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Nielsen SS, Alvarez J, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Rojas JLG, Gortázar C, Herskin MS, Michel V, Miranda MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Bron J, Olesen NJ, Sindre H, Stone D, Vendramin N, Antoniou S, Kohnle L, Papanikolaou A, Karagianni A, Bicout DJ. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN). EFSA J 2023; 21:e08028. [PMID: 37313317 PMCID: PMC10258726 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN) was assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular, the criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to IPN. The assessment was performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome reported is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with an uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether IPN can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (50-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that IPN does not meet the criteria in Section 1 (Category A; 0-1% probability of meeting the criteria) and it is uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Categories B, C, D and E; 33-66%, 33-66%, 50-90% and 50-99% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for IPN according to Article 8 criteria are provided.
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Li D, Li X, Wang Q, Hao Y. Advanced Techniques for the Intelligent Diagnosis of Fish Diseases: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2938. [PMID: 36359061 PMCID: PMC9656208 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquatic products, as essential sources of protein, have attracted considerable concern by producers and consumers. Precise fish disease prevention and treatment may provide not only healthy fish protein but also ecological and economic benefits. However, unlike intelligent two-dimensional diagnoses of plants and crops, one of the most serious challenges confronted in intelligent aquaculture diagnosis is its three-dimensional space. Expert systems have been applied to diagnose fish diseases in recent decades, allowing for restricted diagnosis of certain aquaculture. However, this method needs aquaculture professionals and specialists. In addition, diagnosis speed and efficiency are limited. Therefore, developing a new quick, automatic, and real-time diagnosis approach is very critical. The integration of image-processing and computer vision technology intelligently allows the diagnosis of fish diseases. This study comprehensively reviews image-processing technology and image-based fish disease detection methods, and analyzes the benefits and drawbacks of each diagnostic approach in different environments. Although it is widely acknowledged that there are many approaches for disease diagnosis and pathogen identification, some improvements in detection accuracy and speed are still needed. Constructing AR 3D images of fish diseases, standard and shared datasets, deep learning, and data fusion techniques will be helpful in improving the accuracy and speed of fish disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoliang Li
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Li
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yinfeng Hao
- National Innovation Center for Digital Fishery, China Agricultural University, 17 Tsinghua East Road, Beijing 100083, China
- College of Information and Electrical Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Internet of Things in Agriculture, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Information Acquisition Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100083, China
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Wang G, Luan Y, Wei J, Li Y, Shi H, Cheng H, Bai A, Xie J, Xu W, Qin P. Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of a New Iridovirus Isolated from Cage-Cultured Large Yellow Croaker (Larimichthys crocea) in China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020208. [PMID: 35215802 PMCID: PMC8879442 DOI: 10.3390/v14020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoviruses are an important pathogen of ectothermic vertebrates and are considered a significant threat to aquacultural fish production. Recently, one of the most economically important marine species in China, the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), has been increasingly reported to be the victim of iridovirus disease. In this study, we isolated and identified a novel iridovirus, LYCIV-ZS-2020, from cage-cultured large yellow croaker farms in Zhoushan island, China. Genome sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses showed that LYCIV-ZS-2020 belongs to the genus Megalocytivirus and is closely related to the Pompano iridoviruses isolated in the Dominican Republic. LYCIV-ZS-2020 enriched from selected tissues of naturally infected large yellow croaker was used in an artificial infection trial and the results proved its pathogenicity in large yellow croaker. This is the first systematic research on the genetic and pathogenic characterization of iridovirus in large yellow croakers, which expanded our knowledge of the iridovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Yingjia Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jinping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yunfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Hui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Haoxue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Aixu Bai
- Huaian Customs District, Huaian 223001, China;
| | - Jianjun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Wenjun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan 316100, China; (G.W.); (H.S.); (H.C.); (J.X.); (W.X.)
- Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316100, China
| | - Pan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.L.); (J.W.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Dopazo CP, Moreno P, Olveira JG, Borrego JJ. The theoretical reliability of PCR-based fish viral diagnostic methods is critically affected when they are applied to fish populations with low prevalence and virus loads. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 124:977-989. [PMID: 28915317 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The reliability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques is an important issue in viral diagnosis, and it is even crucial when they must be applied for detection of viruses in asymptomatic carriers. The problems will arise when the aim is to study wild fish populations, where the viral loads and prevalence values are extremely low. We have evaluated several PCR procedures employed by two laboratories for monitoring fish captured in several oceanographic campaigns performed in the Gulf of Cádiz. METHODS AND RESULTS To evaluate the reliability of different diagnostics test used, we have re-analysed fish samples that had been previously subjected to diagnosis for a surveillance of viruses performed in 2010-2011 in wild fish populations. The following parameters were employed: the clinical sensitivity (Ss), the clinical specificity (Sp), the predictive positive value, the predictive negative value, and the positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR+ and LR- ). For viral nervous necrosis virus, a RT-PCR procedure supplemented by nested PCR showed the highest values (100%) for all the parameters. For viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, the highest values were provided by RT-PCR supplemented by dot-blot hybridization. In the case of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, none of the procedures yielded 100% for any parameter. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained for viral prevalence indicate: (i) that the conservation of the samples at -80°C did not affect to the capacity of detection of the virus in the tissues, and (ii) that the reproducibility of the diagnosis can be affected by factors including the staff experience and/or the materials employed. Finally, the use of a combination of procedures in advised to ensure the maximum reliability of the diagnosis when it is applied to asymptomatic fish populations. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This paper describes a strategy of combining diagnostic tests for the surveillance and monitoring of wild fish populations to reduce underestimation of the prevalence of viruses this type of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Dopazo
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patologia Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitologia, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - P Moreno
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - J G Olveira
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patologia Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitologia, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain
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Xu WJ, Qin ZD, Shi H, Jiang N, Zhou Y, Liu XL, Xie JJ, Wang GS, Wang WM, Asim M, Zeng LB, Lin L. Mass mortality associated with a viral-induced anaemia in cage-reared large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea (Richardson). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2015; 38:499-502. [PMID: 24910090 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W J Xu
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang Province, Zhoushan, Zhejiang, China
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Souto S, Lopez-Jimena B, Alonso MC, García-Rosado E, Bandín I. Experimental susceptibility of European sea bass and Senegalese sole to different betanodavirus isolates. Vet Microbiol 2015; 177:53-61. [PMID: 25770892 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of juvenile European sea bass and Senegalese sole to three VNNV isolates (a reassortant RGNNV/SJNNV, as well as the parental RGNNV and SJNNV genotypes) has been evaluated by challenges using two inoculation ways (bath and intramuscular injection). The results demonstrate that these two fish species are susceptible to all the VNNV isolates tested. In European sea bass, RGNNV caused the highest cumulative mortality, reaching maximum values of viral RNA and titres. Although the SJNNV isolate did not provoke mortality or clinical signs of disease in this fish species, viral production in survivor fish was determined; on the other hand the reassortant isolate did cause mortality and clinical signs of disease, although less evident than those recorded after RGNNV infection. These results suggest that the changes suffered by the SJNNV RNA2 segment of the reassortant isolate, compared to the parental SJNNV, may have involved host-specificity and/or virulence determinants for European sea bass. Regarding Senegalese sole, although the three isolates caused 100% mortality, the reassortant strain provoked the most acute symptoms, and more quickly, especially in the bath challenge. This was also the isolate showing less difference between the number of RNA copies and viral titre, reaching the highest titres of infective viral particles in nervous tissue of infected animals. The RGNNV isolate produced the lowest values of infective viral particles. All these results suggest that the RGNNV and the reassortant isolates are the most suited for infecting European sea bass and Senegalese sole, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Souto
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira C.P.: 15705, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - B Lopez-Jimena
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra N.IV, Camino de Tiro Pichón, C.P.: 11.500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M C Alonso
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, 29.071 Málaga, Spain
| | - E García-Rosado
- Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, 29.071 Málaga, Spain
| | - I Bandín
- Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Acuicultura, Constantino Candeira C.P.: 15705, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
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7
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Surveillance of viruses in wild fish populations in areas around the Gulf of Cadiz (South Atlantic Iberian Peninsula). Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6560-71. [PMID: 25128341 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02090-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes a viral epidemiological study of wild fish around the Gulf of Cadiz (southwestern Iberian Peninsula) and is focused on infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV), viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), and viral nervous necrosis virus (VNNV). One fish species (Chelon labrosus) was sampled inside the gulf, at the mouth of the San Pedro River. Another 29 were sampled, in three oceanographic campaigns, at sites around the Bay of Cadiz. The fish were processed individually and subjected to isolation in cell culture and molecular diagnosis. VHSV was not isolated from any species. Thirteen IPNV-type isolates were obtained from barracuda (Sphyraena sphyraena), axillary seabream (Pagellus acarne), common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris), common pandora (P. erythrinus), Senegal seabream (D. bellottii), and surmullet (Mullus surmuletus). Six VNNV isolates were obtained from axillary seabream, common pandora, black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus), red mullet (Mullet barbatus), Lusitanian toadfish (Halobatrachus didactylus), and tub gurnard (Chelidonichtys lucerna). In the river mouth, viruses were detected only after reamplification, obtaining prevalence percentages of IPNV and VNNV (44.4 and 63.0%, respectively) much higher than those observed in the oceanographic campaigns (25.7 and 19.6%, respectively). The opposite results were obtained in the case of VHSV after reamplification: 11.1% in the river mouth and 43.6% in the oceanic locations. Analyzing the results with respect to the proximity of the sampling sites to the coast, an anthropogenic influence on wild fish is suggested and discussed. The type of viruses and the presence of natural reassortants are also discussed.
