentery and is responsible for high mortality in infants. To reduce the load of antibiotic therapy for treating shigellosis, this study was carried out to assess the ex vivo effect of novel probiotic lactobacilli, isolated from infant's stool samples, on killing S. dysenteriae type 1 residing in the rat macrophages. Methods: Stool samples from infants were collected, processed for the isolation of lactobacilli and screened for the probiotic attributes (acid tolerance, bile tolerance, ability to adhere intestinal cells and anti-S. dysenteriae activity). The effect of cell-free supernatant of lactobacilli on Shigella- infected macrophages in terms of phagocytic ability, extent of lipid peroxidation, nitrite, superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels was evaluated. Results: Based on the probiotic attributes, three lactobacilli were isolated from the stool samples of infants. Using classical and molecular tools, these isolates were identified as Lactobacillus pentosus, L. Paraplantarum and L. rhamnosus. All the three lactobacilli had the ability to kill intramacrophage S. dysentriae type 1. The anti-Shigella activity of the probiotic lactobacilli was attributed to increased antioxidative ability and decreased free radical production by the infected macrophages. Interpretation & conclusions: Probiotic cocktail of L. pentosus, L. paraplantarum and L. rhamnosus showed ex vivo killing of S. dysenteriae residing inside the rat macrophages significantly. This cocktail has the potential to be used as a natural alternative for treating S. dysenteriae infection, especially in infants, however, further studies need to be done to confirm these finding in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Trikha
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rupinder Tewari
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Meng J, Zhang QX, Lu RR. Surface layer protein from Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM inhibit intestinal pathogen-induced apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 96:766-774. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Priya A, Kaur K, Bhattacharyya S, Chakraborti A, Ghosh S. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:217-225. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anshu Priya
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Kiranjeet Kaur
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Anuradha Chakraborti
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Sujata Ghosh
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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Lai XH, Xu Y, Chen XM, Ren Y. Macrophage cell death upon intracellular bacterial infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2:e779. [PMID: 26690967 DOI: 10.14800/macrophage.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage-pathogen interaction is a complex process and the outcome of this tag-of-war for both sides is to live or die. Without attempting to be comprehensive, this review will discuss the complexity and significance of the interaction outcomes between macrophages and some facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens as exemplified by Francisella, Salmonella, Shigella and Yersinia. Upon bacterial infection, macrophages can die by a variety of ways, such as apoptosis, autophagic cell death, necrosis, necroptosis, oncosis, pyronecrosis, pyroptosis etc, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-He Lai
- Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China ; Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yunsheng Xu
- Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China ; Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China ; Department of Dermato-venerology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Chen
- Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China ; Institute of Translational Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China ; Department of Pediatric Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Institute of Inflammation and Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA)
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Rishi P, Bhogal A, Arora S, Pandey SK, Verma I, Kaur IP. Improved oral therapeutic potential of nanoencapsulated cryptdin formulation against Salmonella infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 72:27-33. [PMID: 25724130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An encapsulated system for cryptdin-2 (a Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide) was developed, with a view to help it sustain adverse gut conditions and to ensure its bioavailability on oral administration. The formulation was characterized on the basis of particle size, zeta potential and polydispersity index. Cryptdin-2 loaded nanoparticles of size 105±7 nm, formulated by ionotropic gelation method using chitosan: tripolyphosphate (5:2), revealed 60% drug entrapment efficiency with 65% in vitro release in 4.5 h. Developed system was evaluated for its therapeutic application against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice, on the basis of survivability of animals, bacterial load in tissues, histo-architecture and oxidative damage markers. Infected mice when treated with the encapsulated peptide showed 83% survivability and approximately 2 log unit reductions in the bacterial load in the tissues versus 100% mortality observed with the free peptide. The encapsulated cryptdin-2 also achieved a decrease in the level of oxidants, particularly nitrite by 3.25 folds and increased the level of antioxidant catalase by 2 folds when compared to the levels exhibited by the free peptide. The bacteriological and biochemical alterations illustrated by encapsulated peptide co-related well with the histo-architectural studies. The study is a first pre-clinical report on the oral effectiveness of cryptdin-2 by its suitable encapsulation and has potential for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Akanksha Bhogal
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sumeha Arora
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Satish K Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Pal Kaur
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
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Jindal G, Tewari R, Gautam A, Pandey SK, Rishi P. Immunological characterization of recombinant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi FliC protein expressed in Escherichia coli. AMB Express 2012; 2:55. [PMID: 23067582 PMCID: PMC3502275 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-2-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Like any other enteric pathogen, Salmonella also encounters acidic stress in the stomach as well as within the host macrophage milieu. However, the pathogen is reported to combat this stress through acid tolerance response (ATR), expressing a number of genes and eventually the proteins. Recently, an acid induced outer membrane phenotype encoded by fliC gene in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi has been identified. In the present study, fliC gene was cloned to study its biological implications. The recombinant FliC (rFliC) protein was observed to stimulate the production of antibodies. These antibodies could also recognize the FliC protein (antigen) in the clinical samples i.e. blood samples from typhoid patents as well as healthy blood samples spiked with serovar Typhi. Moreover, the rFliC also reacted with the sera from patients suffering with typhoid fever indicating its in-vivo immunogenicity. Ex-vivo study revealed that rFliC has the potential to stimulate the macrophages to generate higher levels of inflammatory mediators such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite. The inflammatory potential of FliC was also confirmed in-vivo, by the paw oedema test as well as by flicking response of the inflamed paw indicating hyperalgesia occurring during inflammatory response. The findings of the present study indicate that acid induced FliC might be one of the factors enhancing the virulence of serovar Typhi under the host acidic conditions and may prove to be helpful in designing the prophylactic measures.
