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Lin GW, Chung CY, Cook CE, Lin MD, Lee WC, Chang CC. Germline specification and axis determination in viviparous and oviparous pea aphids: conserved and divergent features. Dev Genes Evol 2022; 232:51-65. [PMID: 35678925 PMCID: PMC9329388 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-022-00690-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are hemimetabolous insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis without pupation. The annual life cycle of most aphids includes both an asexual (viviparous) and a sexual (oviparous) phase. Sexual reproduction only occurs once per year and is followed by many generations of asexual reproduction, during which aphids propagate exponentially with telescopic development. Here, we discuss the potential links between viviparous embryogenesis and derived developmental features in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, particularly focusing on germline specification and axis determination, both of which are key events of early development in insects. We also discuss potential evolutionary paths through which both viviparous and oviparous females might have come to utilize maternal germ plasm to drive germline specification. This developmental strategy, as defined by germline markers, has not been reported in other hemimetabolous insects. In viviparous females, furthermore, we discuss whether molecules that in other insects characterize germ plasm, like Vasa, also participate in posterior determination and how the anterior localization of the hunchback orthologue Ap-hb establishes the anterior-posterior axis. We propose that the linked chain of developing oocytes and embryos within each ovariole and the special morphology of early embryos might have driven the formation of evolutionary novelties in germline specification and axis determination in the viviparous aphids. Moreover, based upon the finding that the endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola is closely associated with germ cells throughout embryogenesis, we propose presumptive roles for B. aphidicola in aphid development, discussing how it might regulate germline migration in both reproductive modes of pea aphids. In summary, we expect that this review will shed light on viviparous as well as oviparous development in aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gee-Way Lin
- Laboratory for Genomics and Development, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University (NTU), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yo Chung
- Laboratory for Genomics and Development, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University (NTU), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles E Cook
- Laboratory for Genomics and Development, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University (NTU), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chih Lee
- Research Center for Global SDGs Challenges, Office of Research and Development, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Chang
- Laboratory for Genomics and Development, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University (NTU), No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan.
- International Graduate Program of Molecular Science and Technology, NTU, Taipei, Taiwan.
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2
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Chung CY, Shigenobu S. Reproductive constraint in the social aphid Ceratovacuna japonica: Sterility regulation in the soldier caste of a viviparous insect. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 145:103756. [PMID: 35367587 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of the non-reproductive caste is a unique feature of eusocial insects. Apoptosis in oocytes plays a major role in constraining the reproductivity of the eusocial insects including bees, ants, and termites. However, the regulation of reproductive constraint in non-reproductives of primitively eusocial insects other than hymenopterans and blattodeans is almost unknown. Here, we investigated the soldier sterility in a hemipteran insect, the social aphid Ceratovacuna japonica. We compared the gonads of soldiers, that are completely sterile, with those of reproductives in their viviparous development. We found that soldiers possess a pair of ovaries and the same number of germaria as reproductives, but soldiers' ovarioles were small and lacking gastrulating embryos. Unlike in most model social insects, the staining of cleaved Caspase-3 showed apoptosis in the maternal nutritive cells, rather in the oocyte, of soldier ovaries. In addition, the ubiquitous C. japonica vasa1 and piwi2a expression indicates the developmental failure of embryos in soldier ovaries. The absence of posterior nos1, an insect posterior determinant, indicates deficient posterior patterning in soldier ovarioles. Our findings suggest a different mode of reproductive constraint, which regulates both oogenesis and embryogenesis in a viviparous insect ovary. This is the first report of the reproductive constraint in a viviparous social insect at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yo Chung
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genomics, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Aichi, Japan; Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan.
