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Alencar CDM, Zaniboni JF, Besegato JF, Barros APO, Gélio MB, Belizário LG, Godoy EMF, Kuga MC. Effect of irrigation acid solutions on cleaning and bond strength to post-space dentin. Eur J Oral Sci 2023; 131:e12939. [PMID: 37294053 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of irrigating solutions containing 5% boric acid + 1% citric acid or 1% peracetic acid + high concentration hydrogen peroxide on root cleaning and bond strength of cementation systems after 24 h and 6 months of glass fiber post cementation. One hundred and twenty roots were endodontically treated. The specimens were randomized into one of four treatments (n = 10): DW (distilled water); NaOCl2.5% + EDTA17% (2.5% sodium hypochlorite solution + 17% EDTA); PA1% + HP (1% peracetic acid solution + high concentration of hydrogen peroxide); BA5% + CA1% (5% boric acid associated with 1% citric acid). The cleaning efficacy in the cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the post-space, and the push-out bond strength at 24 h and 6 months after post cementation were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis and two-way ANOVA tests, respectively. BA5% + CA1% showed statistically significantly superior cleaning efficacy compared to the other solutions. This irrigation protocol also resulted in higher bond strength at 24 h and 6 months, regardless of the root third considered, and this was statistically significantly higher than those seen for DW and PA1% + HP. For BA5% + CA1% irrigation protocol, type 1 adhesive failure was the most prevalent. Post-space irrigation with BA5% + CA1% provided both higher cleaning efficacy and better bond strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- C de Melo Alencar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Felipe Besegato
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - A Patricia Oliveira Barros
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Bena Gélio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - L Garcia Belizário
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - M Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
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Toyama S, Honda T, Iwabuchi S, Hashimoto S, Yamaji K, Tokunaga Y, Matsumoto Y, Kawaji H, Miyazaki T, Kikkawa Y, Kohara M. Application of spatial transcriptomics analysis using the Visium system for the mouse nasal cavity after intranasal vaccination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1209945. [PMID: 37545501 PMCID: PMC10403337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1209945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intranasal vaccines that elicit mucosal immunity are deemed effective against respiratory tract infections such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but their ability to induce humoral immunity characterized by immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG production is low. It has been reported that vaccination with a mixture of a viscous base carboxyvinyl polymer (CVP) and viral antigens induced robust systemic and mucosal immune responses. In this study, we analyzed the behavior of immunocompetent cells in the nasal cavity over time by spatial transcriptome profiling induced immediately after antigen vaccination using CVP. We established a method for performing spatial transcriptomics using the Visium system in the mouse nasal cavity and analyzed gene expression profiles within the nasal cavity after intranasal vaccination. Glycoprotein 2 (Gp2)-, SRY-box transcription factor 8 (Sox8)-, or Spi-B transcription factor (Spib)-expressing cells were increased in the nasal passage (NP) region at 3-6 hr after SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and CVP (S-CVP) vaccination. The results suggested that microfold (M) cells are activated within a short period of time (3-6 hr). Subsequent cluster analysis of cells in the nasal cavity showed an increase in Cluster 9 at 3-6 hr after intranasal vaccination with the S-CVP. We found that Il6 in Cluster 9 had the highest log2 fold values within the NP at 3-6 hr. A search for gene expression patterns similar to that of Il6 revealed that the log2 fold values of Edn2, Ccl20, and Hk2 also increased in the nasal cavity after 3-6 hr. The results showed that the early response of immune cells occurred immediately after intranasal vaccination. In this study, we identified changes in gene expression that contribute to the activation of M cells and immunocompetent cells after intranasal vaccination of mice with antigen-CVP using a time-series analysis of spatial transcriptomics data. The results facilitated the identification of the cell types that are activated during the initial induction of nasal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Toyama
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoko Honda
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Iwabuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shinichi Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Yamaji
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Tokunaga
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Research Center, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideya Kawaji
- Research Center for Genome and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyazaki
- Business Management Department, Toko Yakuhin Kogyo Co., Ltd., Toyama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kikkawa
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Deafness Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Huang CS, Hsiao CH, Chang YC, Chang CH, Yang JC, Gutmann JL, Chang HC, Huang HM, Hsieh SC. A Novel Endodontic Approach in Removing Smear Layer Using Nano and Submicron Diamonds with Intracanal Oscillation Irrigation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13101646. [PMID: 37242062 DOI: 10.3390/nano13101646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are commonly recommended for effectively removing organic and inorganic components in the smear layer. This layer is found on root canal walls after root canal instrumentation. However, high-concentration EDTA reduces the strength of dentin and the dissolution efficacy of organic substances in NaOCl solution. The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of applying nano and submicron diamonds in irrigation solutions with sonic and ultrasonic oscillation for removing the smear layer during endodontic treatment. Extracted single-rooted human teeth were instrumented with ProTaper® Gold (Dentsply Sirona) nickel-titanium rotary instruments. Subsequently, each canal was irrigated with 3% NaOCl, 17% EDTA, distilled water, and 10-1000 nm-sized nano and submicron diamond irrigation solutions, respectively. Sonic and ultrasonic instruments were compared for oscillating the irrigation solutions. The teeth were processed for scanning electron microscopy to observe the efficiency of smear layer removal on the canal walls. Our results indicated that diamond sizes of 50 nm and above irrigation solutions showed significant effectiveness in removing the smear layer following the oscillation of sonic instruments for 10 s. Ultrasonic assisted 500 nm and 1000 nm diamond solutions significantly differed from the other diamond-sized solution in their ability to remove the smear layer. These results suggest that sonic and ultrasonic oscillation with specific sizes of nano and submicron diamond irrigation solution can be used as an alternative approach to removing the smear layer during endodontic treatment. The potential clinical application of root canal treatments can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Shuan Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsun Hsiao
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Endodontology, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Endodontology, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsiang Chang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chang Yang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - James L Gutmann
- College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX 77843, USA
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica Taiwan, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chih Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Endodontology, Taipei Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
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Sobrino M, Foschi F, Estévez R, Loroño G, Conde Villar A, Pérez-Alfayate R. Effects of continuous chelation on the instrumentation of curved canals with a martensitic NiTi file system: an ex vivo micro-CT evaluation. Odontology 2023; 111:123-131. [PMID: 35798914 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00727-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the influence of continuous chelation on apical transportation and centrality in shaped curved canals prepared with a martensitic file system and evaluated by micro-CT. Twenty-four lower molar canals with a curvature of 25º-40º were scanned pre-operatively with micro-CT and divided into 2 groups according to two different irrigation regimens (n = 12). Group 1 was irrigated with NaOCl, group 2 with Dual Rinse. All canals were prepared with VDW.ROTATE system. The samples were scanned post-operatively and evaluated at 1, 3 and 5 mm from the apex to determine apical transportation and canal centrality using VG Studio software. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. No statistically significant differences were found between the two groups for both apical transportation and canal centrality at any of the levels studied (p < 05). The use of continuous chelation during the instrumentation of the canals with martensitic alloy files does not produce greater transportation and does not generate changes in centralization compared to NaOCl-only irrigation. Combined chelation and disinfection while shaping with martensitic NiTi can simplify the irrigation regimen without inducing iatrogenic aberrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sobrino
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Foschi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Tower Wing, Floor 22, London, SE1 9RT, UK. .,Peninsula Dental School, University of Plymouth, The John Bull Building, Plymouth Science Park, Plymouth, PL6 8BU, Devon, UK.
| | - R Estévez
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Loroño
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Conde Villar
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Pérez-Alfayate
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Endodontics, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Effect of Endodontic Irrigating Solutions on Radicular Dentine Structure and Matrix Metalloproteinases-A Comprehensive Review. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10120219. [PMID: 36547035 PMCID: PMC9776432 DOI: 10.3390/dj10120219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Irrigating solutions play an important role in the eradication of intracanal microbes and debris dissolution during endodontic treatment. Different combinations of solutions and protocols have been advocated, with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), and chlorhexidine (CHX) remaining the most widely used ones by many clinicians. Although these solutions provide efficient inorganic dissolution and antimicrobial capacity, their use has also been reported to cause undesired effects on root dentin composition and mechanical and biomechanical properties, such as microhardness, surface roughness, bond strength, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. Several corroborating studies attribute these changes in mechanical properties of dentine to the use of irrigating solutions, and there are limited reports on how the solutions affect the expression of MMPs, which may be a correlating link to understanding the role of these enzymes in dentin collagen and changes in the mechanical properties of dentin. Hence, using the basis of several studies from the literature, the objective is to comprehensively review the influence of individual and combined irrigating solutions on root dentine structure and the activity of the MMPs.