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Rishi P, Bharrhan S, Singh G, Kaur IP. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum and L-arginine against endotoxin-induced liver injury in a rat model. Life Sci 2011; 89:847-53. [PMID: 21958471 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Use of probiotics, alone or as adjunct to other established therapies, has been reported to have potential benefits. Recently, we have reported protective potential of probiotic against Salmonella-induced liver injury. However, co-supplementation with prebiotics did not result in meaningful synergism at systemic level. Owing to the action of probiotics at the mucosal level and of arginine at systemic level, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum alone or in conjunction with arginine to combat endotoxin-mediated liver injury in rats. MAIN METHODS Bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected intraperitoneally and animals were sacrificed 8h post-challenge. Efficacy of L. plantarum alone or in conjunction with l-arginine was determined on the basis of enzyme markers, histology, levels of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in addition to identification of amino acids by paper chromatography. KEY FINDINGS Prior supplementation of LPS-challenged rats with L. plantarum (10(10)CFU per rat given orally for 10 days) demonstrated decreased levels of liver enzymes, NO and TNF-α. Interestingly, complementing Lactobacillus with arginine revealed a synergistic decrease not only in the liver markers but also in NO and TNF-α along with increased intensity of ornithine and methionine. Histological evidence also confirmed the protective efficacy of probiotic in conjunction with l-arginine. SIGNIFICANCE Presence of ornithine and methionine in the probiotic-arginine co-supplemented group suggests involvement of arginase-induced synthesis of polyamines. This study highlights that L. plantarum may direct l-arginine metabolism towards polyamine synthesis thereby exhibiting synergistic effect against liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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In vitro and in vivo synergistic effects of cryptdin 2 and ampicillin against Salmonella. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:4176-82. [PMID: 21690282 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00273-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In view of the emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains, there is a need for therapeutic alternatives. To reduce the dose of antibiotic required in order to decrease the associated side effects, the present study was aimed at evaluating the synergism between cryptdin 2 (a Paneth cell antimicrobial peptide) and ampicillin (Amp) against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. The synergy was evaluated in terms of the fractional bactericidal concentration (FBC) index, time-kill assay results (in vitro), macrophage functions, i.e., intracellular killing, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase activity, and generation of nitrite (ex vivo), and decreases in CFU of salmonellae in livers, spleens, and small intestines of infected mice treated with cryptdin 2 and/or Amp (in vivo). In vitro synergism between the two agents was observed on the basis of the FBC index and time-kill assays. When the agents were used in combination, ex vivo studies revealed an enhanced effect on macrophage functions, particularly exhibiting a synergetic effect in terms of SOD levels. In vivo synergy was indicated by larger log unit decreases in all target organs of mice treated with the combination than those for the drugs used alone. These results point toward the possible use of cryptdin 2 as an adjunct to ampicillin and may help in developing alternate strategies to combat Salmonella infections.