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Levin N, Yamakawa S, Morino Y, Wada H. Perspectives on divergence of early developmental regulatory pathways: Insight from the evolution of echinoderm double negative gate. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 146:1-24. [PMID: 35152980 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of gene regulatory networks (GRN) that orchestrate the highly coordinated course of development, is made possible by the network's robust nature for incorporating change without detrimental developmental outcome. It can be considered that the upstream network regulating early development, has immense influence over succeeding pathways thus may be less subjected to evolutionary modification. However, recent studies show incorporation of novel genes in such early developmental pathways such as the echinoderm pmar1 as evidence for drastic change occurring high in the GRN hierarchy. Here we discuss the mechanisms that underlie divergence of early developmental pathways utilizing promising insights from the evolution of echinoderm early mesoderm specification pathway of Pmar1-HesC double negative gate found solely in the euechinoid sea urchin lineage, as well as examples from other groups such as Spiralia and Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Levin
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shumpei Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morino
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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4
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Chipman AD. The evolution of the gene regulatory networks patterning the Drosophila Blastoderm. Curr Top Dev Biol 2021; 139:297-324. [PMID: 32450964 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila blastoderm gene regulatory network is one of the best studied networks in biology. It is composed of a series of tiered sub-networks that act sequentially to generate a primary segmental pattern. Many of these sub-networks have been studied in other arthropods, allowing us to reconstruct how each of them evolved over the transition from the arthropod ancestor to the situation seen in Drosophila today. I trace the evolution of each of these networks, showing how some of them have been modified significantly in Drosophila relative to the ancestral state while others are largely conserved across evolutionary timescales. I compare the putative ancestral arthropod segmentation network with that found in Drosophila and discuss how and why it has been modified throughout evolution, and to what extent this modification is unusual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel D Chipman
- The Department of Ecology, Evolution & Behavior, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Chung CY, Hsiao YM, Huang TY, Chang TH, Chang CC. Germline expression of the hunchback orthologues in the asexual viviparous aphids: a conserved feature within the Aphididae. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:752-765. [PMID: 29892979 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In animals, differentiation of germline from soma usually takes place during embryogenesis. Genes and their products that are preferentially expressed in the embryonic germ cells are regarded as candidates for maintaining germline fate or promoting germline identity. In Drosophila, for example, the protein encoded by the germline gene vasa is specifically restricted to the germ cells, while products of the gap gene hunchback (hb), a somatic gene, are preferentially expressed in the neuroblasts. In this study, we report the expression of both messenger RNA and protein encoded by Aphb, an hb orthologue in the asexual viviparous pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, in germ cells as well as in neuroblasts. We infer that expression of Aphb messenger RNA in the germ cells during the formation of germaria is required for the anterior localization of Aphb in the protruding oocytes. Germarial expression and anterior localization of ApKrüppel was also identified but, unlike Aphb, its expression was not detected in the migrating germ cells. Very similar patterns of hb expression were also identified in the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, suggesting that germline expression of hb is conserved within the Aphididae. To date, this pattern of hb germline expression has not been reported in other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-Y Chung
- Laboratory for Genetics and Development, Department of Entomology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Y-M Hsiao
- Laboratory for Genetics and Development, Department of Entomology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-Y Huang
- Laboratory for Genetics and Development, Department of Entomology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - T-H Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - C-C Chang
- Laboratory for Genetics and Development, Department of Entomology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Datta RR, Ling J, Kurland J, Ren X, Xu Z, Yucel G, Moore J, Shokri L, Baker I, Bishop T, Struffi P, Levina R, Bulyk ML, Johnston RJ, Small S. A feed-forward relay integrates the regulatory activities of Bicoid and Orthodenticle via sequential binding to suboptimal sites. Genes Dev 2018; 32:723-736. [PMID: 29764918 PMCID: PMC6004077 DOI: 10.1101/gad.311985.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Datta et al. define three major classes of enhancers that are differentially sensitive to binding and transcriptional activation by Bicoid (Bcd) and Orthodenticle (Otd). The specific activities of enhancers in each class are mediated by DNA motif variants preferentially bound by Bcd or Otd and the presence or absence of sites for cofactors that interact with these proteins. The K50 (lysine at amino acid position 50) homeodomain (HD) protein Orthodenticle (Otd) is critical for anterior patterning and brain and eye development in most metazoans. In Drosophila melanogaster, another K50HD protein, Bicoid (Bcd), has evolved to replace Otd's ancestral function in embryo patterning. Bcd is distributed as a long-range maternal gradient and activates transcription of a large number of target genes, including otd. Otd and Bcd bind similar DNA sequences in vitro, but how their transcriptional activities are integrated to pattern anterior regions of the embryo