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Özkan S, Büyük SK, Gök F, Benkli YA. Evaluation of reused orthodontic mini-implants on stability: An in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:689-694. [PMID: 35965167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During treatment, some patients may need to change the location of mini-implants (MIs). This study investigated the stability of MIs relocated to another position in the same patient using the periotest and torque device. METHODS Twenty-nine MIs were applied randomly to 1 side of the maxillary region, and torque and periotest values were recorded. The patients were followed-up at 4-week intervals, and periotest measurements were performed at each session. After recording the torque and periotest values in the fourth session, the MIs were removed. After applying the appropriate sterilization procedure, the same MIs were relocated to the contralateral side of the patients' jaw, and distalization was achieved using a similar procedure for the group of as-received MIs. RESULTS Negative correlations were obtained between the torque meter and periotest data for both MI groups. We observed no significant effect of the MI group on periotest measurements (P >0.05). The effect of the MI group on torque values and the interaction effect of the MI group and torque values were not statistically significant (P >0.05). CONCLUSIONS It is possible to achieve similar stability values with as-received and retrieved MIs when appropriate cleaning and sterilization protocols are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Özkan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.
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Soliman A, Rabie M, Hassan HY. Smear Layer Removal by 1% Phytic Acid after Root Canal Preparation with Three Different Rotary Systems. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.9524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study compared the removal of the smear layer using 1% phytic acid or 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after root canal instrumentation with SmartTrack X3, Endo*star E, and ProTaper Gold rotary systems using an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM).
METHODS: Sixty single-rooted unidentified extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were selected. The length of all the roots used was adjusted to 16 mm from the apex. Modified access cavities were done. Roots were equally and randomly allocated to three main groups (n = 20) corresponding to the rotary systems: group A1, SmartTrack X3; group A2, Endo*star E3; and group A3, ProTaper Gold. Each group was divided into two equal subgroups (n = 10), corresponding to the chelating agents applied as a final rinse: subgroup B1, 1% phytic acid, and subgroup B2, 17% EDTA. Roots were split in a buccolingual direction into two equal halves and examined under ESEM in the presence or absence of a smear layer at the cervical, middle, and apical segments.
RESULTS: 1% Phytic acid and 17% EDTA recorded no statistically significant for removing the smear layer. For all subgroups, there was a significant difference in smear layer removal and more open dentinal tubules in the cervical segment versus the apical segment.
CONCLUSION: In smear layer removal from root canals, 1% phytic acid was effective as 17% EDTA in smear layer removal form root canals after SmartTrack X3, Endo*star E3, or ProTaper Gold rotary systems instrumentation.
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Zancan RF, Di Maio A, Tomson PL, Duarte MAH, Camilleri J. The presence of smear layer affects the antimicrobial action of root canal sealers. Int Endod J 2021; 54:1369-1382. [PMID: 33763882 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the chemical and microstructural characteristics of dentine after the use of two irrigation protocols and correlate this with the antimicrobial properties of hydraulic calcium silicate cement (HCSC) sealers and changes to the dentine structure/chemistry after sealer placement. METHODOLOGY Two irrigation protocols - Protocol A using 2% NaOCl used 5 mL/5 min and Protocol B with 2% NaOCl (5 mL/5 min) followed by 17% EDTA (5 mL/3 min) - were used to prepare dentine. The chemical and microstructural changes following irrigation were assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy (n = 5) on dentine obtained from the mid-root and coronal parts of extracted human teeth. Four sealers (AH Plus, BioRoot, MTA Fillapex, TotalFill) were characterized by SEM/EDS (n = 3). The ability of the sealers to eradicate intratubular Enterococcus faecalis biofilms was assessed by live/dead dye and confocal laser scanning microscopy to measure the percentage of living cells. The effect of combined irrigation and root filling on dentine was assessed by SEM and EDS analysis (n = 5). Statistical analysis was undertaken using one-way anova and a number of post hoc tests to detect intergroup differences. The F-test was used for comparison of variances in the microbiology testing. RESULTS The use of NaOCl alone left the smear layer intact, with traces of chlorine remaining on dentine. The use of BioRoot sealer restored the calcium levels of dentine which had been depleted by the irrigation with EDTA. BioRoot exhibited antimicrobial properties against intratubular bacteria even in the presence of smear layer (Protocol A). Smear layer removal improved the bactericidal effect of all sealers and Ca2+ leaching. The use of a chelating agent was important for the intratubular sealer penetration for AH Plus but not the other sealers. CONCLUSION The removal of smear layer was necessary for penetration of AH Plus into the dentinal tubules. BioRoot was a more effective sealer in reducing the bacterial load in the dentinal tubules than the other materials tested and the presence of smear layer did not affect its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Zancan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Di Maio
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P L Tomson
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - M A H Duarte
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials and Endodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Camilleri
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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ULGEY M, GORLER O. The Effect of Different Acid Treatments on Shear Bond Strength Between Monolithic Zirconia and Dentin Surface. CUMHURIYET DENTAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.7126/cumudj.804149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Perut F, Graziani G, Columbaro M, Caudarella R, Baldini N, Granchi D. Citrate Supplementation Restores the Impaired Mineralisation Resulting from the Acidic Microenvironment: An In Vitro Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3779. [PMID: 33317151 PMCID: PMC7763163 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic metabolic acidosis leads to bone-remodelling disorders based on excessive mineral matrix resorption and inhibition of bone formation, but also affects the homeostasis of citrate, which is an essential player in maintaining the acid-base balance and in driving the mineralisation process. This study aimed to investigate the impact of acidosis on the osteogenic properties of bone-forming cells and the effects of citrate supplementation in restoring the osteogenic features impaired by the acidic milieu. For this purpose, human mesenchymal stromal cells were cultured in an osteogenic medium and the extracellular matrix mineralisation was analysed at the micro- and nano-level, both in neutral and acidic conditions and after treatment with calcium citrate and potassium citrate. The acidic milieu significantly decreased the citrate release and hindered the organisation of the extracellular matrix, but the citrate supplementation increased collagen production and, particularly calcium citrate, promoted the mineralisation process. Moreover, the positive effect of citrate supplementation was observed also in the physiological microenvironment. This in vitro study proves that the mineral matrix organisation is influenced by citrate availability in the microenvironment surrounding bone-forming cells, thus providing a biological basis for using citrate-based supplements in the management of bone-remodelling disorders related to chronic low-grade acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Perut
- Biomedical Science and Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (N.B.)
| | - Gabriela Graziani
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marta Columbaro
- Electron Microscopy Platform, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Renata Caudarella
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care and Research, Via Corriera 1, 48033 Cotignola (RA), Italy;
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Biomedical Science and Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (N.B.)
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Via Pupilli 1, University of Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Granchi
- Biomedical Science and Technology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.P.); (N.B.)
