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Pinto PR, Paredes AC, Almeida A. Pain Prevalence, Characteristics, and Impact Among People with Hemophilia: Findings from the First Portuguese Survey and Implications for Pain Management. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 21:458-471. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pny309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Hemophilia is a rare disorder characterized by spontaneous bleeding, with pain being a critical aspect. However, a systematic assessment of hemophilia-related pain in Portugal has never been conducted.
Objective
To understand the pain experience among Portuguese people with hemophilia (PWH) by describing its prevalence, characteristics, and impact and uncovering intervention needs in the realm of hemophilia-related pain care.
Methods
A cross-sectional observational survey, with age-adapted versions of questions concerning pain, emotional distress, and quality of life, was answered by 104 adults, 21 children/teenagers (10–17 years), and 19 children (1–9 years).
Results
Pain was reported by 82 (78.8%) adults, 16 (76.2%) children/teenagers, and 13 (68.4%) children, with 65 (62.5%), 13 (61.9%), and eight (42.1%) of them reporting pain lasting more than three months, respectively. The mean number of pain locations (SD) was 5.23 (3.95) for adults, 4.13 (3.48) for children/teenagers, and 3.15 (1.99) for children age 1–9 years, with lower limbs pain causing the greatest negative impact. More frequent pain-triggering factors were physical effort/movements (61, 74.4%) for adults and hemarthrosis for younger groups (children/teenagers: 14, 87.5%; children: 9, 69.2%). Bleeds yielded the highest mean pain intensity (adults: M [SD] = 5.67 [2.09]; children/teenagers: M [SD] = 5.69 [2.15]). Adults with pain revealed more anxiety (odds ratio [OR] = 1.698, P = 0.003) and depression (OR = 1.961, P = 0.025) and lower quality of life (OR = 0.928, P = 0.001).
Conclusions
The current findings highlight the high prevalence, duration, and frequency of pain at all ages, its potentially simultaneous acute and chronic nature, its likelihood to affect multiple locations concurrently, and its detrimental impact. Important insights concerning intervention needs are presented, ultimately contributing to the improvement of hemophilia-related pain management and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ribeiro Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Paredes
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Donoso-Úbeda E, Meroño-Gallut J, López-Pina JA, Cuesta-Barriuso R. Safety of fascial therapy in adult patients with hemophilic arthropathy of ankle. A cohort study. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2018; 35:90-94. [PMID: 29550698 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemophilic arthropathy is characterized by loss of function and chronic pain. Fascial therapy mobilizes the connective tissue, intervening in the state of the injured fascial complex and the surrounding tissues. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to evaluate the safety of a physiotherapy program through fascial therapy in adult patients with hemophilic ankle arthropathy. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Twenty-three adult patients with hemophilia from 26 to 65 years of age were recruited. The intervention consisted of three sessions of 45-minute fascial therapy for three consecutive weeks. An evaluation was carried out before as well as after treatment. The study variables were joint status (assessed with Hemophilia Joint Health Score), joint pain (using visual analogue scale), ankle range of motion (with a universal goniometer) and bleeding frequency (administering self-registration of bleeding). The mean difference was calculated using the Student's t-test for paired samples and using the Cohen formula we calculated the effect size of the dependent variables. RESULTS None of the patients developed muscular or articular bleeding during the treatment period. After treatment, significant improvements (p < 0.05) in plantar flexion, ankle pain under load and joint condition were observed in both ankles. Similarly, we found improvement in left ankle dorsiflexion. CONCLUSIONS The application of physiotherapy through fascial therapy does not appear to produce muscle or joint hemorrhages. A treatment through three sessions of fascial therapy may improve joint pain, mobility and joint ankle condition in patients with hemophilic arthropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rubén Cuesta-Barriuso
- Department of Physiotherapy, European University of Madrid, Spain; Royal Victoria Eugenia Foundation, Madrid, Spain; Fishemo CEE, Spanish Federation of Hemophilia, Madrid, Spain.
