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Smith D. Sampling method and location affect recovery of coliforms and Escherichia coli from broiler carcasses. Poult Sci 2010; 89:169-72. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Mossel D, Pflug IJ. Occurrence, prevention, and monitoring of microbial quality loss of foods and dairy products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643387509381624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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OSCAR THOMASP. PERSISTENCE OFSALMONELLASEROTYPES ON CHICKEN SKIN AFTER EXPOSURE TO KOSHER SALT AND RINSING*. J Food Saf 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2008.00107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hannah J, Fletcher D, Cox N, Smith D, Cason J, Northcutt J, Richardson L, Buhr R. Effect of Sand and Shaking Duration on the Recovery of Aerobic Bacteria, Coliforms, and Escherichia coli from Prechill Broiler Whole Carcass Rinsates. J APPL POULTRY RES 2008. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2007-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Smith DP, Cason JA, Fletcher DL, Hannah JF. Evaluation of carcass scraping to enumerate bacteria on prechill broiler carcasses. Poult Sci 2007; 86:1436-9. [PMID: 17575193 DOI: 10.1093/ps/86.7.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate a scraping method for enumerating bacteria on broiler carcasses. In experiment 1, coliforms and Escherichia coli were determined by the whole-carcass rinse (WCR) method and by scraping the skin surface and rinsing the blade (BR). In each of 2 replicate trials, 4 prechill broiler carcasses were collected from 2 different commercial processing plants. The WCR method was conducted on each carcass, then a blunt edge blade was used to scrape an area measuring approximately 80 cm(2) of the breast (front) skin and on the back of the carcass. After scraping, each blade and adhering residue was rinsed in 30 mL of 0.1% peptone. One milliliter of rinsate each from the WCR and BR was plated to determine total coliforms and E. coli. In experiment 2, 6 carcasses were collected from a processing plant in each of 2 replicate trials. Carcasses were split, with one half scraped on all skin surfaces, and the other half remaining unscraped as a control; all halves were then subjected to half-carcass rinses using 200 mL of 0.1% peptone. Coliforms and E. coli were enumerated. Results from both experiments are reported as log cfu/mL. In experiment 1, mean coliform WCR counts (5.1) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than back BR (2.8), which were higher than front BR (2.2). Mean E. coli WCR counts (4.5) were higher than back BR (2.4), which were higher than front BR (1.6). The counts for BR adjusted for the greater surface area sampled by WCR were still lower than the WCR counts. Experiment 2 results showed no difference between control and scraped carcass halves for coliforms (4.7) or E. coli (4.6). Overall, results showed that scraping either prior to or after rinsing did not increase enumeration of coliforms or E. coli. Scraping could be a viable method to compare the numbers of bacteria on different areas of the same carcass.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Smith
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Richard B. Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
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Burfoot D, Whyte RT, Tinker DB, Hall K, Allen VM. A novel method for assessing the role of air in the microbiological contamination of poultry carcasses. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 115:48-52. [PMID: 17126440 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a novel method of measuring the contamination of raw foods with airborne bacteria during primary processing. To demonstrate the approach, this study aimed to quantify the role of airborne bacteria in the contamination of broiler chicken carcasses undergoing processing in an evisceration room. Settle plates and broiler carcasses were exposed to the evisceration room air or to ultra-clean air provided by a high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) unit located within the room. The use of ultra-clean air reduced the total aerobic counts on horizontal settle plates by 68-fold, and on vertical settle plates by 14-fold. The use of ultra-clean air had no significant effect on the total aerobic counts on carcasses as measured by sponging (3.5 log(10) CFU cm(-2)) or skin excision (4.0 log(10) CFU cm(-2)). The novel approach was able to show that the carcasses entering the room were so heavily contaminated that the airborne bacteria in the evisceration room contributed less than 1% of the total numbers of bacteria on the carcasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Burfoot
- Campden & Chorleywood Food Research Association, Chipping Campden, Glos. GL55 6LD, United Kingdom.
