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Sävblom C, Halldén C, Cronin AM, Säll T, Savage C, Vertosick EA, Klein RJ, Giwercman A, Lilja H. Genetic variation in KLK2 and KLK3 is associated with concentrations of hK2 and PSA in serum and seminal plasma in young men. Clin Chem 2013; 60:490-9. [PMID: 24270797 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2013.211219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants in KLK2 and KLK3 have been associated with increased serum concentrations of their encoded proteins, human kallikrein-related peptidase 2 (hK2) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and with prostate cancer in older men. Low PSA concentrations in seminal plasma (SP) have been associated with low sperm motility. To evaluate whether KLK2 and KLK3 genetic variants affect physiological prostatic secretion, we studied the association of SNPs with hK2 and PSA concentrations in SP and serum of young, healthy men. METHODS Leukocyte DNA was extracted from 303 male military conscripts (median age 18.1 years). Nine SNPs across KLK2-KLK3 were genotyped. We measured PSA and hK2 in SP and serum using immunofluorometric assays. The association of genotype frequencies with hK2 and PSA concentrations was tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS Four KLK2 SNPs (rs198972, rs198977, rs198978, and rs80050017) were strongly associated with hK2 concentrations in SP and serum, with individuals homozygous for the major alleles having 3- to 7-fold higher concentrations than the intermediate concentrations found in other homozygotes and heterozygotes (all P < 0.001). Three of these SNPs were significantly associated with percentage of free PSA (%fPSA) in serum (all P < 0.007). Three KLK3 SNPs showed associations with PSA in SP, and the rs1058205 SNP was associated with total PSA in serum (P = 0.001) and %fPSA (P = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS Associations observed in young, healthy men between the SP and serum concentrations of hK2 and PSA and several genetic variants in KLK2 and KLK3 could be useful to refine models of PSA cutoff values in prostate cancer testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Sävblom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, and
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Helfand BT, Loeb S, Hu Q, Cooper PR, Roehl KA, McGuire BB, Baumann NA, Catalona WJ. Personalized prostate specific antigen testing using genetic variants may reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies. J Urol 2013; 189:1697-701. [PMID: 23246478 PMCID: PMC3631301 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have identified genetic variants associated with increased serum prostate specific antigen concentrations and prostate cancer risk, raising the possibility of diagnostic bias. By correcting for the effects of these variants on prostate specific antigen, it may be possible to create a personalized prostate specific antigen cutoff to more accurately identify individuals for whom biopsy is recommended. Therefore, we determined how many men would continue to meet common biopsy criteria after genetic correction of their measured prostate specific antigen concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS The genotypes of 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with serum prostate specific antigen levels (rs2736098, rs10788160, rs11067228 and rs17632542) were determined in 964 healthy Caucasian volunteers without prostate cancer. Genetic correction of prostate specific antigen was performed by dividing an individual's prostate specific antigen value by his combined genetic risk. Analyses were used to compare the percentage of men who would meet commonly used biopsy thresholds (2.5 ng/ml or greater, or 4.0 ng/ml or greater) before and after genetic correction. RESULTS Genetic correction of serum prostate specific antigen results was associated with a significantly decreased percentage of men meeting biopsy thresholds. Genetic correction could lead to a 15% or 20% relative reduction in the total number of biopsies using a biopsy threshold of 2.5 ng/ml or greater, or 4.0 ng/ml or greater, respectively. In addition, genetic correction could result in an 18% to 22% reduction in the number of potentially unnecessary biopsies and a 3% decrease in potentially delayed diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms can be used to adjust a man's measured prostate specific antigen concentration and potentially delay or prevent unnecessary prostate biopsies in Caucasian men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T. Helfand
- Division of Urology, Northshore University Healthcare System, Evanston, IL
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Qiaoyan Hu
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Phillip R. Cooper
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Kimberly A. Roehl
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Barry B. McGuire
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Nikola A. Baumann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - William J. Catalona
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
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Andriole GL, McCullum-Hill C, Sandhu GS, Crawford ED, Barry MJ, Cantor A. The effect of increasing doses of saw palmetto fruit extract on serum prostate specific antigen: analysis of the CAMUS randomized trial. J Urol 2013; 189:486-92. [PMID: 23253958 PMCID: PMC3979451 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Saw palmetto extracts are used to treat lower urinary tract symptoms in men despite level I evidence that saw palmetto is ineffective in reducing these lower urinary tract symptoms. We determined whether higher doses of saw palmetto as studied in the CAMUS (Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Urologic Symptoms) trial affect serum prostate specific antigen levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS The CAMUS trial was a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind, multicenter, North American trial conducted between June 5, 2008 and October 10, 2012, in which 369 men older than 45 years with an AUA symptom score of 8 to 24 were randomly assigned to placebo or dose escalation of saw palmetto, which consisted of 320 mg for the first 24 weeks, 640 mg for the next 24 weeks and 960 mg for the last 24 weeks of this 72-week trial. Serum prostate specific antigen levels were obtained at baseline and at weeks 24, 48 and 72, and were compared between treatment groups using the pooled t test and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Serum prostate specific antigen was similar at baseline for the placebo (mean ± SD 1.93 ± 1.59 ng/ml) and saw palmetto groups (2.20 ± 1.95, p = 0.16). Changes in prostate specific antigen during the study were similar, with a mean change in the placebo group of 0.16 ± 1.08 ng/ml and 0.23 ± 0.83 ng/ml in the saw palmetto group (p = 0.50). In addition, no differential effect on serum prostate specific antigen was observed between treatment arms when the groups were stratified by baseline prostate specific antigen. CONCLUSIONS Saw palmetto extract does not affect serum prostate specific antigen more than placebo, even at relatively high doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Andriole
- Division of Urologic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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Effect of CYP17 and PSA gene polymorphisms on prostate cancer risk and circulating PSA levels in the Slovak population. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:7871-80. [PMID: 22528335 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1631-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P-450c17α (CYP17) and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) genes, which are involved in the androgen metabolism cascade, have been studied as possible candidates for genetic influences on prostate cancer development. Contradictory results prompted us to evaluate the frequencies of polymorphisms in the CYP17 and PSA genes as well as the association between these genetic variants and serum PSA levels in prostate cancer patients and men routinely screened for prostate cancer with PSA in the Slovak male population. The CYP17 and PSA polymorphisms were determined by the PCR-RFLP analysis in 197 Caucasian prostate cancer patients and 256 Caucasian controls. We did not find any association between the CYP17 and PSA genotypes and prostate cancer risk overall, or by grade. Also the total serum PSA levels in the cases with the AG or AA genotype were not significantly higher than in the men with the GG genotype (P > 0.05). Our study did not provide support for the hypothesized relationship between CYP17 and PSA gene polymorphisms and prostate cancer in the Slovak male population.