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Rishi P, Preet S, Kaur P. Effect of L. plantarum cell-free extract and co-trimoxazole against Salmonella Typhimurium: a possible adjunct therapy. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2011; 10:9. [PMID: 21352573 PMCID: PMC3056735 DOI: 10.1186/1476-0711-10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Frequent and indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to the development of multi-drug resistant bacterial strains. It necessitates the exploitation of alternative therapeutic strategies. In order to reduce the dose of antibiotic required and to decrease the associated side effects, the present study was aimed at evaluating the synergism, if any, between a conventional antibiotic, co-trimoxazole (CTZ)) and cell free supernatant (CFS) of a probiotic (L. plantarum) against S. Typhimurium NCTC 74. This antimicrobial combination was selected on the basis of antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella and L. plantarum. Methods The synergy was evaluated in terms of size of zone of inhibition, fractional inhibitory concentration index, time-kill assay (in-vitro) as well as macrophage functions (ex-vivo). Results The concentration producing the same or higher antibacterial effect (size of zone of inhibition) was reduced to half when both the agents were used in combination with respect to the concentrations required when used separately. CTZ and CFS exhibited synergetic activity against Salmonella by checkerboard microtitre test and the time-kill test. Ex-vivo studies demonstrated a significantly higher intracellular killing of bacteria by macrophages treated with CFS (80 AU/ml) + (CTZ) (2 μg/ml) as compared to when treated with both separately at higher concentrations. Significant reduction in the extent of lipid peroxidation and nitrite levels generated by macrophages in presence of CFS and CTZ, in conjunction, further substantiated the synergistic efficacy of the combination. Conclusions The antimicrobial efficacy of this combination indicates that it may serve as the basis in developing alternative strategies to combat Salmonella infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences Block, Panjab University, Sector-14, Chandigarh-160014, India.
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Wu S, Li Y, Xu Y, Li Q, Chu Y, Huang R, Qin Z. A Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi plasmid induces rapid and massive apoptosis in infected macrophages. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:271-8. [PMID: 20473323 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
pR(ST98) is a chimeric plasmid isolated from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. typhi) that mediates the functions of drug resistance and virulence. Previously, we reported that Salmonella plasmid virulence (spv) genes were present in S. typhi. In our current study, we investigated whether plasmid pR(ST98) exhibits significant cytotoxicity in macrophages. pR(ST98) was transferred into the avirulent Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. typhimurium) strain RIA to create the transconjugant pR(ST98)/RIA. The standard S. typhimurium virulent strain SR-11, which carries a 100-kb virulence plasmid, was used as a positive control. The bacterial strains were incubated with a murine macrophage-like cell line (J774A.1) in vitro. Apoptosis of J774A.1 cells was examined by electron microscopy and flow cytometry after annexin-V/propidium iodide labeling, and the survival of Salmonella strains in J774A.1 cells was determined. Results showed that macrophages infected with strain pR(ST98)/RIA displayed greater levels of apoptosis than those infected with RIA and that pR(ST98 )may increase bacterial survival in macrophages. Further studies showed that the pR(ST98)-induced death of macrophages was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and that pR(ST98 )may activate caspase-9 and then caspase-3. The research data indicate that the virulence of bacteria that contain the pR(ST98) plasmid is enhanced; the presence of this plasmid increases the survival of the bacterial pathogen and acts through the mitochondrial pathway to mediate macrophage apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Wu
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Rishi P, Mavi SK, Bharrhan S, Shukla G, Tewari R. Protective efficacy of probiotic alone or in conjunction with a prebiotic in Salmonella-induced liver damage. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 69:222-30. [PMID: 19496820 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In view of the increasing interest in the bioecological and nutritional control of diseases, use of probiotics alone or in combination with prebiotics (synbiotics) appears as a therapeutic option for various diseases. In this study, an attempt was made to explore the protective potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a probiotic, inulin as a prebiotic and both L. acidophilus and inulin as synbiotic against Salmonella-induced liver damage in a murine model. The probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation resulted in decreased bacterial translocation in the liver of mice challenged with Salmonella typhimurium and decreased levels of serum aminotransferases, suggesting their protective role against Salmonella infection. Mice supplemented with these preparations before Salmonella challenge also revealed decreased levels of lipid peroxidation, increased levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione, along with reduced levels of nitric oxide. Thus, bacteriological and biochemical alterations correlated well with the histological evidence. Protection afforded by supplementation with the probiotic alone was found to be more effective. None of the observations was suggestive of the synergistic effect in the synbiotic-supplemented animals. Thus, it is indicated that the probiotic and the prebiotic used in the present study may act by different mechanisms involved in affording protection against Salmonella-induced liver damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Rishi
- Department of Microbiology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Castro-Eguiluz D, Pelayo R, Rosales-Garcia V, Rosales-Reyes R, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. B cell precursors are targets for Salmonella infection. Microb Pathog 2009; 47:52-6. [PMID: 19383536 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that, in mice, B cells are a reservoir for bacteria during Salmonella infection. Here, we show that, within the bone marrow, B cells and their precursors are targeted for infection by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. Our data suggest that B cells within the bone marrow may be a bacterial niche during chronic Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Castro-Eguiluz
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), DF, Mexico
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