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Redy Keisar O, Nahum V, Yehezkel L, Marcovitch I, Columbus I, Fridkin G, Chen R. Active and Strippable PVA/Borax/NaBO 3 Hydrogel for Effective Containment and Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5359-5367. [PMID: 33681575 PMCID: PMC7931205 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active gels present unique potential for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs) as they strongly adhere to surfaces, thus allowing prolonged decontamination time. Herein, we present a decontamination hydrogel based on polyvinyl alcohol/borax, which contains sodium perborate (NaBO3), as an in situ source of the active ingredient hydrogen peroxide. Developed as a binary formulation, this gel instantly forms and effectively sticks when sprayed on various matrices, including porous and vertically positioned matrices. The gel efficiently detoxified the CWAs sarin (GB), O-ethyl S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate (VX), and sulfur mustard (HD) in test tubes (2 μL CWA/0.5 mL gel) to provide nontoxic products with reaction half-lives of <3, 45 and 113 min, respectively. The gel was also shown to efficiently decontaminate surfaces contaminated with VX (5-7 mg, 8-12 mL of gel, i.e., >99%) and to prevent GB evaporation, as proven by laboratory wind tunnel experiments. The universal decontamination abilities of this mild hydrogel, as well as its facile application and removal processes suggest that it holds high potential for future development as a new CWA decontamination tool.
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Rendeki S, Nagy B, Bene M, Pentek A, Toth L, Szanto Z, Told R, Maroti P. An Overview on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Fabricated with Additive Manufacturing Technologies in the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2703. [PMID: 33207712 PMCID: PMC7697679 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Different additive manufacturing technologies have proven effective and useful in remote medicine and emergency or disaster situations. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, has had a huge impact on our society, including in relation to the continuous supply of personal protective equipment (PPE). The aim of the study is to give a detailed overview of 3D-printed PPE devices and provide practical information regarding the manufacturing and further design process, as well as describing the potential risks of using them. Open-source models of a half-face mask, safety goggles, and a face-protecting shield are evaluated, considering production time, material usage, and cost. Estimations have been performed with fused filament fabrication (FFF) and selective laser sintering (SLS) technology, highlighting the material characteristics of polylactic acid (PLA), polyamide, and a two-compound silicone. Spectrophotometry measurements of transparent PMMA samples were performed to determine their functionality as goggles or face mask parts. All the tests were carried out before and after the tetra-acetyl-ethylene-diamine (TAED)-based disinfection process. The results show that the disinfection has no significant effect on the mechanical and structural stability of the used polymers; therefore, 3D-printed PPE is reusable. For each device, recommendations and possible means of development are explained. The files of the modified models are provided. SLS and FFF additive manufacturing technology can be useful tools in PPE development and small-series production, but open-source models must be used with special care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilard Rendeki
- Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- Department of Operational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balint Nagy
- Department of Operational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Matyas Bene
- 3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (M.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Attila Pentek
- 3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (M.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Luca Toth
- 3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (M.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (R.T.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7623 Pecs, Hungary
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary
| | - Zalan Szanto
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
| | - Roland Told
- 3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (M.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (R.T.)
| | - Peter Maroti
- Medical Simulation Education Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary;
- 3D Printing and Visualization Centre, University of Pecs, 7624 Pecs, Hungary; (M.B.); (A.P.); (L.T.); (R.T.)
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A Portable Biosensor for 2,4-Dinitrotoluene Vapors. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18124247. [PMID: 30513956 PMCID: PMC6308836 DOI: 10.3390/s18124247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Buried explosive material, e.g., landmines, represent a severe issue for human safety all over the world. Most explosives consist of environmentally hazardous chemicals like 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), carcinogenic 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) and related compounds. Vapors leaking from buried landmines offer a detection marker for landmines, presenting an option to detect landmines without relying on metal detection. 2,4-Dinitrotoluene (DNT), an impurity and byproduct of common TNT synthesis, is a feasible detection marker since it is extremely volatile. We report on the construction of a wireless, handy and cost effective 2,4-dinitrotoluene biosensor combining recombinant bioluminescent bacterial cells and a compact, portable optical detection device. This biosensor could serve as a potential alternative to the current detection technique. The influence of temperature, oxygen and different immobilization procedures on bioluminescence were tested. Oxygen penetration depth in agarose gels was investigated, and showed that aeration with molecular oxygen is necessary to maintain bioluminescence activity at higher cell densities. Bioluminescence was low even at high cell densities and 2,4-DNT concentrations, hence optimization of different prototypes was carried out regarding radiation surface of the gels used for immobilization. These findings were applied to sensor construction, and 50 ppb gaseous 2,4-DNT was successfully detected.
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Sofokleous P, Ali S, Wilson P, Buanz A, Gaisford S, Mistry D, Fellows A, Day RM. Sustained antimicrobial activity and reduced toxicity of oxidative biocides through biodegradable microparticles. Acta Biomater 2017; 64:301-312. [PMID: 28986301 PMCID: PMC5692019 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens requires new treatments. Small molecule precursor compounds that produce oxidative biocides with well-established antimicrobial properties could provide a range of new therapeutic products to combat resistant infections. The aim of this study was to investigate a novel biomaterials-based approach for the manufacture, targeted delivery and controlled release of a peroxygen donor (sodium percarbonate) combined with an acetyl donor (tetraacetylethylenediamine) to deliver local antimicrobial activity via a dynamic equilibrium mixture of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid. Entrapment of the pre-cursor compounds into hierarchically structured degradable microparticles was achieved using an innovative dry manufacturing process involving thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) that circumvented compound decomposition associated with conventional microparticle manufacture. The microparticles provided controlled release of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid that led to rapid and sustained killing of multiple drug-resistant organisms (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli) without associated cytotoxicity in vitro nor intracutaneous reactivity in vivo. The results from this study demonstrate for the first time that microparticles loaded with acetyl and peroxygen donors retain their antimicrobial activity whilst eliciting no host toxicity. In doing so, it overcomes the detrimental effects that have prevented oxidative biocides from being used as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The manuscript explores a novel approach to utilize the antimicrobial activity of oxidative species for sustained killing of multiple drug-resistant organisms without causing collateral tissue damage. The results demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to load pre-cursor compounds into porous polymeric structures that results in their release and conversion into oxidative species in a controlled manner. Until now, the use of oxidative species has not been considered as a candidate therapeutic replacement for conventional antibiotics due to difficulties associated with handling during manufacture and controlling sustained release without causing undesirable tissue damage. The ultimate impact of the research could be the creation of new materials-based anti-infective chemotherapeutic agents that have minimal potential for giving rise to antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shanom Ali
- Environmental Research Laboratory, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Peter Wilson
- Environmental Research Laboratory, University College Hospital, 235 Euston Road, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Asma Buanz
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Simon Gaisford
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
| | | | | | - Richard M Day
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Simbula G, Dettori C, Camboni T, Cotti E. Comparison of Tetraacetylethylendiamine + Sodium Perborate and Sodium Hypochlorite Cytotoxicity on L929 Fibroblasts. J Endod 2010; 36:1516-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Revised: 05/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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