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11
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Ulusoy Öİ, Mantı AŞ, Çelik B. Nanohardness reduction and root dentine erosion after final irrigation with ethylenediaminetetraacetic, etidronic and peracetic acids. Int Endod J 2020; 53:1549-1558. [PMID: 33448412 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the nanohardness reduction and erosion in root canal dentine after application of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 9% etidronic acid (HEBP) and 2% peracetic acid (PAA) either alone or combined with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). METHODOLOGY One hundred and sixty single-rooted teeth were decoronated and their root canals were chemomechanically prepared. For the nanohardness evaluation, 80 roots with instrumented canals were split longitudinally into two halves. Dentine blocks with a length of 7 mm were obtained from the middle third of one half of each tooth and were embedded in epoxy resin blocks exposing the root canal walls. Initial nanohardness values of root canal dentine were measured for each specimen using a nanoindenter with a Berkovich tip. The specimens were divided into seven experimental (n = 10) and one control (n = 10) group according to the final irrigation regimens: Group 1: 2.5% NaOCl, Group 2: 17% EDTA, Group 3: 2.5% NaOCl-17% EDTA, Group 4: 2% PAA, Group 5: 2.5% NaOCl-2% PAA, Group 6: 9% HEBP, Group 7: 2.5% NaOCl + 9% HEBP and Group 8: Distilled water (control). The measurement of the nanohardness values was repeated for each specimen after being exposed to the irrigants. The nanaohardness reduction of each sample was calculated and recorded. The other 80 instrumented root canals were used for scanning electron microscope (SEM) evaluation. First, they were irrigated with the same protocols stated above and longitudinally split into two halves. One half of each root canal was viewed using SEM for the amount of erosion. The erosion scores were recorded. Data were analysed statistically using Kruskal-Wallis and Bonferroni-adjusted Mann-Whitney U-tests with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS Use of etidronic acid and NaOCl + HEBP reduced the nanohardness values significantly more than the other experimental solutions (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the values for the nanohardness reduction in the samples irrigated with a single chelator and chelator combined with NaOCl (P > 0.05). Peritubular and intertubular erosion were observed in the samples irrigated with HEBP and NaOCl + HEBP. CONCLUSION Final irrigation of root canals using etidronic acid alone or combined with NaOCl was associated with structural alterations in root canal dentine of extracted teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ö İ Ulusoy
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - A Ş Mantı
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Çelik
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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A Comparative ex-vivo Study of Effects of Different Irrigation Protocols with/without Laser Activation on the Root Dentine's Micro-Hardness. Eur Endod J 2019; 4:127-132. [PMID: 32161899 PMCID: PMC7006590 DOI: 10.14744/eej.2019.49369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare the effects of different irrigation protocols, with/without laser activation, on the radicular dentine's micro-hardness. Methods Eighty-two human extracted premolars were decoronated and divided into 7 groups. Roots were longitudinally split into two halves. The micro-hardness was measured for one half before and after irrigation protocols. The groups were; G1: MTAD without laser-activation, G2: MTAD with laser-activation, G3: sodium-hypochlorite (SH) with laser-activation, G4: SH then EDTA with laser-activation, G5: SH then MTAD with laser-activation, G6: SH without laser-activation. G7: distilled water (control). In the two-irrigants groups G4 and G5), samples were irrigated first with SH then with MTAD or EDTA irrigants, which were activated by the laser. The difference between the before- and after-irrigation micro-hardness was calculated to obtain the micro-hardness difference. Data were analyzed using the Paired Sample-t and Two-ways ANOVA tests at P=0.05. Results Overall, the mean dentine's micro-hardness after-irrigation (103.1) was lower than before-irrigation (116.1) (P<0.001); except for the distilled-water group, (116.6 and 112.9, respectively) (P=0.075). The micro-hardness reduction of SH without laser-activation group (32.5) was the greatest (P<0.001). The single-irrigant or laser-activation irrigation protocols caused significantly less micro-hardness reduction compared to the two-irrigants or no laser-activation protocols. The mean micro-hardness reduction of SH and MTAD groups (both with laser-activation) (5.8 and 9.3, respectively) were significantly lower than other groups, but not from that of the control group (3.7). Conclusion Using irrigants significantly reduced the root-dentine's micro-hardness. Although irrigants agitation by an Er: Yag laser significantly minimized micro-hardness reduction, it did not suppress the adverse effects on dentine micro-hardness when two-irrigants were used.
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Souza MA, Bonacina LV, Ricci R, Padilha Rauber MG, Zuchi N, Hoffmann IP, Bischoff KF, Engelmann JL, Palhano HS, Cecchin D. Influence of final irrigation protocols and type of resin cement on bond strength of glass fiber posts in root dentin previously treated with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:224-228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Influence of final irrigation protocols and endodontic sealer on bond strength of root filling material with root dentin previously treated with photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:137-141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Iodine-Enhanced Micro-CT Imaging of Soft Tissue on the Example of Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2019; 2019:7483745. [PMID: 31049044 PMCID: PMC6458925 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7483745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microcomputed tomography (μCT) is widely used for the study of mineralized tissues, but a similar use for soft tissues is hindered by their low X-ray attenuation. This limitation can be overcome by the recent development of different staining techniques. Staining with Lugol's solution, a mixture of one part iodine and two parts potassium iodide in water, stands out among these techniques for its low complexity and cost. Currently, Lugol staining is mostly used for anatomical examination of tissues. In the present study, we seek to optimize the quality and reproducibility of the staining for ex vivo visualization of soft tissues in the context of a peripheral nerve regeneration model in the rat. We show that the staining result not only depends on the concentration of the staining solution but also on the amount of stain in relation to the tissue volume and composition, necessitating careful adaptation of the staining protocol to the respective specimen tissue. This optimization can be simplified by a stepwise staining which we show to yield a similar result compared to staining in a single step. Lugol staining solution results in concentration-dependent tissue shrinkage which can be minimized but not eliminated. We compared the shrinkage of tendon, nerve, skeletal muscle, heart, brain, and kidney with six iterations of Lugol staining. 60 ml of 0.3% Lugol's solution per cm3 of tissue for 24 h yielded good results on the example of a peripheral nerve regeneration model, and we were able to show that the regenerating nerve inside a silk fibroin tube can be visualized in 3D using this staining technique. This information helps in deciding the region of interest for histological imaging and provides a 3D context to histological findings. Correlating both imaging modalities has the potential to improve the understanding of the regenerative process.
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Gandolfi MG, Taddei P, Pondrelli A, Zamparini F, Prati C, Spagnuolo G. Demineralization, Collagen Modification and Remineralization Degree of Human Dentin after EDTA and Citric Acid Treatments. MATERIALS 2018; 12:ma12010025. [PMID: 30577625 PMCID: PMC6337713 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of several decalcifying agents used as irrigant solutions in endodontic treatment on collagen and mineral components of dentin. Coronal dentin discs from five caries-free human third molars with a smear layer were treated for one minute with a chelating solution (1% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% EDTA, 17% EDTA, 10% citric acid). Mineralization degree (Ca/N and P/N atomic ratios, IR Iapatite/Iamide II and I1410(carbonate)/I554(phosphate) spectroscopic ratios) and possible collagen rearrangements (collagen infrared (IR) amide II e III shifts) were evaluated by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM)/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and IR spectroscopy before and after treatment (T0) and after ageing (T24h and T2m) in simulated body fluid (SBF). At T0, analysis showed that the highest demineralizing effect was achieved using a 10% citric acid solution and 10% EDTA, while the smallest effect was observed when using 17% EDTA. No significant collagen modifications were detected upon treatment with 1% EDTA, while subtle changes were observed after the other treatments. At T24h or T2m, analyses showed the highest remineralization values for 1% EDTA and the lowest for 10% citric acid, mainly at T2m. The samples treated with 17% EDTA showed slight collagen rearrangements upon remineralization. In conclusion, the highest demineralizing effect was observed for 10% EDTA and 10% citric acid. Collagen rearrangement was found for all the treatments except for 1% EDTA. The highest remineralization capability in SBF values was recorded for 1% EDTA and the lowest for 10% citric acid. A slight collagen rearrangement upon remineralization was still present in 17% EDTA-treated samples. Clinical use as a chelating agent in the endodontic therapy of citric acid and concentrated EDTA solutions should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Gandolfi
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, Dental School, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paola Taddei
- Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Pondrelli
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, Dental School, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Oral Pathology, Dental School, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, Dental School, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Gianrico Spagnuolo
- Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Napoli "Federico II", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
- Institute of Dentistry, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119146 Moscow, Russia.
