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Toxicological evaluation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone, a unique radiolytic compound of palmitic acid. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:639-647. [PMID: 30268793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.09.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effects and potency of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB), a unique compound derived from palmitic acid via irradiation. In a series of assays of bacterial reverse-mutation, in vitro chromosomal aberration, and in vivo micronucleus, negative responses were found by the treatment of 2-dDCB comparing vehicle control, dimethyl sulfoxide or corn oil. In the acute oral toxicity test, all of the mice administrated 2-dDCB survived, and there were no clinical and necropsy signs observed at any doses (0, 300, and 2000 mg/kg body weight) during the experimental period of 14 days. These results suggested that 2-dDCB is a relatively non-toxic substance with median lethality dose higher than 2000 mg/kg body weight. Moreover, there were no adverse effects noted in rats orally administrated 2-dDCB everyday via gavage for 28 days, even at the highest dose (2.0 mg/kg body weight/day) tested, which is 1000-times higher than the human daily intake of 2-dDCB estimated through an extreme exposure scenario. Overall, these results indicate that 2-dDCB is not likely to raise any human health concerns and irradiated foods containing palmitic acid can be recognized as safe for human consumption under the current international regulation systems for food irradiation.
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Sato M, Todoriki S, Takahashi T, Hafez E, Takasu C, Uehara H, Yamakage K, Kondo T, Matsumoto K, Furuta M, Izumi K. Modifications of azoxymethane-induced carcinogenesis and 90-day oral toxicities of 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone as a radiolytic product of stearic acid in F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 2015; 28:99-107. [PMID: 26028819 PMCID: PMC4444508 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A 90-day oral toxicity test in rats was performed to evaluate the toxicity of 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB), a unique radiolytic product of stearic acid. Six-week-old male and female F344 rats (n=15/group) were given 2-tDCB at concentrations of 0, 12, 60 and 300 ppm in a powder diet for 13 weeks. Slight dose-dependent increases in serum total protein and albumin in male rats were found, but these changes were not considered to be a toxic effect. The fasting, but not non-fasting, blood glucose levels of the male rats in the 300 ppm group and female rats in the 60 and 300 ppm groups were lower than those of the controls. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed dose-dependent accumulation of 2-tDCB in adipose tissue, notably in males. Next, we performed an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced two-stage carcinogenesis study. After injection of 6-week-old male F344 rats (n=30/group) once a week for 3 weeks, the animals received 2-tDCB at concentrations of 0, 10, 50 and 250 ppm in a powder diet for 25 weeks. The incidences of colon tumors for the 2-tDCB dosages were 34%, 45%, 40% and 37%, respectively, and were not statistically significant. These data suggest that 2-tDCB shows no toxic or tumor-modifying effects under the present conditions, and that the no-observed-adverse-effect level for 2-tDCB is 300 ppm in both sexes, equivalent to 15.5 mg/kg b.w./day in males and 16.5 mg/kg b.w./day in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sato
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute,
2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Ezar Hafez
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Chie Takasu
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hisanori Uehara
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamakage
- Division of Alternative Toxicology Test, Hatano Research
Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523,
Japan
| | - Takashi Kondo
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of
Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194,
Japan
| | - Kozo Matsumoto
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life
Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555,
Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-beam Chemical Biology, Radiation
Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570,
Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology,
Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15
Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Yamakage K, Sui H, Ohta R, Toyoizumi T, Kawakami K, Matsumoto H, Takahashi T, Sasaki K, Ikezumi M, Negishi S, Izumi K, Todoriki S, Takashi K, Furuta M. Genotoxic potential and in vitro tumour-promoting potential of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, two radiolytic products of fatty acids. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2014; 770:95-104. [PMID: 25344170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The DNA-damaging and tumour-promoting effects of two 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), which are found in irradiated fat-containing foods, were investigated by use of the comet assay and in an azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon-carcinogenesis study in rats, respectively. We conducted genotoxicity tests of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-dDCB) and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone (2-tDCB) according to the test guidelines for chemicals or drugs. In addition, a cell-transformation assay with Bhas 42 cells was performed to investigate their promoting potential in vitro. The Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay (Ames test), conducted with five tester strains, revealed that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB possessed mutagenic activity. Moreover, both in the in vitro chromosomal aberration test on CHL/IU cells and the in vivo bone-marrow micronucleus test where mice were given 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB (orally, up to 2000 mg/kg bw/day), we did not detect any clastogenic effects. Furthermore, DNA strand-breaks were not detected in the in vitro comet assay with CHL/IU cells, and DNA adducts derived from 2-dDCB and 2-tDCB were not detected in the colon tissues of the mice used for the micronucleus tests, in rats from a repeated dose 90-day oral toxicity test (0.03% 2-tDCB in the diet), or in rats from the AOM-induced carcinogenesis study (0.025% 2-tDCB in the diet). An in vitro tumour-promotion assay with Bhas 42 cells revealed that the number of transformed foci increased significantly following treatment of cells in the stationary phase with 2-dDCB or 2-tDCB for 10 days. Our results indicate that neither 2-dDCB nor 2-tDCB were genotoxic chemicals. However, they exhibited promoting activity, at least in vitro, when Bhas 42 cells were continuously exposed to these chemicals at toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamakage
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan.
| | - Hajime Sui
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohta
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Toyoizumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kawakami
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Takahashi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sasaki
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Mayu Ikezumi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Saki Negishi
- Hatano Research Institute, Food and Drug Safety Center, 729-5 Ochiai, Hadano, Kanagawa 257-8523, Japan
| | - Keisuke Izumi
- Department of Molecular and Environmental Pathology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Setsuko Todoriki
- Food Safety Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kondo Takashi
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani 2630, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masakazu Furuta
- Laboratory of Quantum-Beam Chemistry and Biology, Radiation Research Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
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Song BS, Choi SJ, Jin YB, Park JH, Kim JK, Byun EB, Kim JH, Lee JW, Kim GS, Marchioni E. A critical review on toxicological safety of 2-alkylcyclobutanones. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2014.05.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hijaz F, Shrestha TB, Bossman SH, Hussain F, Smith JS. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the radiolytic compound 2-dodecylcyclobutanone. J Food Sci 2010; 75:T72-80. [PMID: 20546430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Our knowledge about the metabolism of alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs) is limited, and the lack of literature on the metabolism of 2-ACBs causes consumers to doubt the safety of irradiated foods. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the metabolism of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB) and identify any possible metabolite. The 2-DCB was mixed with rat S9 (postmitochondrial supernatant fraction) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. Then, the incubation mixture was mixed with sodium sulfate and extracted with n-hexane by using a Soxhlet apparatus. The hexane extract was concentrated under nitrogen and injected into the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) machine running in selective ion monitoring mode (SIM) to measure 2-DCB concentration. The hexane extract from the in vitro and in vivo studies was also derivatized with a silylation reagent and injected into a GC-MS running in full scan mode. The average percentage of 2-DCB recovered from the test incubations was 23%, compared with 50% from the controls. The GC-MS chromatograms of the derivatized samples showed a unique peak in the in vitro test incubations and in the hexane extract of the rat feces that were given 2-DCB. This peak was later identified as 2-doecylcyclobutanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hijaz