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Suebsing R, Oh MJ, Kim JH. Evaluation of rapid and sensitive reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta). J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 23:704-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711407897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) was developed for detecting Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) in chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta) in Korea. The RT-LAMP is a novel approach of nucleic acid gene amplification with high specificity, sensitivity, and rapidity under isothermal conditions. Based on the VP2/NS gene sequence of VR-299 and Jasper strains, a set of 6 IPNV-specific primers was designed to recognize 8 diverse sequences of the IPNV RNA. The assay was successfully optimized to detect IPNV at 65°C in 30 min. The detection limit was 0.075 tissue culture infectious dose infecting 50% of inoculated cultures per milliliter (TCID50/ml) from IPNV-infected rainbow trout gonad (RTG)-2 cells, whereas nested reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (nRT-PCR) had a sensitivity of 7.5 TCID50/ml. Using RT-LAMP assay, field samples were analyzed and the results compared with those of nRT-PCR assay. Two hundred and sixty-six out of 659 (40.4%) samples were IPNV-positive by RT-LAMP, whereas 182 of 659 samples (27.6%) were IPNV-positive by nRT-PCR. The results indicate that RT-LAMP can be a useful tool for early field diagnosis of IPNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungkarn Suebsing
- Faculty of Marine Bioscience & Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea (Suebsing, Kim)
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea (Oh)
| | - Myung-Joo Oh
- Faculty of Marine Bioscience & Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea (Suebsing, Kim)
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea (Oh)
| | - Jeong-Ho Kim
- Faculty of Marine Bioscience & Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Korea (Suebsing, Kim)
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Korea (Oh)
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Lopez-Jimena B, Cherif N, Garcia-Rosado E, Infante C, Cano I, Castro D, Hammami S, Borrego JJ, Alonso MC. A combined RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridization method reveals the coexistence of SJNNV and RGNNV betanodavirus genotypes in wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius). J Appl Microbiol 2010; 109:1361-9. [PMID: 20497277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2010.04759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To detect the possible coexistence of striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) genotypes in a single fish, a methodology based on the combination of PCR amplification and blot hybridization has been developed and applied in this study. METHODS AND RESULTS The degenerate primers designed for the PCR procedure target the T4 region within the capsid gene, resulting in the amplification of both genotypes. The subsequent hybridization of these amplification products with two different specific digoxigenin-labelled probes resulted in the identification of both genotypes separately. The application of the RT-PCR protocol to analyse blood samples from asymptomatic wild meagre (Argyrosomus regius) specimens has shown a 46.87% of viral nervous necrosis virus carriers. The combination of RT-PCR and blot hybridization increases the detection rate up to 90.62%, and, in addition, it has shown the coexistence of both genotypes in 18 out of the 32 specimens analysed (56.25%). CONCLUSIONS This study reports the coexistence of betanodaviruses belonging to two different genotypes (SJNNV and RGNNV) in wild fish specimens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first report demonstrating the presence of SJNNV and RGNNV genotypes in the same specimen. This study also demonstrates a carrier state in this fish species for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lopez-Jimena
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
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