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Lima Nogueira BM, da Costa Pereira TI, Pedrinha VF, de Almeida Rodrigues P. Effects of Different Irrigation Solutions and Protocols on Mineral Content and Ultrastructure of Root Canal Dentine. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2018; 13:209-215. [PMID: 29707017 PMCID: PMC5911296 DOI: 10.22037/iej.v13i2.19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions and irrigation protocols on the chemical and physical structure of root dentin. Materials and Methods Thirty extracted single-rooted human teeth were selected and then distributed into the following treatment groups (n=10): G1, saline solution (0.9% NaCl); G2, 2.5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 2.5% NaOCl; G3, 2.5% NaOCl + 9% Etidronate (HEBP) + 2.5% NaOCl; G4, mixture of 5% NaOCl + 18% HEBP; G5, 2.5% NaOCl + 17% EDTA + 0.9% NaCl, and G6, 2.5% NaOCl + 9% HEBP + 0.9% NaCl. The ultrastructure of dentin was characterized through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) determined the chemical composition in terms of the calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) content and the Ca/P ratio; and the crystalline phase was analyzed by x-ray diffraction (XRD). A descriptive analysis was performed on the ultrastructure and the crystallography data of dentin. Data analysis included a chemical composition analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) and a subsequent multiple comparison test (Tukey's test). Results Except for the control group, all groups showed morphological changes upon visualization with SEM. For EDS, G2 and G5 showed significant mineral loss and changes in the Ca/P ratio (P<0.05); the highest values of Ca and P were observed in G3, G4 and G6. Conclusion All the irrigating solutions and irrigation protocols tested promoted changes in the morphology and physical and chemical composition of the dentin. However, no significant differences were observed crystallographically.
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Fei F, Gallas A, Chang YC, Rao Y, Hunter AC, Winpenny REP, Herrick AL, Lockyer NP, Blanford CF. Quartz Crystal Microbalance Assay of Clinical Calcinosis Samples and Their Synthetic Models Differentiates the Efficacy of Chelation-Based Treatments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:27544-27552. [PMID: 28752990 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper sets out in vitro protocols for studying the relative effectiveness of chelators used in the dissolution-based treatment of hard calcinosis. Pulverized hard calcinosis samples from human donors or synthetic hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were deposited by electrophoretic deposition on the surface of a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. Over 150 deposits of <20 μg were dissolved over the course of 1 h by aliquots of buffered, aqueous solutions of two calcium chelators, EDTA and citrate, with the surface-limited dissolution kinetics monitored with <1 s time resolution. There was no statistically significant difference in dissolution rate between the four synthetic hydroxyapatite materials in EDTA, but the dissolution rates in citrate were lower for hydroxyapatite produced by acetate or nitrate metathesis. Hard calcinosis and synthetic hydroxyapatites showed statistically identical dissolution behavior, meaning that readily available synthetic mimics can replace the rarer samples of biological origin in the development of calcinosis treatments. EDTA dissolved the hydroxyapatite deposits more than twice as fast as citrate at pH 7.4 and 37 °C, based on a first-order kinetic analysis of the initial frequency response. EDTA chelated 6.5 times more calcium than an equivalent number of moles of citrate. Negative controls using nonchelating N,N,N',N'-tetraethylethylenediamine (TEEDA) showed no dissolution effect. Pharmaceutical dissolution testing of synthetic hydroxyapatite tablets over 6 h showed that EDTA dissolved the tablets four to nine times more quickly than citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fei
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | | | - Yun-Chuan Chang
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Yikun Rao
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas P Lockyer
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Christopher F Blanford
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street, Manchester, M1 7DN, U.K
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Influence of ultrasonic activation over final irrigants in the removal of photosensitizer from root canal walls after photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 17:216-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shahriari S, Kasraei S, Roshanaei G, Karkeabadi H, Davanloo H. Efficacy of Sodium Hypochlorite Activated With Laser in Intracanal Smear Layer Removal: An SEM Study. J Lasers Med Sci 2017; 8:36-41. [PMID: 28912942 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2017.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite activated with laser in removing of the smear layer in the apical, middle, and coronal segments of root canal walls by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Methods: Sixty single-rooted human mandibular teeth were decoronated to a standardized length. The samples were prepared by using Race rotary system to size 40, 0.04 taper and divided into 4 equal groups (n = 15). Group 1, irrigated with EDTA 17% and 5.25% NaOCl, groups 2, 3 and 4, 1%, 2.5%, and 5% NaOCl activated with Nd:YAG laser, respectively. Teeth were split longitudinally and subjected to scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney tests. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Five percent NaOCl LAI (laser-activated irrigation) showed best smear layer removal in test groups and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Control group (EDTA 17% and 5.25% NaOCl irrigation) showed significantly better outcomes in comparative with test groups (P < 0.001). In the apical third, compared to coronal and middle third, the canal walls were often contaminated by inorganic debris and smear layer. Conclusion: All different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite activated with laser have a positive effect on removing of smear layer. Sodium hypochlorite activated with laser removed smear layer more effectively at the coronal and middle third compared to the apical third.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahriar Shahriari
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahin Kasraei
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Roshanaei
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hamed Karkeabadi
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Hossein Davanloo
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Gandhi B, Bollineni S, Janga RK, Saraswati D, Babu MR. Evaluating the Effect of CPP-ACP as a Final Irrigant in Improving the Micro-Hardness of Erosive Root Dentin and its Influence on the Bond Strength of Self Etch Resin Sealer - An In-vitro Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC53-6. [PMID: 27656564 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/20819.8272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smear layer removal from the root canal wall involves the use of 17% EDTA and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, which thereby improves the adhesion of obturating materials to root dentin. But these chemical irrigants have shown to decrease micro hardness, increase roughness, cause erosion and reduce the root dentin fracture toughness. To combat these adverse effects, studies can be focussed on the remineralisation of the erosive root dentin and this novel idea has been utilized in the present study. AIM To evaluate the micro hardness of erosive root dentin when Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) was used as a final irrigant and its influence on resin sealer bonding tested by push-out bond strength method. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty extracted maxillary incisors were divided into three groups based on the final irrigation protocol. Group 1-normal saline, Group 2-17% EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid) + 5.25% NaOCl (Sodium Hypochlorite), Group 3 - 17% EDTA + 5.25% NaOCl + CPP-ACP; each group was divided into two subgroups. Half the specimens of each group were evaluated for Vicker's micro hardness test after the treatment. In continuation with the above methodology the remaining specimens were tested for push-out bond strength after obturation of the specimens with self etch adhesive resin sealer and conventional 6% gutta percha cones. RESULTS Micro hardness was statistically analysed using Kruskal Wallis test and push-out bond strength was evaluated using Mann Whitney test and paired t-test. CPP-ACP treated group showed increased micro hardness (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the push-out bond strength values between group EDTA + NaOCl group and EDTA + NaOCl + CPP-ACP group. CONCLUSION Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that, CPP-ACP improved the micro hardness of erosive root dentin and is not affecting its bond strength. Therefore, CPP-ACP may be used before bonding procedures for promoting remineralization of root dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Gandhi
- Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Institute of Dental Sciences , Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Swetha Bollineni
- Assistant Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Institute of Dental Sciences , Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Janga
- Associate Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Institute of Dental Sciences , Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Disha Saraswati
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Institute of Dental Sciences , Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Mandava Ramesh Babu
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Drs. Sudha and Nageswara Rao Institute of Dental Sciences , Gannavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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de Sousa Iwamoto LA, Duailibi MT, Iwamoto GY, Juliano Y, Duailibi MS, Ossamu Tanaka FA, Duailibi SE. Tooth tissue engineering: tooth decellularization for natural scaffold. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO121. [PMID: 28031968 PMCID: PMC5137886 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary science that aims to produce replacement organs and biological substitutes. One of the techniques involves decellularizing a biological organ without altering its structure. One challenge is how to demonstrate which method would be better for this process. METHODOLOGY Fifty premolar teeth were divided into five groups: G1 (control): solution of 10% formaldehyde; G2: phosphate buffer saline (PBS), 28 g of tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), sodium hypochlorite 2.5% (SH); G3: PBS, EDTA and 40v hydrogen peroxide (HP); G4: PBS, EDTA, SH, enzymatic detergent (ED); and G5: PBS, EDTA, HP, ED. Each group was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray, measured weights and color and received statistical analysis. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that G5 was the most appropriate method to obtain a natural scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Aparecida de Sousa Iwamoto