- Food Science Inst., Dept. of Animal Sciences and Industry, 208 Call Hall, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Schilling M, Yoon Y, Tokarskyy O, Pham A, Williams R, Marshall D. Effects of ionizing irradiation and hydrostatic pressure on Escherichia coli O157:H7 inactivation, chemical composition, and sensory acceptability of ground beef patties. Meat Sci 2009; 81:705-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2008.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Hartwig A, Pelzer A, Burnouf D, Titéca H, Delincée H, Briviba K, Soika C, Hodapp C, Raul F, Miesch M, Werner D, Horvatovich P, Marchioni E. Toxicological potential of 2-alkylcyclobutanones – specific radiolytic products in irradiated fat-containing food – in bacteria and human cell lines. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:2581-91. [PMID: 17766022 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food irradiation has been considered as a safe processing technology to improve food safety and preservation, eliminating efficiently bacterial pathogens, parasites and insects. This study aims to characterize the toxicological potential of 2-alkylcyclobutanones (2-ACBs), radiolytic derivatives of triglycerides, formed uniquely upon irradiation of fat-containing food. In irradiated food they are generated proportionally to fat content and absorbed radiation dose. The cyto- and genotoxic potentials of various highly pure synthetic 2-ACBs were studied in bacteria and human cell lines. While pronounced cytotoxicity was evident in bacteria, no mutagenic activity has been revealed by the Ames test in Salmonella strains TA 97, TA 98 and TA 100. In mammalian cells genotoxicity was demonstrated mainly by the induction of DNA base lesions recognized by the Fpg protein as determined by both the Comet Assay and the Alkaline Unwinding procedure. Formation of DNA strand breaks was observed by the Alkaline Unwinding procedure but not by the Comet Assay. The extent of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were dependent on chain length and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid chain. Further studies will have to clarify mechanisms of action and potential relevance for human exposure situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hartwig
- Institut für Lebensmitteltechnologie und Lebensmittelchemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany.
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Sommers CH. Induction of Micronuclei in Human TK6 Lymphoblasts by 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, a Unique Radiolytic Product of Palmitic Acid. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sommers CH, Mackay WJ. DNA Damage-Inducible Gene Expression and Formation of 5-Fluorouracil-Resistant Mutants in Escherichia coli Exposed to 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Knoll N, Weise A, Claussen U, Sendt W, Marian B, Glei M, Pool-Zobel BL. 2-Dodecylcyclobutanone, a radiolytic product of palmitic acid, is genotoxic in primary human colon cells and in cells from preneoplastic lesions. Mutat Res 2006; 594:10-9. [PMID: 16153665 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The irradiation of fat results in the formation of 2-alkylcyclobutanones, a new class of food contaminants. Results of previous in vitro studies with primary human colon cells and in vivo experiments with rats fed with 2-alkylcyclobutanones indicated that these radiolytic derivatives may be genotoxic and enhance the progression of colon tumors. The underlying mechanisms of these effects, however, are not clearly understood. Therefore we performed additional investigations to elucidate the genotoxic potential of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2dDCB) that is generated from palmitic acid. In particular, we explored the relative sensitivities of human colon cells, representing different stages of tumor development and healthy colon tissues, respectively. HT29clone19A cells, LT97 adenoma cells and primary human epithelial cells were exposed to 2dDCB (150-2097 microM). We determined cytotoxic effects using trypan blue exclusion. Genotoxicity, reflected as strand breaks, was assessed using the alkaline version of the comet assay and chromosomal abnormalities were investigated by 24-color fluorescence-in-situ-hybridization. 2dDCB was cytotoxic in a time- and dose-dependent manner in LT97 adenoma cells and in freshly isolated primary cells but not in the human colon tumor cell line. Associated with this was a marked induction of DNA damage by 2dDCB in LT97 adenoma cells and in freshly isolated colonocytes, whereas in the HT29clone19A cells no strand breaks were detectable. A long-term incubation of LT97 adenoma cells with lower concentrations of 2dDCB revealed cytogenetic effects. In summary, 2dDCB was clearly genotoxic in healthy human colon epithelial cells and in cells representing preneoplastic colon adenoma. These findings provide additional evidence that this compound may be regarded as a possible risk factor for processes in colon carcinogenesis related to initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Knoll
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Strasse 25, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Obana H, Furuta M, Tanaka Y. Detection of 2-Alkylcyclobutanones in Irradiated Meat, Poultry and Egg after Cooking. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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