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the likelihood of prostate cancer at a given prostate specific antigen level. J Urol 2009; 182:101-4; discussion 105. [PMID: 19450841 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2009.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate specific antigen is used for prostate cancer screening but its specificity is limited. Specificity might be increased by considering genotype associated prostate specific antigen levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 10 and 19 (previously shown to be associated with prostate specific antigen) with prostate specific antigen and prostate cancer in 505 men from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. RESULTS In a model with age and date the risk ratio for prostate cancer was 1.18 (95% CI 1.13-1.23) per unit increase in prostate specific antigen. Including the interaction between alleles and prostate specific antigen significantly altered the risk ratio for prostate cancer (Cox proportional hazards p <0.001). Specifically prostate cancer risk per unit increase in prostate specific antigen was significantly different in carriers than in noncarriers of a minor allele (1.28 vs 1.10, respectively, Cox proportional hazards p <0.001), whereas men with a minor allele had a significantly higher risk of prostate cancer at prostate specific antigen levels greater than 6 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that genotype influences the risk of prostate cancer per unit increase in prostate specific antigen. Prostate cancer risk stratification using prostate specific antigen and genotype could improve prostate specific antigen test performance.
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Wiklund F, Zheng SL, Sun J, Adami HO, Lilja H, Hsu FC, Stattin P, Adolfsson J, Cramer SD, Duggan D, Carpten JD, Chang BL, Isaacs WB, Grönberg H, Xu J. Association of reported prostate cancer risk alleles with PSA levels among men without a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:419-27. [PMID: 19116992 PMCID: PMC3348520 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is widely used for prostate cancer screening but its levels are influenced by many non cancer-related factors. The goal of the study is to estimate the effect of genetic variants on PSA levels. METHODS We evaluated the association of SNPs that were reported to be associated with prostate cancer risk in recent genome-wide association studies with plasma PSA levels in a Swedish study population, including 1,722 control subjects without a diagnosis of prostate cancer. RESULTS Of the 16 SNPs analyzed in control subjects, significant associations with PSA levels (P < or = 0.05) were found for six SNPs. These six SNPs had a cumulative effect on PSA levels; the mean PSA levels in men were almost twofold increased across increasing quintile of number of PSA associated alleles, P-trend = 3.4 x 10(-14). In this Swedish study population risk allele frequencies were similar among T1c case patients (cancer detected by elevated PSA levels alone) as compared to T2 and above prostate cancer case patients. CONCLUSIONS Results from this study may have two important clinical implications. The cumulative effect of six SNPs on PSA levels suggests genetic-specific PSA cutoff values may be used to improve the discriminatory performance of this test for prostate cancer; and the dual associations of these SNPs with PSA levels and prostate cancer risk raise a concern that some of reported prostate cancer risk-associated SNPs may be confounded by the prevalent use of PSA screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S. Lilly Zheng
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jielin Sun
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Hans-Olov Adami
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Dana Farber Harvard Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hans Lilja
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NewYork
- Department of Surgery (Urology),Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NewYork
- Department of Medicine (GU-Oncology), Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NewYork
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital UMAS, Malmoö, Sweden
| | - Fang-Chi Hsu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Pär Stattin
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative sciences,Urology and Andrology, Umeå University Hospital, Umå, Sweden
| | - Jan Adolfsson
- Oncological Center, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Scott D. Cramer
- Cancer Biology,Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - David Duggan
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - John D. Carpten
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Bao-Li Chang
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Martland
- Correspondence to: William B. Isaacs, PhD, Marburg 115, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287.
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence to: Henrik Grönberg, MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels Väg 12A, PO Box 281, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Center for Cancer Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
- Correspondence to: Jianfeng Xu, MD, PH, Center for Cancer Genomics, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157.
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