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Nedoluha PC, Owens S, Russek-Cohen E, Westhoff DC. Effect of sampling method on the representative recovery of microorganisms from the surfaces of aquacultured finfish. J Food Prot 2001; 64:1515-20. [PMID: 11601699 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.10.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if a gentle rinse procedure was equivalent to the combination of excision and homogenization with a stomacher for the relative removal of various microorganisms from finfish fillets. Fillets of hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout were obtained from local markets and sampled using three methods: rinse (R), excision followed by homogenization in a stomacher (S), and homogenization of fillets following a rinse (RS). Microorganisms were enumerated on selective and nonselective media, and randomly selected colonies from aerobic plate counts were identified using MIDI Sherlock and BIOLOG microbial identification systems. Enrichments and selective media were used for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Yersinia enterocolitica. This study confirms previous reports that stomaching is superior to rinsing for enumerating total microbial populations from fish fillets. Rinsing was more effective for rainbow trout than for striped bass. Sampling method did not affect the relative magnitude of plate counts on media selective for aeromonads, pseudomonads, Shewanella, lactic acid bacteria, enterics, and gram-positive cocci. In the compositional analysis of random isolates, R recovered significantly lower fractions of aeromonads than did S or RS, but sampling method did not affect the percent recovery of lactic acid bacteria, pseudomonads, Shewanella, Moraxellaceae, or Cytophaga/Flavobacterium. However, observations suggest that with increased replication, differences among Moraxellaceae, Pseudomonas, and gram positives might be significant. Only one L. monocytogenes colony was isolated, and no Salmonella or Y. enterocolitica, so the effect of sampling method could not be determined for these organisms. Differences in predominant bacterial populations were seen between fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Nedoluha
- University of Maryland, Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, College Park 20770, USA
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Sarlin LL, Barnhart ET, Caldwell DJ, Moore RW, Byrd JA, Caldwell DY, Corrier DE, Deloach JR, Hargis BM. Evaluation of alternative sampling methods for Salmonella critical control point determination at broiler processing. Poult Sci 1998; 77:1253-7. [PMID: 9706097 DOI: 10.1093/ps/77.8.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several sampling methods have been developed for the detection of Salmonella on broiler carcasses during commercial processing. The present study evaluated three sampling methodologies for sensitivity of Salmonella detection on processed broiler carcasses. Furthermore, the effect of crop removal or chill tank exposure on the frequency of Salmonella recovery was also examined. In two experiments, swab, skin, and carcass rinse samples were compared for sensitivity of Salmonella detection. The results indicated that culture of swabs was less effective (P < 0.05) for Salmonella detection than either skin or carcass rinse samples. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were observed in Salmonella recovery from culture of skin or carcass rinse. In two subsequent experiments, skin and carcass rinse samples were found to be equally sensitive in their ability to detect Salmonella. Additionally, the stages of processing between feather and crop removal were observed to cause significant (P < 0.05) increases in Salmonella recovery within an individual flock. Similar increases (P < 0.05) in Salmonella recovery were also observed following crop removal and immediately following immersion chilling in two separate flocks. These results suggest that culture of skin samples obtained from the thoracic inlet region may be a viable alternative to the traditional whole carcass rinse method for sensitivity of Salmonella detection. Furthermore, these experiments provided some evidence that the majority of Salmonella cross-contamination of carcasses prior to immersion chilling occurred following evisceration, with the chill tank potentially providing a major site for cross-contamination between Salmonella-negative and-positive flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Sarlin
- Department of Poultry Science, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station 77843, USA
