1
|
Alternatives to Fight Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococci and Enterococci. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091116. [PMID: 34572698 PMCID: PMC8471638 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram positive pathogens are a significant cause of healthcare-associated infections, with Staphylococci and Enterococci being the most prevalent ones. Vancomycin, a last resort glycopeptide, is used to fight these bacteria but the emergence of resistance against this drug leaves some patients with few therapeutic options. To counter this issue, new generations of antibiotics have been developed but resistance has already been reported. In this article, we review the strategies in place or in development to counter vancomycin-resistant pathogens. First, an overview of traditional antimicrobials already on the market or in the preclinical or clinical pipeline used individually or in combination is summarized. The second part focuses on the non-traditional antimicrobials, such as antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages and nanoparticles. The conclusion is that there is hitherto no substitute equivalent to vancomycin. However, promising strategies based on drugs with multiple mechanisms of action and treatments based on bacteriophages possibly combined with conventional antibiotics are hoped to provide treatment options for vancomycin-resistant Gram-positive pathogens.
Collapse
|
2
|
Contreras GA, Munita JM, Arias CA. Novel Strategies for the Management of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Infections. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:22. [PMID: 31119397 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0680-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are important nosocomial pathogens that commonly affect critically ill patients. VRE have a remarkable genetic plasticity allowing them to acquire genes associated with antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the treatment of deep-seated infections due to VRE has become a challenge for the clinician. The purpose of this review is to assess the current and future strategies for the management of recalcitrant deep-seated VRE infections and efforts for infection control in the hospital setting. RECENT FINDINGS Preventing colonization and decolonization of multidrug-resistant bacteria are becoming the most promising novel strategies to control and eradicate VRE from the hospital environment. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown remarkable results on treating colonization and infection due to Clostridiodes difficille and VRE, as well as to recover the integrity of the gut microbiota under antibiotic pressure. Initial reports have shown the efficacy of FMT on reestablishing patient microbiota diversity in the gut and reducing the dominance of VRE in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the use of bacteriophages may be a promising strategy in eradicating VRE from the gut of patients. Until these strategies become widely available in the hospital setting, the implementation of infection control measures and stewardship programs are paramount for the control of this pathogen and each program should provide recommendations for the proper use of antibiotics and develop strategies that help to detect populations at risk of VRE colonization, prevent and control nosocomial transmission of VRE, and develop educational programs for all healthcare workers addressing the epidemiology of VRE and the potential impact of these pathogens on the cost and outcomes of patients. In terms of antibiotic strategies, daptomycin has become the standard of care for the management of deep-seated infections due to VRE. However, recent evidence indicates that the efficacy of this antibiotic is limited, and higher (10-12 mg/kg) doses and/or combination with β-lactams is needed for therapeutic success. Clinical data to support the best use of daptomycin against VRE are urgently needed. This review provides an overview of recent developments regarding the prevention, treatment, control, and eradication of VRE in the hospital setting. We aim to provide an update of the most recent therapeutic strategies to treat deep-seated infections due to VRE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- German A Contreras
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics (CARMiG), UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jose M Munita
- Millennium Initiative for Collaborative Research on Bacterial Resistance (MICROB-R), Santiago, Chile
- Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar A Arias
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Center for Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Genomics (CARMiG), UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
- Genomics and Resistant Microbes Group, Facultad de Medicina Clinica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
- Center for Infectious Diseases, UTHealth School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
- Molecular Genetics and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit-International Center for Microbial Genomics, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.