is unknown. Here we define three major classes of enhancers that are differentially sensitive to binding and transcriptional activation by Bcd and Otd. Class 1 enhancers are initially activated by Bcd, and activation is transferred to Otd via a feed-forward relay (FFR) that involves sequential binding of the two proteins to the same DNA motif. Class 2 enhancers are activated by Bcd and maintained by an Otd-independent mechanism. Class 3 enhancers are never bound by Bcd, but Otd binds and activates them in a second wave of zygotic transcription. The specific activities of enhancers in each class are mediated by DNA motif variants preferentially bound by Bcd or Otd and the presence or absence of sites for cofactors that interact with these proteins. Our results define specific patterning roles for Bcd and Otd and provide mechanisms for coordinating the precise timing of gene expression patterns during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea R Datta
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Jia Ling
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Jesse Kurland
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Xiaotong Ren
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Zhe Xu
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Gozde Yucel
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Jackie Moore
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Leila Shokri
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Isabel Baker
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Timothy Bishop
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Paolo Struffi
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Rimma Levina
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Martha L Bulyk
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Johnston
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Stephen Small
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
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7
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Ginzburg N, Cohen M, Chipman AD. Factors involved in early polarization of the anterior-posterior axis in the milkweed bugOncopeltus fasciatus. Genesis 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neta Ginzburg
- The Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Mira Cohen
- The Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - Ariel D. Chipman
- The Department of Ecology; Evolution and Behavior, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus; Givat Ram Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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8
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Lu HL, Chang CC, Wilson ACC. Amino acid transporters implicated in endocytosis of Buchnera during symbiont transmission in the pea aphid. EvoDevo 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 27895889 PMCID: PMC5117694 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many insects host their obligate, maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria in specialized cells called bacteriocytes. One of the best-studied insect nutritional endosymbioses is that of the aphid and its endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola. Aphids and Buchnera are metabolically and developmentally integrated, but the molecular mechanisms underlying Buchnera transmission and coordination with aphid development remain largely unknown. Previous work using electron microscopy to study aphid asexual embryogenesis has revealed that Buchnera transmission involves exocytosis from a maternal bacteriocyte followed by endocytotic uptake by a blastula. While the importance of exo- and endocytic cellular processes for symbiont transmission is clear, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are not known. Here, we shed light on the molecular mechanisms that regulate Buchnera transmission and developmental integration. Results We present the developmental atlas of ACYPI000536 and ACYPI008904 mRNAs during asexual embryogenesis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Immediately before Buchnera invasion, transcripts of both genes were detected by whole-mount in situ hybridization in the posterior syncytial nuclei of late blastula embryos. Following Buchnera invasion, expression of both genes was identified in the region occupied by Buchnera throughout embryogenesis. Notably during Buchnera migration, expression of both genes was not concomitant with the entirety of the bacterial mass but rather expression colocalized with Buchnera in the anterior region of the bacterial mass. In addition, we found that ACYPI000536 was expressed in nuclei at the leading edge of the bacterial mass, joining the bacterial mass in subsequent developmental stages. Finally, quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR suggested that early in development both transcripts were maternally provisioned to embryos. Conclusions We venture that ACYPI000536 and ACYPI008904 function as nutrient sensors at the site of symbiont invasion to facilitate TOR-pathway-mediated endocytosis of Buchnera by the aphid blastula. Our data support earlier reports of bacteriocyte determination involving a two-step recruitment process but suggest that the second wave of recruitment occurs earlier than previously described. Finally, our work highlights that bacteriocyte-enriched amino acid transporter paralogs have additionally been retained to play novel developmental roles in both symbiont recruitment and bacteriome development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0061-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA ; Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Chang
- Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ; Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Alex C C Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