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Timmer MA, Gouw SC, Feldman BM, Zwagemaker A, de Kleijn P, Pisters MF, Schutgens REG, Blanchette V, Srivastava A, David JA, Fischer K, van der Net J. Measuring activities and participation in persons with haemophilia: A systematic review of commonly used instruments. Haemophilia 2017; 24:e33-e49. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Timmer
- Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Physical Therapy Research; Department of Rehabilitation; Physical Therapy Science and Sport; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - S. C. Gouw
- Department of Pediatric Hematology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - B. M. Feldman
- Division of Rheumatology; Department of Paediatrics; The Hospital for Sick Children; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation; Dalla Lana School of Public Health; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. Zwagemaker
- Department of Pediatric Hematology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - P. de Kleijn
- Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Physical Therapy Research; Department of Rehabilitation; Physical Therapy Science and Sport; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - M. F. Pisters
- Physical Therapy Research; Department of Rehabilitation; Physical Therapy Science and Sport; Brain Center Rudolf Magnus; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
- Center for Physical Therapy Research and Innovation in Primary Care; Julius Health Care Centers; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - R. E. G. Schutgens
- Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - V. Blanchette
- Department of Pediatrics; Division of Hematology/Oncology Hospital for Sick Children; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - A. Srivastava
- Department of Haematology; Christian Medical College; Vellore India
| | - J. A. David
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Christian Medical College; Vellore India
| | - K. Fischer
- Van Creveldkliniek; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht University; The Netherlands
| | - J. van der Net
- Department of Child Development and Exercise; University Medical Center Utrecht and Children's Hospital; Utrecht University The Netherlands
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De la Corte-Rodriguez H, Rodriguez-Merchan EC. The ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health) developed by the WHO for measuring function in hemophilia. Expert Rev Hematol 2016; 9:661-8. [PMID: 27216578 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2016.1193433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessment of the disease in people with hemophilia (PWH) must include an analysis of functioning. Researchers have done a lot of work over the last two decades in developing disease specific assessment tools in hemophilia - some of them based on the ICF (International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health). AREAS COVERED This article is a narrative review of the ICF developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the context of hemophilia. Expert commentary: The WFH has developed a website with a 'compendium of assessment tools' based on the ICF. The ICF developed by the WHO makes it possible to propose an approach that prioritizes capacities over difficulties. This article is intended to motivate physicians who treat PWH to incorporate the ICF into their assessments. A generalized use of the ICF will provide a common communication context. The ICF developed by the WHO should be used in hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H De la Corte-Rodriguez
- a Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , La Paz University Hospital , Madrid , Spain
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Cuesta-Barriuso R, Gómez-Conesa A, López-Pina JA. Effectiveness of two modalities of physiotherapy in the treatment of haemophilic arthropathy of the ankle: a randomized pilot study. Haemophilia 2013; 20:e71-8. [DOI: 10.1111/hae.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Cuesta-Barriuso
- Degree of Physiotherapy; Faculty of Health Sciences; Catholic University San Antonio; Murcia Spain
| | - A. Gómez-Conesa
- Research Group in Physiotherapy and Health Promotion; Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
| | - J.-A. López-Pina
- Department of Basic Phychology and Methodology; University of Murcia; Murcia Spain
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van Genderen FR, van Meeteren NLU, Fischer K, Helders PJM. Determinants of participation in patients with severe haemophilia. Haemophilia 2012; 18:860-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2012.02884.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - P. J. M. Helders
- Child Development and Exercise Center; University Childrens' Hospital; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht; The Netherlands
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Perenboom RJM, Wijlhuizen GJ, Garre FG, Heerkens YF, van Meeteren NLU. An empirical exploration of the relations between the health components of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Disabil Rehabil 2012; 34:1556-61. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2011.647233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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8
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Groen W, van der Net J, Bos K, Abad A, Bergstrom BM, Blanchette VS, Feldman BM, Funk S, Helders P, Hilliard P, Manco-Johnson M, Petrini P, Zourikian N, Fischer K. Joint health and functional ability in children with haemophilia who receive intensive replacement therapy. Haemophilia 2011; 17:783-90. [PMID: 21790897 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2011.02606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Joint physical examination is an important outcome in haemophilia; however its relationship with functional ability is not well established in children with intensive replacement therapy. Boys aged 4-16 years were recruited from two European and three North American treatment centres. Joint physical structure and function was measured with the Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) while functional ability was measured with the revised Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (CHAQ₃₈. Two haemophilia-specific domains were created by selecting items of the CHAQ₃₈ that cover haemophilia-specific problems. Associations between CHAQ, HJHS, cumulative number of haemarthroses and age were assessed. A total of 226 subjects - mean 10.8 years old (SD 