- University of Texas Health Science Center, 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Śliwka P, Mituła P, Mituła A, Skaradziński G, Choińska-Pulit A, Niezgoda N, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Żaczek M, Skaradzińska A. Encapsulation of bacteriophage T4 in mannitol-alginate dry macrospheres and survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
4
|
Raza T, Andleeb S, Ullah SR, Jamal M, Mehmood K, Ali M. Isolation and Characterization of a Phage to Control Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus Faecium. Open Life Sci 2018; 13:553-560. [PMID: 33817126 PMCID: PMC7874677 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2018-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium, is an important nosocomial pathogen with increased incidence of multidrug resistance (MDR) - specifically Vancomycin resistance. E. faecium constitutes the normal microbiota of the human intestine as well as exists in the hospitals and sewage, thus making the microorganism difficult to eliminate. Phage therapy has gained attention for controlling bacterial MDR infections and contaminations. We have successfully isolated from waste water and characterized a lytic bacteriophage STH1 capable of targeting Vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) with high specificity. The phage was isolated from sewage water of a hospital at district Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. Initial characterization showed that magnesium and calcium ions significantly increased phage adsorption to the host. One step growth experiment showed a latent period of 18 min with burst size of 334 virions per cell. Optimal temperature and pH of the phage was 37°C and 7.0, respectively. Phage application to host strain grown in milk and water (treated and untreated) showed that the phage efficiently controlled bacterial growth. The study suggests that the phage STH1 can serve as potential control agent for E. faecium infections in medical facilities and in other environmental contaminations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Raza
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saadia Andleeb
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Rahmat Ullah
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhsin Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan-23200, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad University of Science and Technology, Havelian, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, C-II Johar Town, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effectiveness of a Lytic Phage SRG1 against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis in Compost and Soil. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9351017. [PMID: 29147662 PMCID: PMC5632989 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9351017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nosocomial infections caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus have become a major problem. Bacteriophage therapy is proposed as a potential alternative therapy. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria and are ubiquitous in nature. Lytic bacteriophage was isolated from sewage water that infects VREF, the causative agent of endocarditis, bacteraemia, and urinary tract infections (UTIs). The phage produced clear plaques with unique clear morphology and well-defined boundaries. TEM results of phage revealed it to be 108 ± 0.2 nm long and 90 ± 0.5 nm wide. The characterization of bacteriophage revealed that infection process of phage was calcium and magnesium dependent and phage titers were highest under optimum conditions for VREF, with an optimal temperature range of 37–50°C. The maximum growth was observed at 37°C, hence having 100% viability. The latent period for phage was small with a burst size of 512 viral particles per bacterial cell. The phage was tested against various clinical strains and results proved it to be host specific. It can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for VREF infections. The phage efficiently eradicated VREF inoculated in cattle compost, poultry compost, and a soil sample which makes it a potential agent for clearing compost and soil sample.
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang L, Qu K, Li X, Cao Z, Wang X, Li Z, Song Y, Xu Y. Use of Bacteriophages to Control Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Domestic Ruminants, Meat Products, and Fruits and Vegetables. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2017. [PMID: 28636835 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2016.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen that causes severe bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Ruminant manure is a primary source of E. coli O157:H7 contaminating the environment and food sources. Therefore, effective interventions targeted at reducing the prevalence of fecal excretion of E. coli O157:H7 by cattle and sheep and the elimination of E. coli O157:H7 contamination of meat products as well as fruits and vegetables are required. Bacteriophages offer the prospect of sustainable alternative approaches against bacterial pathogens with the flexibility of being applied therapeutically or for biological control purposes. This article reviews the use of phages administered orally or rectally to ruminants and by spraying or immersion of fruits and vegetables as an antimicrobial strategy for controlling E. coli O157:H7. The few reports available demonstrate the potential of phage therapy to reduce E. coli O157:H7 carriage in cattle and sheep, and preparation of commercial phage products was recently launched into commercial markets. However, a better ecological understanding of the phage E. coli O157:H7 will improve antimicrobial effectiveness of phages for elimination of E. coli O157:H7 in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Wang