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Nakao H. Hunchback knockdown induces supernumerary segment formation in Bombyx. Dev Biol 2016; 413:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Expression study of the hunchback ortholog in embryos of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Dev Genes Evol 2015; 225:207-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00427-015-0505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Lynch JA. Diversity of molecules and mechanisms in establishing insect anterior-posterior polarity. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 1:39-44. [PMID: 32846728 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (AP) patterning is an essential process that requires the generation of large amounts of positional information to properly specify many distinct cell fates along the long axis of the insect embryo. While the general molecular basis of this process has long been known in the fly Drosophila, detailed understanding of this process is still emerging in other insect species. What is now clear is that this process in extremely labile, and distinct AP patterning programs can exist even within a single species. This review presents recent progress on this topic in an attempt to synthesize the disparate data and provide an outlook on the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Lynch
- University of Illinois at Chicago, 4020 MBRB, 900 Ashland Ave., Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Chung CY, Cook CE, Lin GW, Huang TY, Chang CC. Reliable protocols for whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum: a comprehensive survey and analysis. INSECT SCIENCE 2014; 21:265-277. [PMID: 24850784 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA in situ hybridization (ISH), including chromogenic ISH (CISH) and fluorescent ISH (FISH), has become a powerful tool for revealing the spatial distribution of gene transcripts in model organisms. Previously, we developed a robust protocol for whole-mount RNA CISH in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, an emerging insect genomic model. In order to improve the resolving capacity of gene detection, we comprehensively surveyed current protocols of whole-mount RNA-FISH and developed protocols that allow, using confocal microscopy, clearer visualization of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) - including those subcellularly localized and those with spatially overlapping expression. We find that Fast dye-based substrate fluorescence (SF), tyramide signal amplification (TSA), and TSA Plus all enable identifying gene expression thanks to multiplex amplification of fluorescent signals. By contrast, methods of direct fluorescence (DF) do not allow visualizing signals. Detection of a single gene target was achieved with SF and TSA Plus for most mRNAs, whereas TSA only allowed visualization of abundant transcripts such as Apvas1 and Appiwi2 in the germ cells. For detection of multiple gene targets using double FISH, we recommend: (i) TSA/TSA, rather than TSA Plus/TSA Plus for colocalized mRNAs abundantly expressed in germ cells, as proteinase K treatment can be omitted; and (ii) SF/TSA Plus for other gene targets such as Apen1 and Apen2 as inactivation of enzyme conjugates is not required. SF/SF is not ideal for double FISH experiments due to signal blurring. Based on these new conditions for RNA-FISH, we have obtained a better understanding of germline specification and embryonic segmentation in the pea aphid. We anticipate that the RNA-FISH protocols for the pea aphid may also be used for other aphids and possibly other insect species, thus expanding the range of species from which useful insights into development and evolution may be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-yo Chung
- Laboratory for Genetics and Development, Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mao J, Zeng F. Plant-mediated RNAi of a gap gene-enhanced tobacco tolerance against the Myzus persicae. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:145-52. [PMID: 23949691 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9739-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant-mediated RNAi has been developed as a powerful weapon in the fight against agricultural insect pests. The gap gene hunchback (hb) is of crucial importance in insect axial patterning and knockdown of hb is deforming and lethal to the next generation. The peach potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), has many host plants and can be found throughout the world. To investigate the effect of plant-mediated RNAi on control of this insect, the hb gene in M. persicae was cloned, plant RNAi vector was constructed, and transgenic tobacco expressing Mphb dsRNA was developed. Transgenic tobacco had a different integration pattern of the transgene. Bioassays were performed by applying neonate aphids to homozygous transgenic plants in the T2 generation. Results revealed that continuous feeding of transgenic diet reduced Mphb mRNA level in the fed aphids and inhibited insect reproduction, indicating successful knockdown of the target gene in M. persicae by plant-mediated RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Mao
- The Key Laboratory of Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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Mao J, Liu C, Zeng F. Hunchback is required for abdominal identity suppression and germband growth in the parthenogenetic embryogenesis of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 84:209-221. [PMID: 24222010 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Aphid, a short germband insect, displays an embryogenesis different from that of long germband insect species. Furthermore, the development of its parthenogenetic and viviparous embryo is different from that of the embryo resulting from sexual reproduction. To better understand the genetic regulation of this type of embryogenesis, the functions of hunchback in asexual Acyrthosiphon pisum were investigated by parental RNAi. Microinjection of Aphb double-stranded RNA yielded several defective phenotypes. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that these defects resulted from reduction of Aphb mRNA level in injected aphids. All these results suggested that the hb gene in parthenogenetic and viviparous Acyrthosiphon pisum was involved in abdominal identity suppression and germband growth as its homologue does in sexual insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Chang CC, Hsiao YM, Huang TY, Cook CE, Shigenobu S, Chang TH. Noncanonical expression of caudal during early embryogenesis in the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum: maternal cad-driven posterior development is not conserved. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 22:442-455. [PMID: 23683148 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Previously we identified anterior localization of hunchback (Aphb) mRNA in oocytes and early embryos of the parthenogenetic and viviparous pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, suggesting that the breaking of anterior asymmetry in the oocytes leads to the formation of the anterior axis in embryos. In order to study posterior development in the asexual pea aphid, we cloned and analysed the developmental expression of caudal (Apcad), a posterior gene highly conserved in many animal phyla. We found that transcripts of Apcad were not detected in germaria, oocytes and embryos prior to the formation of the blastoderm in the asexual (viviparous) pea aphid. This unusual expression pattern differs from that of the existing insect models, including long- and short-germ insects, where maternal cad mRNA is passed to the early embryos and forms a posterior-anterior gradient. The first detectable Apcad expression occurred in the newly formed primordial germ cells and their adjacent blastodermal cells during late blastulation. From gastrulation onward, and as in other insects, Apcad mRNA is restricted to the posteriormost region of the germ band. Similarly, in the sexual (oviparous) oocytes we were able to identify anterior localization of Aphb mRNA but posterior localization of Apcad was not detected. This suggests that cad-driven posterior development is not conserved during early embryogenesis in asexual and sexual pea aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Chang
- Laboratory for Genetics and Development, Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Duncan EJ, Leask MP, Dearden PK. The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) genome encodes two divergent early developmental programs. Dev Biol 2013; 377:262-74. [PMID: 23416037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) can reproduce either sexually or asexually (parthenogenetically), giving rise, in each case, to almost identical adults. These two modes of reproduction are accompanied by differences in ovarian morphology and the developmental environment of the offspring, with sexual forms producing eggs that are laid, whereas asexual development occurs within the mother. Here we examine the effect each mode of reproduction has on the expression of key maternal and axis patterning genes; orthodenticle (otd), hunchback (hb), caudal (cad) and nanos (nos). We show that three of these genes (Ap-hb, Ap-otd and Ap-cad) are expressed differently between the sexually and asexually produced oocytes and embryos of the pea aphid. We also show, using immunohistochemistry and cytoskeletal inhibitors, that Ap-hb RNA is localized differently between sexually and asexually produced oocytes, and that this is likely due to differences in the 3' untranslated regions of the RNA. Furthermore, Ap-hb and Ap-otd have extensive expression domains in early sexually produced embryos, but are not expressed at equivalent stages in asexually produced embryos. These differences in expression likely correspond with substantial changes in the gene regulatory networks controlling early development in the pea aphid. These data imply that in the evolution of parthenogenesis a new program has evolved to control the development of asexually produced embryos, whilst retaining the existing, sexual, developmental program. The patterns of modification of these developmental processes mirror the changes that we see in developmental processes between species, in that early acting pathways in development are less constrained, and evolve faster, than later ones. We suggest that the evolution of the novel asexual development pathway in aphids is not a simple modification of an ancestral system, but the evolution of two very different developmental mechanisms occurring within a single species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago & Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, 56, Dunedin 9054, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
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Duncan EJ, Benton MA, Dearden PK. Canonical terminal patterning is an evolutionary novelty. Dev Biol 2013; 377:245-61. [PMID: 23438815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Patterning of the terminal regions of the Drosophila embryo is achieved by an exquisitely regulated signal that passes between the follicle cells of the ovary, and the developing embryo. This pathway, however, is missing or modified in other insects. Here we trace the evolution of this pathway by examining the origins and expression of its components. The three core components of this pathway: trunk, torso and torso-like have different evolutionary histories and have been assembled step-wise to form the canonical terminal patterning pathway of Drosophila and Tribolium. Trunk, torso and a gene unrelated to terminal patterning, prothoraciotrophic hormone (PTTH), show an intimately linked evolutionary history, with every holometabolous insect, except the honeybee, possessing both PTTH and torso genes. Trunk is more restricted in its phylogenetic distribution, present only in the Diptera and Tribolium and, surprisingly, in the chelicerate Ixodes scapularis, raising the possibility that trunk and torso evolved earlier than previously thought. In Drosophila torso-like restricts the activation of the terminal patterning pathway to the poles of the embryo. Torso-like evolved in the pan-crustacean lineage, but based on expression of components of the canonical terminal patterning system in the hemimetabolous insect Acyrthosiphon pisum and the holometabolous insect Apis mellifera, we find that the canonical terminal-patterning system is not active in these insects. We therefore propose that the ancestral function of torso-like is unrelated to terminal patterning and that torso-like has become co-opted into terminal patterning in the lineage leading to Coleoptera and Diptera. We also show that this co-option has not resulted in changes to the molecular function of this protein. Torso-like from the pea aphid, honeybee and Drosophila, despite being expressed in different patterns, are functionally equivalent. We propose that co-option of torso-like into restricting the activity of trunk and torso facilitated the final step in the evolution of this pathway; the capture of transcriptional control of target genes such as tailless and huckebein by this complex and novel patterning pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago, Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, Aotearoa, New Zealand.