3.8) - participated; the majority (68%) had severe haemophilia. Most severe patients (91%) were on prophylactic treatment. Lifetime number of haemarthroses [median=5; interquartile range (IQR)=1-12] and total HJHS (median = 5; IQR=1-12) correlated strongly (ρ = 0.51). Total HJHS did not correlate with age and only weakly (ρ=-0.19) with functional ability scores (median=0; IQR=-0.06-0). Overall, haemarthroses were reported most frequently in the ankles. Detailed analysis of ankle joint health scores revealed moderate associations (ρ=0.3-0.5) of strength, gait and atrophy with lower extremity tasks (e.g. stair climbing). In this population, HJHS summating six joints did not perform as well as individual joint scores, however, certain elements of ankle impairment, specifically muscle strength, atrophy and gait associated significantly with functional loss in lower extremity activities. Mild abnormalities in ankle assessment by HJHS may lead to functional loss. Therefore, ankle joints may warrant special attention in the follow up of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Groen
- Child Development and Exercise Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, University Children's Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Biere-Rafi S, Haak BW, Peters M, Gerdes VEA, Büller HR, Kamphuisen PW. The impairment in daily life of obese haemophiliacs. Haemophilia 2011; 17:204-8. [PMID: 21332881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2010.02417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health concern not only in the general population but also in patients with haemophilia. Little is known about the consequences of obesity for haemophilia patients. As obesity is an important risk factor for osteoarthritis, these effects may be even more pronounced in haemophilia patients who are prone to joint damage. The association between obesity and limitations in daily activities as well as the frequency of bleeds and use of factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate in obese and normal weight haemophilia patients was assessed. Fifteen obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg m(-2)) and fifteen normal weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg m(-2)) haemophilia A patients matched for severity and age were analysed. The Hemophilia Activities List (HAL) was used to assess the impairment in daily activities. Compared with the normal weight haemophilia patients, obese haemophiliacs had a significantly lower sum score (88/100 and 98/100, respectively, P = 0.02), which was mainly caused by an impaired lower limb function. All other components of the HAL also showed lower scores in the obese patients, but did not reach statistical significance. A higher frequency of bleeds requiring treatment with FVIII concentrate occurred in the obese haemophiliacs (17 bleeds in eight individuals) compared with the controls (three bleeds in three individuals) (P = 0.045). Compared with non-obese haemophilia patients, obese haemophiliacs had more joint bleeds and a lower overall HAL score, which was driven by a lower limb function score. Prevention of overweight and weight reduction requires special attention from physicians treating haemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biere-Rafi
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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The relevance of depressive symptoms and social support to disability in women with multiple sclerosis or fibromyalgia. Int J Rehabil Res 2010; 33:142-50. [PMID: 19770668 DOI: 10.1097/mrr.0b013e3283310cce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis and fibromyalgia syndrome may spur substantial disability for those affected. Using structural equation modeling, this secondary analysis examined predictors of disability in women with multiple sclerosis (n = 118) and fibromyalgia syndrome (n = 197) recruited for separate wellness studies. Greater functional limitations, lower economic adequacy, less social support, and higher depressive symptoms predicted greater disability in both groups. The final multigroup model showed good fit chi [(111, n = 315) = 135.92, comparative fit index = 0.99, root mean square error of approximation = 0.03] and identified similarities and differences across groups.
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11
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Noonan VK, Kopec JA, Noreau L, Singer J, Dvorak MF. A review of participation instruments based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Disabil Rehabil 2009; 31:1883-901. [PMID: 19479505 DOI: 10.1080/09638280902846947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Phillips LJ, Stuifbergen AK. Structural equation modeling of disability in women with fibromyalgia or multiple sclerosis. West J Nurs Res 2009; 31:89-109. [PMID: 19150972 DOI: 10.1177/0193945908328174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structural equation modeling (SEM), a popular statistical technique for analysis of multivariate data in the social sciences, is increasingly being used in the behavioral and clinical sciences. SEM is appropriate for posing complex models that evaluate the direct and indirect influence of several variables on one or more outcome variables. A biosocial model of disability, the Disablement Process Model, lends itself to evaluation by SEM. Using SEM, this study examined predictors of disability (Age, Education, Duration of Illness, and Economic Adequacy Functional Limitations, Depressive Symptoms, and Social Support) separately in women with multiple sclerosis (MS) and women with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and compared the respective models across groups. Data were analyzed with Analysis of Moment Structures (Amos) 7.0. Problems identified in initial confirmatory model testing included collateral correlated errors, a negative error variance, and poor performance of the disability indicators. After specifying well-fitting confirmatory models for each group, a structural model for the larger FMS group was estimated. Model refinement resulted in the reversal of the path between Depressive Symptoms and Social Support. Further model revisions were based on comparative fit statistics and theoretical logic. The structural model developed from the FMS sample required minimal changes to fit the MS sample. The multisample model explained greater variance in disability in women with FMS than in women with MS. Social support and depressive symptoms mediated the effect of functional limitations on disability. Interventions that target modifiable characteristics, such as depression and social support, may improve outcomes such as disability.