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,2 Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin , Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Kunli Qu
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,2 Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin , Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| | - Zhenhui Cao
- 3 Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, China
| | - Xitao Wang
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,4 Research and Development Department, Dalian SEM Bio-Engineering Technology Company , Dalian, China
| | - Zhen Li
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
| | - Yaxiong Song
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- 1 School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian, China .,2 Center for Food Safety of Animal Origin , Ministry of Education, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cheng M, Liang J, Zhang Y, Hu L, Gong P, Cai R, Zhang L, Zhang H, Ge J, Ji Y, Guo Z, Feng X, Sun C, Yang Y, Lei L, Han W, Gu J. The Bacteriophage EF-P29 Efficiently Protects against Lethal Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Alleviates Gut Microbiota Imbalance in a Murine Bacteremia Model. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:837. [PMID: 28536572 PMCID: PMC5423268 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is becoming an increasingly important opportunistic pathogen worldwide, especially because it can cause life-threatening nosocomial infections. Treating E. faecalis infections has become increasingly difficult because of the prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. faecalis strains. Because bacteriophages show specificity for their bacterial hosts, there has been a growth in interest in using phage therapies to combat the rising incidence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. In this study, we isolated a new lytic phage, EF-P29, which showed high efficiency and a broad host range against E. faecalis strains, including vancomycin-resistant strains. The EF-P29 genome contains 58,984 bp (39.97% G+C), including 101 open reading frames, and lacks known putative virulence factors, integration-related proteins or antibiotic resistance determinants. In murine experiments, the administration of a single intraperitoneal injection of EF-P29 (4 × 105 PFU) at 1 h after challenge was sufficient to protect all mice against bacteremia caused by infection with a vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis strain (2 × 109 CFU/mouse). E. faecalis colony counts were more quickly eliminated in the blood of EF-P29-protected mice than in unprotected mice. We also found that exogenous E. faecalis challenge resulted in enrichment of members of the genus Enterococcus (family Enterococcaceae) in the guts of the mice, suggesting that it can enter the gut and colonize there. The phage EF-P29 reduced the number of colonies of genus Enterococcus and alleviated the gut microbiota imbalance that was caused by E. faecalis challenge. These data indicate that the phage EF-P29 shows great potential as a therapeutic treatment for systemic VREF infection. Thus, phage therapies that are aimed at treating opportunistic pathogens are also feasible. The dose of phage should be controlled and used at the appropriate level to avoid causing imbalance in the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengjun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jiaming Liang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Liyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Pengjuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Ruopeng Cai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Jinli Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Yalu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Zhimin Guo
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Changjiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Yongjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| | - Wenyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of important Animal Infectious Disease and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee YD, Chun H, Park JH. Characteristics and growth inhibition of isolated bacteriophages for Enterococcus faecalis. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
9
|
Sorokulova I, Olsen E, Vodyanoy V. Bacteriophage biosensors for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Expert Rev Med Devices 2014; 11:175-86. [DOI: 10.1586/17434440.2014.882767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
10
|
Exploring naphthyl-carbohydrazides as inhibitors of influenza A viruses. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 71:81-90. [PMID: 24287556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A library of hydrazide derivatives was synthesized to target non-structural protein 1 of influenza A virus (NS1) as a means to develop anti-influenza drug leads. The lead compound 3-hydroxy-N-[(Z)-1-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)ethylideneamino]naphthalene-2-carboxamide, which we denoted as "HENC", was identified by its ability to increase the melting temperature of the effector domain (ED) of the NS1 protein, as assayed using differential scanning fluorimetry. A library of HENC analogs was tested for inhibitory effect against influenza A virus replication in MDCK cells. A systematic diversification of HENC revealed the identity of the R group attached to the imine carbon atom significantly influenced the antiviral activity. A phenyl or cyclohexyl at this position yielded the most potent antiviral activity. The phenyl containing compound had antiviral activity similar to that of the active form of oseltamivir (Tamiflu), and had no detectable effect on cell viability.
Collapse
|
11
|
Somarajan SR, Murray BE. Could a Phosphotransferase System Provide the Means to Control Outbreaks of Enterococcus faecium Infection? J Infect Dis 2013; 207:1633-6. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|