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Lu HL, Tanguy S, Rispe C, Gauthier JP, Walsh T, Gordon K, Edwards O, Tagu D, Chang CC, Jaubert-Possamai S. Expansion of genes encoding piRNA-associated argonaute proteins in the pea aphid: diversification of expression profiles in different plastic morphs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28051. [PMID: 22162754 PMCID: PMC3230593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are known to regulate transposon activity in germ cells of several animal models that propagate sexually. However, the role of piRNAs during asexual reproduction remains almost unknown. Aphids that can alternate sexual and asexual reproduction cycles in response to seasonal changes of photoperiod provide a unique opportunity to study piRNAs and the piRNA pathway in both reproductive modes. Taking advantage of the recently sequenced genome of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, we found an unusually large lineage-specific expansion of genes encoding the Piwi sub-clade of Argonaute proteins. In situ hybridisation showed differential expressions between the duplicated piwi copies: while Api-piwi2 and Api-piwi6 are "specialised" in germ cells their most closely related copy, respectively Api-piwi5 and Api-piwi3, are expressed in the somatic cells. The differential expression was also identified in duplicated ago3: Api-ago3a in germ cells and Api-ago3b in somatic cells. Moreover, analyses of expression profiles of the expanded piwi and ago3 genes by semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that expressions varied according to the reproductive types. These specific expression patterns suggest that expanded aphid piwi and ago3 genes have distinct roles in asexual and sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-ling Lu
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sylvie Tanguy
- UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 1099 BiO3P (Biologie des Organismes et des Population appliquée à la Protection des Plantes) INRA (Institut National de la Rechercher Agronomique) – Agrocampus – Université Rennes1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Claude Rispe
- UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 1099 BiO3P (Biologie des Organismes et des Population appliquée à la Protection des Plantes) INRA (Institut National de la Rechercher Agronomique) – Agrocampus – Université Rennes1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gauthier
- UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 1099 BiO3P (Biologie des Organismes et des Population appliquée à la Protection des Plantes) INRA (Institut National de la Rechercher Agronomique) – Agrocampus – Université Rennes1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Tom Walsh
- CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia
| | - Karl Gordon
- CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation) Ecosystem Sciences, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Denis Tagu
- UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 1099 BiO3P (Biologie des Organismes et des Population appliquée à la Protection des Plantes) INRA (Institut National de la Rechercher Agronomique) – Agrocampus – Université Rennes1, Le Rheu, France
| | - Chun-che Chang
- Department of Entomology/Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Centre for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Stéphanie Jaubert-Possamai
- UMR (Unité Mixte de Recherche) 1099 BiO3P (Biologie des Organismes et des Population appliquée à la Protection des Plantes) INRA (Institut National de la Rechercher Agronomique) – Agrocampus – Université Rennes1, Le Rheu, France
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Janssen R, Budd GE, Damen WG. Gene expression suggests conserved mechanisms patterning the heads of insects and myriapods. Dev Biol 2011; 357:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wilson MJ, Dearden PK. Diversity in insect axis formation: two orthodenticle genes and hunchback act in anterior patterning and influence dorsoventral organization in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Development 2011; 138:3497-507. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.067926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Axis formation is a key step in development, but studies indicate that genes involved in insect axis formation are relatively fast evolving. Orthodenticle genes have conserved roles, often with hunchback, in maternal anterior patterning in several insect species. We show that two orthodenticle genes, otd1 and otd2, and hunchback act as maternal anterior patterning genes in the honeybee (Apis mellifera) but, unlike other insects, act to pattern the majority of the anteroposterior axis. These genes regulate the expression domains of anterior, central and posterior gap genes and may directly regulate the anterior gap gene giant. We show otd1 and hunchback also influence dorsoventral patterning by regulating zerknült (zen) as they do in Tribolium, but that zen does not regulate the expression of honeybee gap genes. This suggests that interactions between anteroposterior and dorsal-ventral patterning are ancestral in holometabolous insects. Honeybee axis formation, and the function of the conserved anterior patterning gene orthodenticle, displays unique characters that indicate that, even when conserved genes pattern the axis, their regulatory interactions differ within orders of insects, consistent with relatively fast evolution in axis formation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan J. Wilson