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DEN UIJL IEM, FISCHER K, VAN DER BOM JG, GROBBEE DE, ROSENDAAL FR, PLUG I. Clinical outcome of moderate haemophilia compared with severe and mild haemophilia. Haemophilia 2009; 15:83-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2008.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Erdmann PG, Teunissen LL, van Genderen FR, Notermans NC, Lindeman E, Helders PJM, van Meeteren NLU. Functioning of patients with chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). J Neurol 2007; 254:1204-11. [PMID: 17385078 PMCID: PMC2794339 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although patients with Chronic Idiopathic Axonal Polyneuropathy (CIAP) report a slow deterioration of sensory and motor functions, the impact of this deterioration on daily functioning has not yet been investigated in detail. The first aim of this crosssectional study involving 56 patients with CIAP was, therefore, to assess patients’ functioning with use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The second aim was to find determinants of walking ability, dexterity, and autonomy. Fatigue and limited walking ability were present in most patients and differed considerably. In regression models, age, muscle strength, and fatigue together explained 63% of the variance in walking ability, which by itself explained almost 50% of the variance in patients’ autonomy indoors and outdoors (42% and 49%, respectively). Muscle strength and sensory function scores together explained 30% of the variance in dexterity scores, which in turn explained only 13% of the variance in autonomy indoors. The diminished autonomy of patients with CIAP might be improved by reducing fatigue, by means of training, and by improving walking ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Erdmann
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Dept. of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, PO Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Beeton K, De Kleijn P, Hilliard P, Funk S, Zourikian N, Bergstrom BM, Engelbert RHH, Van Der Net JJ, Manco-Johnson MJ, Petrini P, Van den Berg M, Abad A, Feldman BM, Doria AS, Lundin B, Poonnoose PM, John JA, Kavitha ML, Padankatti SM, Devadarasini M, Pazani D, Srivastava A, Van Genderen FR, Vachalathiti R. Recent developments in clinimetric instruments. Haemophilia 2006; 12 Suppl 3:102-7. [PMID: 16684003 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2006.01265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of impairment and function is essential in order to monitor joint status and evaluate therapeutic interventions in patients with haemophilia. The improvements in the treatment of haemophilia have required the development of more sensitive tools to detect the more minor dysfunctions that may now be apparent. This paper outlines some of the recent developments in this field. The Haemophilia Joint Health Score (HJHS) provides a systematic and robust measure of joint impairment. The MRI Scoring System has been designed to provide a comprehensive scoring system combining both progressive and additive scales. The Functional Independence Score for Haemophilia (FISH) has been developed to assess performance of functional activities and can be used in conjunction with the Haemophilia Activities List (HAL) which provides a self report measure of function. It is recommended that both measures are evaluated as these tools measure different constructs. Further refinement and testing of the psychometric properties of all of these tools is in progress. More widespread use of these tools will enable the sharing of data across the world so promoting best practice and ultimately enhancing patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Beeton
- University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
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van Genderen FR, Fischer K, Heijnen L, de Kleijn P, van den Berg HM, Helders PJM, van Meeteren NLU. Pain and functional limitations in patients with severe haemophilia. Haemophilia 2006; 12:147-53. [PMID: 16476089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2516.2006.01203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Patients with severe haemophilia often experience pain caused by haemophilic arthropathy, and it is known that pain acts as a predictor of disability. The role of pain in functional limitations in these patients, however, has not been systematically investigated. The aim of this study was to describe pain as experienced by patients with haemophilia and to address the role of pain in subsequent functional limitations. Seventy-eight adult patients (18-70 years) with severe haemophilia completed one questionnaire on pain and one on self-perceived functional abilities. Two-thirds of the patients suffered from more than one painful joint, the ankle being mentioned most frequently (n=43). Analgesics were used by 36% of the patients indicating having pain. Six of 10 most frequently mentioned pain descriptors were of evaluative nature. Evaluative qualities of pain were associated with pain intensity, which in turn was associated with the impact of pain on daily life. Pain outcomes, after adjusting for age and treatment modality, explained 3-22% of the variance in self-perceived functional abilities. Data on radiological joint damage (Pettersson scores) were retrieved for a subgroup of 28 younger patients on prophylaxis and no significant correlations with pain parameters were found. Over two-thirds of the patients with severe haemophilia had one or more painful joints. Pain plays a small, but significant role in functional limitations. In the identified subgroup, arthropathy, as measured by the Pettersson score, seemed to have no role in pain experience. Promoting analgesic use might decrease the impact of pain on functional limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R van Genderen
- Van Creveldkliniek; Department Neurology and Neurosurgery, Section Rehabilitation Medicine, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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