- CTCMol, Center of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Surgery, Surgery Department, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Talarico Duailibi
- CTCMol, Center of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Surgery, Surgery Department, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology, Biofabrication Institute, BIOFABRIS, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gerson Yoshinobu Iwamoto
- Material Engineering, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Sao José dos Campos, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yara Juliano
- Health Science Department, UNISA – Universidade de Santo Amaro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvio Eduardo Duailibi
- CTCMol, Center of Cellular & Molecular Therapy, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Translational Surgery, Surgery Department, UNIFESP- Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- National Institute of Science & Technology, Biofabrication Institute, BIOFABRIS, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Duncan HF, Smith AJ, Fleming GJP, Reid C, Smith G, Cooper PR. Release of bio-active dentine extracellular matrix components by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). Int Endod J 2016; 50:24-38. [PMID: 26609946 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM To characterize dentine matrix component (DMC) release and smear layer removal by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). METHODOLOGY DMCs were extracted from powdered human dentine over 14 days using three HDACis, valproic acid (VPA), trichostatin A (TSA) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and compared with a control extractant, 10% (w/v) EDTA. Protein compositions of the resultant extracts were analysed by 1D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-PAGE), TGF-β-1 and MMP-9 ELISAs and a high-throughput growth factor antibody array. Dentine discs with a standardized smear layer were prepared from human molars and treated with EDTA (17% w/v), polyacrylic acid (PA) (20% v/v) and the experimental HDACis prior to analysis by scanning electron microscopy. Parametric ELISA data were analysed using one-way anova and Tukey's post hoc test, whilst nonparametric smear layer data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test (P < 0.05). RESULTS HDACis did not remove smear layer in the presence or absence of PA pre-treatment (P ≥ 0.478). 1D-PAGE analysis demonstrated different protein profiles for EDTA and HDACi extracts. All HDACi solutions released TGF-β-1 although less effectively than EDTA (P < 0.001), whilst MMP-9 was extracted in significantly higher concentration by EDTA and VPA compared with TSA (P < 0.012). Antibody array analysis demonstrated the ability of HDACis to extract a complex cocktail of established/novel growth factors from dentine, albeit significantly less efficiently than EDTA for certain cytokines (TGF-β-1, PDGF-AA, VEGF-A) and significantly more effectively for others (GDF-15, IGF-1, EGRF-1, NGFR, BDNF, SCF-R). CONCLUSIONS HDACi release a range of bioactive DMCs that could promote dentine repair processes in vivo; however, they are ineffective at removing smear layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Duncan
- Division of Restorative Dentistry & Periodontology, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A J Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - G J P Fleming
- Material Science Unit, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Reid
- Centre for Microscopy and Analysis, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - G Smith
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P R Cooper
- Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Marinho ACS, Martinho FC, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Gomes BPFDA. Monitoring the effectiveness of root canal procedures on endotoxin levels found in teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 22:490-5. [PMID: 25075670 PMCID: PMC4307761 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720130664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to monitor the effectiveness of root canal procedures by
using different irrigants and intracanal medication on endotoxin levels found in
root canals of teeth with chronic apical periodontitis. Material and Methods: Thirty root canals of teeth with pulpal necrosis associated with periapical
lesions were selected and randomly divided into groups according to the irrigants
used: GI - 2.5% NaOCl, GII - 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, and GIII - saline
solution (SS) (all, n=10). Samples were collected with sterile/apyrogenic paper
points before (S1) and after root canal instrumentation (S2), after use of 17%
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (S3), and after 30 days of intracanal
medication (Ca(OH)2+SS) (S4). A turbidimetric kinetic Limulus Amebocyte
Lysate assay was used for endotoxin measurement. Results: Endotoxins were detected in 100% of the root canals investigated (30/30), with a
median value of 18.70 EU/mL. After S2, significant median percentage reduction was
observed in all groups, irrespective of the irrigant tested: 2.5% NaOCl (99.65%)
(GI), 2% CHX (94.27%) (GII), and SS (96.79%) (GIII) (all p<0.05). Root canal
rinse with 17% EDTA (S3) for a 3-minute period failed to decrease endotoxin levels
in GI and a slight decrease was observed in GII (59%) and GIII (61.1%) (all
p>0.05). Intracanal medication for 30 days was able to significantly reduce
residual endotoxins: 2.5% NaOCl (90%) (GI), 2% CHX (88.8%) (GII), and SS (85.7%)
(GIII, p<0.05). No differences were found in the endotoxin reduction when
comparing s2 and s4 treatment groups. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated the effectiveness of the mechanical action of the
instruments along with the flow and backflow of irrigant enduring root canal
instrumentation for the endotoxin removal from root canals of teeth with chronic
apical periodontitis. Moreover, the use of intracanal medication for 30 days
contributed for an improvement of endotoxin reduction.
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Kandil HE, Labib AH, Alhadainy HA. Effect of different irrigant solutions on microhardness and smear layer removal of root canal dentin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tdj.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tartari T, Duarte Junior AP, Silva Júnior JOC, Klautau EB, Silva E Souza Junior MH, Silva E Souza Junior PDAR. Etidronate from medicine to endodontics: effects of different irrigation regimes on root dentin roughness. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 21:409-15. [PMID: 24212986 PMCID: PMC3881837 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An increase in dentin roughness, associated with surface composition, contributes to bacterial adherence in recontaminations. Surface roughness is also important for micromechanical interlocking of dental materials to dentin, and understanding the characteristics of the surface is essential to obtain the adhesion of root canal sealers that have different physico-chemical characteristics. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), etidronic (HEBP), and citric acid (CA) associated with different irrigation regimens on root dentin roughness. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-five root halves of anterior teeth were used. The root parts were sectioned in thirds, embedded in acrylic resin and polished to a standard surface roughness. Initially, the samples of each third were randomly assigned into 3 groups and treated as follows: G1 - saline solution (control); G2 - 5% NaOCl+18% HEBP mixed in equal parts; and G3 - 2.5% NaOCl. After initial measuments, the G3 samples were distributed into subgroups G4, G5 and G6, which were subjected to 17% EDTA, 10% CA and 9% HEBP, respectively. Following the new measuments, these groups received a final flush with 2.5% NaOCl, producing G7, G8 and G9. The dentin surface roughness (Ra) was determined before and after treatments using a profilometer. The Wilcoxon test (α<0.05) was used to compare the values before and after treatments, and the Friedman test (α<0.05) to detect any differences among root thirds. RESULTS (i) NaOCl did not affect the surface roughness; (ii) there was a significant increase in roughness after the use of chelating agents (P<0.01); and (iii) only the G3 group showed a difference in surface roughness between apical third and other thirds of the teeth (P<0.0043). CONCLUSION Only the irrigation regimens that used chelating agents altered the roughness of root dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Tartari
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Federal University of Pará, BelémPA, Brazil
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A new weak chelator in endodontics: effects of different irrigation regimens with etidronate on root dentin microhardness. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:743018. [PMID: 23983692 PMCID: PMC3745862 DOI: 10.1155/2013/743018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), ethylenediaminetetraacetic (EDTA), etidronic (HEBP), and citric acid (CA) associated in different irrigation regimens on root dentin microhardness. Forty-five root halves of single-rooted teeth were sectioned into thirds that were embedded in acrylic resin, polished, randomly assigned into 3 groups, and treated as follows: G1: saline solution; G2: 5% NaOCl + 18% HEBP, mixed in equal parts; and G3: 2.5% NaOCl. After measurements, the G3 samples were distributed into subgroups G4, G5, and G6, which were submitted to 17% EDTA, 10% CA and 9% HEBP, respectively. Following the new measurements, these groups received a final flush with 2.5% NaOCl, producing G7, G8, and G9. Microhardness was measured with Knoop indenter under a 25 g load for 15 seconds, before and after treatments. The data were statistically analyzed using paired Student's t-test (α<0.05) to compare values before and after treatments and analysis of variance (ANOVA) (α<0.05) to detect any differences among thirds. Except G1, all tested irrigation regimens significantly decreased the microhardness. There were no differences between root thirds before treatments, and all root thirds exhibited equal responses to same treatment. Except saline, all tested irrigation regimens reduced the root dentin microhardness.