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, National Research Centre for Growth and Development and Genetics Otago, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter K. Dearden
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, National Research Centre for Growth and Development and Genetics Otago, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Duncan EJ, Dearden PK. Evolution of a genomic regulatory domain: the role of gene co-option and gene duplication in the Enhancer of split complex. Genome Res 2010; 20:917-28. [PMID: 20458100 DOI: 10.1101/gr.104794.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila Enhancer of split complex [E(spl)-C] is a remarkable complex of genes many of which are effectors or modulators of Notch signaling. The complex contains different classes of genes including four bearded genes and seven basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) genes. We examined the evolution of this unusual complex by identifying bearded and bHLH genes in the genome sequences of Arthropods. We find that a four-gene E(spl)-C, containing three bHLH genes and one bearded gene, is an ancient component of the genomes of Crustacea and Insects. The complex is well conserved in insects but is highly modified in Drosophila, where two of the ancestral genes of the complex are missing, and the remaining two have been duplicated multiple times. Through examining the expression of E(spl)-C genes in honeybees, aphids, and Drosophila, we determined that the complex ancestrally had a role in Notch signaling. The expression patterns of genes found inserted into the complex in some insects, or that of ancestral E(spl)-C genes that have moved out of the complex, imply that the E(spl)-C is a genomic domain regulated as a whole by Notch signaling. We hypothesize that the E(spl)-C is a Notch-regulated genomic domain conserved in Arthropod genomes for around 420 million years. We discuss the consequence of this conserved domain for the recruitment of novel genes into the Notch signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Duncan
- Laboratory for Evolution and Development, Genetics Otago and the National Research Centre for Growth and Development, Biochemistry Department, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Wilson MJ, Havler M, Dearden PK. Giant, Krüppel, and caudal act as gap genes with extensive roles in patterning the honeybee embryo. Dev Biol 2010; 339:200-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Abstract
Aphids are important agricultural pests and also biological models for studies of insect-plant interactions, symbiosis, virus vectoring, and the developmental causes of extreme phenotypic plasticity. Here we present the 464 Mb draft genome assembly of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. This first published whole genome sequence of a basal hemimetabolous insect provides an outgroup to the multiple published genomes of holometabolous insects. Pea aphids are host-plant specialists, they can reproduce both sexually and asexually, and they have coevolved with an obligate bacterial symbiont. Here we highlight findings from whole genome analysis that may be related to these unusual biological features. These findings include discovery of extensive gene duplication in more than 2000 gene families as well as loss of evolutionarily conserved genes. Gene family expansions relative to other published genomes include genes involved in chromatin modification, miRNA synthesis, and sugar transport. Gene losses include genes central to the IMD immune pathway, selenoprotein utilization, purine salvage, and the entire urea cycle. The pea aphid genome reveals that only a limited number of genes have been acquired from bacteria; thus the reduced gene count of Buchnera does not reflect gene transfer to the host genome. The inventory of metabolic genes in the pea aphid genome suggests that there is extensive metabolite exchange between the aphid and Buchnera, including sharing of amino acid biosynthesis between the aphid and Buchnera. The pea aphid genome provides a foundation for post-genomic studies of fundamental biological questions and applied agricultural problems.
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