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Olivier M, Veary CM, Cloete TE, von Holy A. Microbiological status of selected chicken carcases from a non-automated poultry processing plant. J Basic Microbiol 1996; 36:41-9. [PMID: 8819844 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620360110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The microbiological status of chicken carcases sampled at three different processing points in a South African Grade B poultry abattoir slaughtering ca. 750 birds per hour, was determined. Six skin samples and two meat samples were aseptically collected from different sites on each carcase. Total bacterial counts were performed at 25 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 43 degrees C and all colonies from plates showing between 30 and 300 cfu were characterised. Bacterial counts of the skin samples at 37 degrees C were consistently the highest, followed by those at 25 degrees C and then 43 degrees, but for the two meat samples the highest bacterial counts were found at 37 degrees C and the lowest at 25 degrees C. Neck skin counts were marginally higher than bacterial counts of the other skin samples. The Gram negative genera Escherichia and Acinetobacter were isolated most frequently at all three incubation temperatures and from all sampling sites, while the dominant Gram positive genera were Staphylococcus and Enterococcus. Escherichia isolates predominated on the skin sampling site cranio-dorsal to the pygostyle, whilst Staphylococcus isolates predominated on the skin sampling site caudal to the breastbone. Microbiological contamination is a major problem in the abattoir studied and further studies should therefore aim to determine points of maximum contamination in the processing line.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olivier
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, University of Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
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Hazeleger W, Arkesteijn C, Toorop-Bouma A, Beumer R. Detection of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken products with the use of the polymerase chain reaction. Int J Food Microbiol 1994; 24:273-81. [PMID: 7703020 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Detection of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni with the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was examined. Coccoid cells of this pathogen, formed at different temperatures, showed different detection characteristics in the PCR. For spirals and cocci formed at 4 degrees C and 12 degrees C, the detection limit was about 2 x 10(3) cells/PCR. However, for detection of coccoid cells formed at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C, at least 2 x 10(4) cells per PCR were needed. PCR was also performed on homogenates in peptone saline solution and enrichment broths of chicken meat and chicken liver that were artificially contaminated with cocci formed at 4 degrees C. PCR-products of these samples could not be demonstrated clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hazeleger
- Department of Food Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Yada RY, Skura BJ. Scanning electron microscope study of Pseudomonas fragi on intact and sarcoplasm-depleted bovine longissimus dorsi muscle. Appl Environ Microbiol 1982; 43:905-15. [PMID: 7081988 PMCID: PMC241940 DOI: 10.1128/aem.43.4.905-915.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Intact bovine longissimus dorsi muscle strips used 24 h postmortem were washed to remove sarcoplasmic fluid or left intact and were either left uninoculated or inoculated with Pseudomonas fragi ATCC 4973. The effects of decreased sarcoplasm concentration on growth of P. fragi and consequent microstructural changes of beef muscle during aerobic storage at 4 degrees C for 12 days were evaluated. P. fragi grew slower on washed muscle than on intact muscle. Scanning electron micrographs revealed surface degradation of both intact inoculated and washed inoculated muscle only in areas of localized colonization. Extracellular fibrils appeared to mediate adhesion of P fragi to the muscle surface as well as cell-to-cell attachment within microcolonies. P. fragi was also observed growing between muscle fibers.
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Abstract
Immersion of chicken muscle fascia in water or physiological saline caused collagen associated with the connective tissue to expand and form a dense network of fibers on the surface. Similar changes were noted for muscle perimysium. Two test strains of Salmonella spp. attached to the collagen fibers only when muscle was immersed for extended times in water. Bacteria did not attach to the fascia or perimysium of muscle that was transiently immersed in suspensions. The presence of sodium chloride in the suspension media prevented firm attachment, whereas saline rinses removed many attached cells.