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Butt N, Talwar S. In-vitro evaluation of various solvents for retrieval of mineral trioxide aggregate and their effect on microhardness of dentin. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:199-202. [PMID: 23833450 PMCID: PMC3698580 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Organic acids have the potential to decrease the strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) during retreatment. However, this might cause alterations in dentin composition and structure. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of chemicals on surface microhardness of white MTA (WMTA) and dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS White MTA-Angelus(®) was mixed and packed into tooth molds. Six experimental groups (n = 15) were formed and exposed to 2% carbonic acid, 2% chlorhexidine gluconate, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 10% citric acid, 20% tartaric acid, and normal saline for 10 min and 20 min intervals on 1 and 21 days of setting, respectively. Vickers microhardness of WMTA and dentin for each specimen was measured before and after exposure. Data were subjected to repeated-analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. RESULTS Carbonic acid was effective in significantly reducing the surface hardness of WMTA on both 1 and 21 days; followed by citric and tartaric acid (P < 0.05). Two percent chlorhexidine gluconate and NaOCl were effective on 1-day set WMTA. All chemicals, except 2% chlorhexidine, decreased microhardness of dentin significantly (P < 0.05) at 20 min interval. CONCLUSION Cautious use of these chemicals not exceeding 10 min is mandatory to prevent significant alterations in mechanical properties of tooth during MTA retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziya Butt
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Maulana Azad Institute of Dental Sciences, Maulana Azad Medical College Complex, Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, India
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Capar ID, Aydinbelge HA. Surface change of root canal dentin after the use of irrigation activation protocols: electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:893-6. [PMID: 23760927 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the mineral contents of root-canal dentin after treatment with different irrigation activation protocols. One hundred and eight maxillary lateral incisor teeth were randomly divided into eight experimental groups and one control group. Root canals were prepared using ProTaper rotary files, with the exception of the Self-Adjusting File (SAF) group. Canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at each instrument change, and received a final flush with 10 mL of 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and 10 mL of 5% NaOCl for 1 min. The control group was irrigated with distilled water. Group I (GI): Needle syringe irrigation; Group II (GII): NaviTip FX; Group III (GIII): CanalBrush; Group IV (GIV): Manual dynamic activation with gutta-percha; Group V (GV): Passive ultrasonic irrigation; Group VI (GVI): EndoActivator; Group VII (GVII): EndoVac; Group VIII (GVIII): SAF. The level of elemental composition was analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) system. The results were then statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Ca/P ratio was changed after treatment with SAF and EndoActivator. The Ca, P, Mg, and S level changes were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Final irrigation activation protocols did not alter the mineral level of root dentin surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Davut Capar
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Katip Çelebi, İzmir, Turkey
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Silva e Souza PAR, das Dores RSE, Tartari T, Pinheiro TPS, Tuji FM, Silva e Souza MH. Effects of sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTA and etidronate on apical root transportation. Int Endod J 2013; 47:20-5. [PMID: 23710836 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the influence of sodium hypochlorite associated with EDTA and etidronate on apical root transportation. METHODOLOGY Forty-five roots of human mandibular molars with curvatures of 15-25° were embedded in acrylic resin to allow standardized angulation of the initial and final radiographs. The pre-instrumentation radiographs of the mesiobuccal canal of each root were taken using a radiograph digital sensor with a size 15 K-file in the canal. The canals were prepared with the ProTaper Universal system (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), using one of the following irrigation regimens during the instrumentation (n = 15): G1 - irrigation with 20 mL of saline solution (control); G2 - alternating irrigation with 2.5% hypochlorite solution (NaOCl) (15 mL); and 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (5 mL). During instrumentation, the canal was filled with NaOCl and then between each exchange of instrument filled with EDTA for 1 min, and G3 - irrigation with 20 mL of 5% NaOCl and 18% etidronate solution (HEBP) mixed in equal parts. The postinstrumentation radiographs were made with a F3 instrument in the canal. The images were magnified and superposed with Adobe Photoshop software (Adobe Systems, Mountain View, CA, USA). Apical transportation was determined with AutoCAD 2012 software (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA) by measuring the distance in millimetres between the tips of the instruments. The results were subjected to the nonparametric statistical Kruskal-Wallis test (α < 0.05). RESULTS The median transportation and interquartile range values were 0.00 ± 0.05 for G1, 0.08 ± 0.23 for G2 and 0.13 ± 0.14 for G3. Comparison between groups showed that apical transportation in G3 was significantly greater than in G1 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of NaOCl associated with etidronate increased apical transportation in the canals of extracted teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A R Silva e Souza
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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Akcay I, Erdilek N, Sen BH. The efficacy of an experimental single solution versus alternate use of multiple irrigants on root dentin microhardness. J Clin Exp Dent 2013; 5:e83-8. [PMID: 24455062 PMCID: PMC3892224 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study was carried-out to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various irrigants when used singly or in combination on the microhardness of root canal dentin.
Study Design: A total of 50 root-halves were randomly divided into 5 groups immediately after the initial baseline microhardness measurements and treated with:
Group-1; 7.5%Ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA) + 2.5%sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl),
Group-2; 7.5%ethyleneglycol-bis[b-aminoethylether]-N,N,N0,N0-tetraaceticacid (EGTA) + 2.5%NaOCl,
Group-3; 7.5%trans1,2diaminocyclohexane NNN’,N’tetraaceticacid (CDTA) + 2.5% NaOCl,
Group-4; 7.5%EDTA + 2.5% Ethylenediamine (EDA), and
Group-5; 1/1 (v/v) EDTA-EDA mixture + 1/1 (v/v) EDTA-EDA mixture. Fifty mL of each solution was used for 1 minute. The reference and post-treatment microhardness values were measured with a Vickers indenter under 80-gram load, 15-second dwell time. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests (p=0.05).
Results: All solutions decreased microhardness of dentin (p< 0.05). There was statistically significant difference between each group, except Group-1 and 4, after 1st solution application. While Group-2 resulted in a greater reduction of dentin hardness, Group-5 caused the least change in microhardness values, after 1st solution application (p< 0.05). No statistical difference was observed between Groups 1-4, after 2nd solution application. However, Group-5 showed a significant difference compared with all other groups, after 2nd solution application (p< 0.05).
Conclusions: Under the experimental conditions, all tested solutions reduced the microhardness of the root canal dentin. EGTA was the most efficient chelating agent. EDTA-EDA single mixture has led to least change on the microhardness of root dentin.
Key words:Microhardness, CDTA, EDTA, EGTA, Ethylenediamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilgin Akcay
- DDS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necdet Erdilek
- DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bilge H Sen
- DDS, PhD, Professor, Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Pimenta JA, Zaparolli D, Pécora JD, Cruz-Filho AM. Chitosan: effect of a new chelating agent on the microhardness of root dentin. Braz Dent J 2013; 23:212-7. [PMID: 22814688 DOI: 10.1590/s0103-64402012000300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of solutions of 0.2% chitosan, 15% EDTA and 10% citric acid on the microhardness of root dentin was evaluated comparatively in this study. Thirteen sound human maxillary central incisors were selected and decoronated at the cementoenamel junction. Ten roots were set into rapid polymerization acrylic resin and the root/resin block was fitted to the cutting machine to obtain slices from the cervical third. The first slice was discarded and the second slice was divided into four quadrants. Each quadrant was used to construct a sample, so that 4 specimens were obtained from each root slice, being one for each chelating solution to be tested: 15% EDTA, 10% citric acid, 0.2% chitosan and distilled water (control). The specimens were exposed to 50 μL of the solution for 5 min, and then washed in distilled water. A microhardness tester (Knoop hardness) with a 10 g load was used for 15 s. Data were analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer test (α=0.05). The other 3 roots had the canals instrumented and irrigated at the end of the biomechanical preparation with the test solutions, and then examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for qualitative analysis. All solutions reduced the microhardness of root dentin in a way that was statistically similar to each other (p>0.05) but significantly different from the control (p>0.05). The SEM micrographs showed that the three solutions removed smear layer from the middle third of the root canal. In conclusion, 0.2% chitosan, 15% EDTA and 10% citric acid showed similar effects in reducing dentin microhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josilaine Amaral Pimenta
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto Dental School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Herrera DR, Santos ZT, Tay LY, Silva EJ, Loguercio AD, Gomes BPFA. Efficacy of different final irrigant activation protocols on smear layer removal by EDTA and citric acid. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:364-9. [PMID: 23362115 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different activation protocols for chelating agents used after chemo-mechanical preparation (CMP), for smear layer (SL) removal. Forty-five single-rooted human premolars with straight canals and fully formed apex were selected. The specimens were randomly divided into three groups depending on the chelating agent used for smear layer removal: distilled water (DW, control group); 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); and 10% citric acid (CA). Each group was further divided into three subgroups according to the activation protocol used: no-activation (NA), manual dynamic activation (MDA), or sonic activation (SA). After CMP, all specimens were sectioned and processed for observation of the apical thirds by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two calibrated evaluators attributed scores to each specimen. The differences between activation protocols were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Friedman and Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used for comparison between each root canal third. When chelating agents were activated, either by MDA or SA, it was obtained the best cleaning results with no significant difference between EDTA and CA (P > 0.05). Sonic activation showed the best results when root canal thirds were analyzed, in comparison to MDA and NA groups (P < 0.05). The activation of chelating agents, independent of the protocol used, benefits smear layer removal from root canals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Herrera
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontics Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Ferrer-Luque CM, Perez-Heredia M, Baca P, Arias-Moliz MT, González-Rodríguez MP. Decalcifying effects of antimicrobial irrigating solutions on root canal dentin. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2013; 18:e158-61. [PMID: 22926482 PMCID: PMC3548637 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.18207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the decalcifying efficacy of 7% maleic acid (MA), 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), and combinations of 7% MA + 0.2% cetrimide (CTR) and 2% CHX + 0.2% CTR, in four time periods.
Study Design: Four specimens per tooth were obtained from a 2-mm thick slice of the cervical third of the root of ten human incisors. At 1, 2, 3 and 5 minutes of immersion, the concentrations of Ca2+ were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-test.
Results: Statistically significant differences were seen for the extracted calcium in all time periods. The amount of calcium extracted by 7% MA was the highest at all four immersion times, followed by 7% MA + 0.2% CTR. Two percent CHX and its combination with 0.2% CTR extracted virtually no calcium.
Conclusions: The decalcifying capacity of 7% MA and 2% CHX diminished when combined with 0.2% CTR.
Key words:Cetrimide; chlorhexidine; decalcification; maleic acid; spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen-María Ferrer-Luque
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Campus de Cartuja, Colegio Máximo s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain.
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Koçani F, Kamberi B, Dragusha E. Manual sonic-air and ultrasonic instrumentation of root canal and irrigation with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: A scanning electron microscope study. J Conserv Dent 2012; 15:118-22. [PMID: 22557807 PMCID: PMC3339003 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.94575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of manual, sonic-air and ultrasonic instrumentation with varying irrigation protocols on removal of the smear layer from root canal walls. Study Design: Sixty extracted single rooted human teeth stored in 0.5% saline were used. Periodontal soft tissues were removed followed by crown separation at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). All the teeth were randomly divided into three groups. Group I was manually instrumented and irrigated with 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) alone and 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) alternately, same as sonically instrumented Group II and ultrasonically instrumented Group III. The controls for all groups were irrigated with saline solution. Results: Ultrasonic over the sonic-air and manual technique, and the use of a combination of two different solutions (17% EDTA and 5.25% NaOCl) alternatively yielded better outcome. Conclusions: Ultrasonic, sonic-air and manual instrumentation of the root canal and irrigation with combined solutions is effective in removal of the smear layer from the instrumented walls of the root canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferit Koçani
- University of Prishtina, Faculty of Medicine, School of Dentistry, Department of Dental Pathology and Endodontics, Mother Teresa Street, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
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Silva PV, Guedes DFC, Nakadi FV, Pécora JD, Cruz-Filho AM. Chitosan: a new solution for removal of smear layer after root canal instrumentation. Int Endod J 2012; 46:332-8. [PMID: 22970844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate, by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the efficacy of smear layer removal using chitosan compared with different chelating agents, and to quantify, by atomic absorption spectrophotometry with flame (AASF), the concentration of calcium ions in these solutions after irrigation. METHODOLOGY The root canals of twenty-five canines were prepared using a crown-down technique and irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite. The teeth were randomly divided into groups (n = 5), according to the type of final irrigation: 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan, 10% citric acid, 1% acetic acid and control (without final irrigation). The total volume of each chelating solution was collected from the canals and analysed by AASF for quantification of calcium ions in the solutions. Then, the roots were split longitudinally and examined by SEM for evaluation of smear layer removal in the middle and apical thirds. Cleaning scores were attributed and analysed statistically using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. The AASF data were analysed by one-way anova and Tukey-Kramer test. A significant level of α = 0.05 was adopted. RESULTS 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan and 10% citric acid had similar smear layer removal capacity with a significant difference (P < 0.05) from 1% acetic acid and the control group. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the smear layer remaining in the middle and apical thirds. The highest calcium ion concentration was observed with 15% EDTA (121.80 ± 5.13) and 0.2% chitosan (104.13 ± 19.23), with no significant difference. The lowest calcium ion concentration was obtained with 1% acetic acid (25.62 ± 7.68), whilst 10% citric acid (70.38 ± 11.15) had intermediate results, differing significantly from the other solutions (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS 15% EDTA, 0.2% chitosan and 10% citric acid effectively removed smear layer from the middle and apical thirds of the root canal. 15% EDTA and 0.2% chitosan were associated with the greatest effect on root dentine demineralization, followed by 10% citric acid and 1% acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hasheminia SM, Birang R, Feizianfard M, Nasouri M. A Comparative Study of the Removal of Smear Layer by Two Endodontic Irrigants and Nd:YAG Laser: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study. ISRN DENTISTRY 2012; 2012:620951. [PMID: 22844605 PMCID: PMC3403175 DOI: 10.5402/2012/620951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 17% EDTA, 5% maleic acid, and Nd:YAG laser on smear layer removal by SEM. Eighty single-rooted teeth were divided into three groups of 25 according to the final procedure for smear layer removal: irrigation by 17% EDTA or 5% maleic acid or Nd:YAG laser irradiation. The other five teeth was used as control. Roots were sectioned into buccal and lingual parts, and smear layer presence was recorded in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds under SEM. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Friedman, and Wilcoxon tests. There was no significant difference between smear layer removal of 17% EDTA and 5% maleic acid. Nd:YAG laser showed the least effect significantly. The coronal part of samples was significantly cleaner than the middle, and the middle was cleaner than the apical section. 17% EDTA and 5% maleic acid were more effective in smear layer removal compared to Nd:YAG laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohsen Hasheminia
- Department of Endodontics and Torabinejad Dental Research Center, School of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 817463461, Iran
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da Silva JM, Silveira A, Santos E, Prado L, Pessoa OF. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, citric acid and phosphoric acid in calcium hydroxide removal from the root canal: a microscopic cleanliness evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 112:820-4. [PMID: 22099858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rooted molars were subjected to standardized canal instrumentation to a master apical file (MAF). The samples were dressed with Ca(OH)(2), and after 7 days, teeth were reopened and Ca(OH)(2) medication was removed by 1 of 4 different experimental procedures: 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (n = 10); 17% EDTA-T (n = 10); 10% citric acid (n = 10); or 37% phosphoric acid (n = 10). This was followed by reinstrumentation with MAF plus 15 mL saline solution. The roots were prepared for scanning electron microscopic analysis of the cervical, middle, and apical thirds. Statistical analysis was performed with the Kruskal-Wallis test. EDTA-T and phosphoric acid gave the best results in the apical third, with significant statistical differences compared with other groups. NaOCl gave the worst results. Irrigation with 17% EDTA-T and 37% phosphoric acid is more effective than sodium hypochlorite and citric acid in the removal of calcium hydroxide from the apical third.