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KLINGER I, BASKER D, JUVEN B. Sampling for Precise Microbiological Plate Counts on Broiler Chicken Carcasses. Poult Sci 1981. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0600575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Thomas CJ, McMeekin TA. A note on scanning electron microscopic assessment of stomacher action on chicken skin. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1980; 49:339-44. [PMID: 7012109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1980.tb05133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Thomas CJ, McMeekin TA. Contamination of broiler carcass skin during commercial processing procedures: an electron microscopic study. Appl Environ Microbiol 1980; 40:133-44. [PMID: 7406493 PMCID: PMC291536 DOI: 10.1128/aem.40.1.133-144.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used in conjunction with normal microbiological cultural techniques to examine some aspects of contamination of broiler carcass skin by bacteria during processing. The autochthonous skin microflora of poultry, before processing, was mainly Micrococcus spp. which were located in accumulations of sebum-like substances on the surface of the stratum corneum. During scalding and plucking, the skin epidermis was removed, and exposed dermal tissue was contaminated by microorganisms from the mechanical plucker and subsequent stages of processing. Major sources of psychrotrophic contamination were the immersion washer and chiller water. Microbial contaminants were found within a fluid film on the skin surface and inside deep skin channels. Skin microtopography and the presence of the liquid film were implicated as major factors controlling contamination during processing.
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McMeekin TA, Thomas CJ, McCall D. Scanning electron microscopy of microorganisms on chicken skin. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1979; 46:195-200. [PMID: 438107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb02600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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THOMSON JE, BAILEY JS. INNOVATIONS IN SAMPLING AND CULTURING METHODS FOR BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF BROILER CARCASSES. J Food Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1978.tb15293.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Notermans S, Van Leusden FM, Van Schothorst M. Suitability of different bacterial groups for determining faecal contamination during post scalding stages in the processing of broiler chickens. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1977; 43:383-9. [PMID: 342478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1977.tb00764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Cox NA, Mercuri AJ, Thomson JE, Chew V. Swab and excised tissue sampling for total and Enterobacteriaceae counts of fresh and surface-frozen broiler skin. Poult Sci 1976; 55:2405-8. [PMID: 798180 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0552405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Excised broiler skin tissue (12.3 cm 2 area) was (a) blended for various times up to 2 min. or (b) shaken 25, 50, or 75 times with or without sterile glass beads. Blending for 10 sec. or shaking 75 times with glass beads yielded the highest total plate count (TPC) and Enterobacteriaceae count (ENT). Counts did not significantly differ between these methods when freshly processed, unfrozen broiler skin was sampled. However, blending yielded significantly higher TPC and ENT than the conventional sampling procedure or swabbing a 12.3 cm. 2 area of the intact skin for 30 sec. with a calcium alginate swab. When sampling hard chilled (surface frozen) broiler skin, there was no significant difference between shaking and blending for TPC, but shaking gave a significantly higher ENT with less variation than blending. Blending, however, yielded significantly higher TPC and ENT counts than swabbing.
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Notermans S, Hindle V, Kampelmacher EH. Comparison of cotton swab versus algiante swab sampling method in the bacteriological examination of broiler chickens. J Hyg (Lond) 1976; 77:205-10. [PMID: 789765 PMCID: PMC2129866 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400024633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of bacterial counts of poultry carcass skin by the cotton swab and alginate swab methods showed no differences between the two sampling methods in total counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts. Also no differences were found in Salmonella isolations.
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Thomson J, Cox N, Bailey J, Holladay J, Richardson R. Bacteriological Sampling of Poultry Carcasses by a Template-Swab Method. Poult Sci 1976. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.0550459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Notermans S, Kampelmacher EH, Van Schothorst M. Studies of different sampling methods for the determination of bacterial counts from frozen broilers. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1975; 39:125-31. [PMID: 1238389 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1975.tb00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
A new method for sampling meat surfaces was developed. Bacterial counts of beef carcasses by the cotton swab technique and by the new method showed that the latter gave higher counts. These counts were closely correlated with data obtained by using the swab method. Advantages of the new method are its simplicity, rapidity, and adaptability to routine use on any type of carcass.
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Patterson JT, Gibbs PA. Observations on the microbiology of cooked chicken carcasses. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1973; 36:689-97. [PMID: 4799113 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1973.tb04154.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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