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Viapiana R, Sousa-Neto MD, Souza-Gabriel AE, Alfredo E, Silva-Sousa YTC. Microhardness of Radicular Dentin Treated with 980-nm Diode Laser and Different Irrigant Solutions. Photomed Laser Surg 2012; 30:102-6. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2011.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raqueli Viapiana
- School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Manoel D. Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Edson Alfredo
- School of Dentistry, University of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Ozdemir HO, Buzoglu HD, Çalt S, Çehreli ZC, Varol E, Temel A. Chemical and Ultramorphologic Effects of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Sodium Hypochlorite in Young and Old Root Canal Dentin. J Endod 2012; 38:204-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Cobankara FK, Erdogan H, Hamurcu M. Effects of chelating agents on the mineral content of root canal dentin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:e149-54. [PMID: 22014997 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the effect of several chelating agents on the mineral content of root dentin. STUDY DESIGN Extracted human mandibular incisor roots were prepared and divided into groups according to the following irrigation protocols: 1) 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); 2) 10% citric acid solution; 3) 18% etidronate; 4) 2.25% peracetic acid; 5) and deionized water (control). Dentin chips were obtained (Gates-Glidden nos. 3, 4, and 5). The levels of different minerals were analyzed with the use of inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). RESULTS 1) Peracetic acid significantly decreased P, K, Mg, Na, and S levels compared with the other groups (P < .05). 2) S decreased by different levels in all of the chelating solutions (P < .05), and the greatest decrease was observed in peracetic acid. 3) Ca levels significantly decreased in peracetic acid, citric acid, and EDTA (P < .05). 4) Mn levels significantly decreased in the citric acid and peracetic acid groups (P < .05). 5) Na and Zn levels significantly decreased in the peracetic acid, citric acid, and etidronate groups (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS The chelation agents can create different effects on mineral contents of root dentin, so it is important to know what effects each solution will have on root dentin before their clinical use. In addition, according to the results of this in vitro study, it might be recommended that peracetic acid, in particular, should be used with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funda Kont Cobankara
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
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Evaluation of radicular dentin erosion and smear layer removal capacity of Self-Adjusting File using different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite as an initial irrigant. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:524-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ballal NV, Mala K, Bhat KS. Evaluation of decalcifying effect of maleic acid and EDTA on root canal dentin using energy dispersive spectrometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 112:e78-84. [PMID: 21530335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate mineral contents of root canal dentin after treatment with 7% maleic acid (MA) or 17% EDTA. STUDY DESIGN Thirty pieces of teeth were divided into 3 groups: 1) 17% EDTA; 2) 7% MA; and 3) saline. All specimens were treated for 0, 1, 5, 10, 15 minutes. Levels of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, and oxygen were measured using energy dispersive spectrometer. Data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance. Tukey honest significant difference and Bonferroni test were used for comparison between the groups and time periods. RESULTS MA reduced maximum amount of calcium and phosphorus at all time intervals, but was significant only up to 5 minutes (P < .001). Oxygen, sulfur, and magnesium were decreased more with saline and least with MA (P < .001). Sodium was decreased more with MA and least with EDTA (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS MA decalcifies the root dentin, with most calcium and phosphorus extracted during the first 5 minutes, compared with EDTA.
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Effect of Chelating Solutions on the Microhardness of Root Canal Lumen Dentin. J Endod 2011; 37:358-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ulusoy ÖİA, Görgül G. Effects of different irrigation solutions on root dentine microhardness, smear layer removal and erosion. AUST ENDOD J 2011; 39:66-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2010.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Prado M, Gusman H, Gomes BP, Simão RA. Scanning Electron Microscopic Investigation of the Effectiveness of Phosphoric Acid in Smear Layer Removal When Compared with EDTA and Citric Acid. J Endod 2011; 37:255-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shinkai K, Taira Y, Suzuki M, Kato C, Yamauchi J, Suzuki S, Katoh Y. Dentin bond strength of an experimental adhesive system containing calcium chloride, synthetic peptides derived from dentin matrix protein 1 (pA and pB), and hydroxyapatite for direct pulp capping and as a bonding agent. Odontology 2010; 98:110-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-010-0125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rödig T, Vogel S, Zapf A, Hülsmann M. Efficacy of different irrigants in the removal of calcium hydroxide from root canals. Int Endod J 2010; 43:519-27. [PMID: 20536580 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2010.01709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Rödig
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Saghiri MA, Delvarani A, Mehrvarzfar P, Malganji G, Lotfi M, Dadresanfar B, Saghiri AM, Dadvand S. A study of the relation between erosion and microhardness of root canal dentin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 108:e29-34. [PMID: 19913717 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to find a relation between erosion and microhardness of root canal dentin after irrigation with different canal irrigants. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-two single-canal human premolar teeth were selected and enlarged by rotary Protaper files. The middle part of each root was transversely sectioned to a 4-mm slice. The initial microhardness values of intact specimens were measured at depths of 100 microm and 500 microm from the pulp-dentin interface using a Vickers microhardness tester. the specimens were divided into 6 groups of 12 specimens and were treated as follows: 1: 2.6% NaOCl, 2: 17% EDTA (5 minutes) then 2.6% NaOCl (5 minutes), 3: 17% EDTA (1 minute) then 2.6% NaOCl (1 minute), 4: MTAD (5 minutes), 5: 2% Chlorhexidine (5 minutes), and 6: saline (control), respectively. Posttreatment microhardness values were obtained in the same manner as the initial ones. Afterwards, the specimens were prepared for scanning electron microscopy analysis. The amount of dentin erosion was examined. RESULTS Group 2 showed the most erosive effect on dentin (P < .0001) along with the least decrease of dentin microhardness at depth of 100 microm, whereas MTAD showed the most reduction of dentin microhardness and less erosive effect on dentin. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that erosion is not the main factor in decreasing the dentin microhardness, whereas the amount of irrigant penetration might be the main cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
There is a gap in the literature concerning the chemical effects that household products may produce on human remains. The present study examines the effects of household chemical products on teeth. A total of eight chemicals were utilized for this experiment. The corrosive chemical categories include: hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide. Two products with each chemical were used, each representing varying concentrations of the corrosive product. Two human teeth were allocated for emergence in the chemical throughout a 24-h period of exposure. Results demonstrate hydrochloric acid as the most detrimental chemical to the dental samples. Sulfuric acid enacted minimal alterations to the teeth, although some etching and discoloration were noticeable. Phosphoric acid resulted in variable changes of the organic and inorganic contents of teeth. Lastly, exposure of sodium hydroxide resulted in little to no change. As hypothesized, distinct effects are observable of each chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy J Cope
- University of Central Florida, Department of Anthropology, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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