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Cavalli J, Freitas MA, Gonçalves ECD, Fadanni GP, Santos AA, Raposo NRB, Dutra RC. Chia oil prevents chemical and immune-mediated inflammatory responses in mice: Evidence for the underlying mechanisms. Food Res Int 2021; 149:110703. [PMID: 34600695 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an herbaceous plant used as omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) source that presents a range of beneficial effects on human health. Herein, it was used a chia oil containing over than 62% of α-linolenic acid (ALA), a compound widely related to anti-inflammatory actions. Chia oil effect was tested using paw edema and mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan, and ear edema induced by croton oil, histamine, and capsaicin. Croton oil was used in both preventive and therapeutic treatment schedules of chia oil while histamine and capsaicin were used only in preventive treatment schedule. Chia oil mechanism of action was investigated using nociception and paw edema response induced by intraplantar injection of acidified saline (ASIC activator), PGE2 (prostaglandin pathway), cinnamaldehyde (TRPA1 activator), bradykinin (BK pathway), menthol (TRPM8 activator), and capsaicin (TRPV1 activator). Further, RT-PCR for inflammatory mediators (TRPA1, NF-κB, PPAR-γ, COX-2, IL-6, TNF, FPR2, FAAH, MAGL, and IL-12A) induced by carrageenan, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and the cell viability were then accessed. Later, chia oil actions were evaluated in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a multiple sclerosis (MS) model. Chia oil showed anti-edematogenic and anti-hyperalgesic effects when administered 1 h before pro-inflammatory stimulus - particularly carrageenan and croton oil. Moreover, chia oil upregulated the mRNA levels of COX-2 and formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) while reduced IL-6 expression in the spinal cord of mice submitted to i.pl. injection of carrageenan. Interestingly, chia oil mediates antinociceptive effects in mice decreasing the nociceptive response induced by acidified saline, PGE2, and cinnamaldehyde, but not by bradykinin, menthol, and capsaicin. On the EAE model, chia oil preventively administered attenuated EAE-induced motor deficits and mechanical hyperalgesia in mice, suggesting a valuable effect of chia oil supplementation in regulating inflammatory responses and some immune functions during immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID). Nonetheless, additional reports will need to assess the effect of chia oil in well-controlled clinical trials performed in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cavalli
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Mariana A Freitas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil
| | - Elaine C D Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P Fadanni
- Center of Innovation and Preclinical Research, 88056-000 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Adara A Santos
- Center of Innovation and Preclinical Research, 88056-000 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Nádia R B Raposo
- Center for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (NUPICS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-330 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, SC, Brazil; Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Abstract
Among the fatty acids, it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which possess the most potent immunomodulatory activities, and among the omega-3 PUFA, those from fish oil-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)--are more biologically potent than alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Some of the effects of omega-3 PUFA are brought about by modulation of the amount and types of eicosanoids made, and other effects are elicited by eicosanoid-independent mechanisms, including actions upon intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factor activity and gene expression. Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids. There have been a number of clinical trials assessing the benefits of dietary supplementation with fish oils in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and migraine headaches. Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diet therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Asthma/diet therapy
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/diet therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Depressive Disorder, Major/diet therapy
- Depressive Disorder, Major/immunology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism
- Fish Oils/administration & dosage
- Fish Oils/chemistry
- Humans
- Inflammation/diet therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Psoriasis/metabolism
- Psoriasis/therapy
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/metabolism
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Abstract
Ingestion of dietary supplements of n-3 fatty acids has been consistently shown to reduce both the number of tender joints on physical examination and the amount of morning stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In these cases, supplements were consumed daily in addition to background medications and the clinical benefits of the n-3 fatty acids were not apparent until they were consumed for > or =12 wk. It appears that a minimum daily dose of 3 g eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids is necessary to derive the expected benefits. These doses of n-3 fatty acids are associated with significant reductions in the release of leukotriene B(4) from stimulated neutrophils and of interleukin 1 from monocytes. Both of these mediators of inflammation are thought to contribute to the inflammatory events that occur in the rheumatoid arthritis disease process. Several investigators have reported that rheumatoid arthritis patients consuming n-3 dietary supplements were able to lower or discontinue their background doses of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Because the methods used to determine whether patients taking n-3 supplements can discontinue taking these agents are variable, confirmatory and definitive studies are needed to settle this issue. n-3 Fatty acids have virtually no reported serious toxicity in the dose range used in rheumatoid arthritis and are generally very well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kremer
- Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA
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5
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Reifen R, Blank M, Afek A, Kopilowiz Y, Sklan D, Gershwin ME, German B, Yoshida S, Shoenfeld Y. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease anti-dsDNA and anti-cardiolipin antibodies production in idiotype induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 1998; 7:192-7. [PMID: 9607643 DOI: 10.1191/096120398678919985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of diets with different polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, including linseed oil which contains 70% omega-3 fatty acids, on autoantibody production in idiotype induced mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Five different fats were fed to mice with induced SLE and antibody titers to anti-DNA and anti-cardiolipin were determined and histological examination of kidneys were carried out. RESULTS SLE mice fed linseed oil showed lower titers of antibodies to DNA and to cardiolipin and less severe kidney damage than mice fed other diets, including fish oil. CONCLUSION Use of linseed oil may attenuate the severity of SLE and this diet may be recommended for other auto-immune diseases as well.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/blood
- Antibodies, Anticardiolipin/drug effects
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/drug effects
- Body Weight/drug effects
- DNA/immunology
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Female
- Linseed Oil/administration & dosage
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/blood
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/chemically induced
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Minerals/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- R Reifen
- School of Nutritional Sciences, The Faculty of Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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Kremer JM. Effects of modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory disease receiving dietary supplementation of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. Lipids 1996; 31 Suppl:S243-7. [PMID: 8729127 DOI: 10.1007/bf02637084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To describe the rationale and status of n-3 and n-6 fatty acid dietary supplementation in patients with inflammatory disease. The most recent literature is reviewed with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as most investigations have described the use of n-3 supplements in this disease entity. Investigations from Europe, the United States, and Australia have described consistent improvement in tender joint scores with many investigators also observing improvements in morning stiffness. A meta analysis has confirmed the predictable improvement in tender joints. Recent studies also suggest that some patients with RA are able to discontinue nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while receiving n-3 fatty acids. A large number of peer reviewed publications from around the world have established the utility of dietary supplementation with n-3 fatty acids in reducing tender joint counts and morning stiffness in patients with RA. Some patients are also able to discontinue NSAIDs while on these supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kremer
- Division of Rheumatology, Albany Medical College, New York 12208, USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is more common in temperate latitudes, and migration studies indicate the involvement of an aetiological environmental factor in pre-pubertal life; the precise nature of this factor has never been identified and may perhaps have been overlooked. Here we suggest a simple explanation for the latitude gradient of multiple sclerosis, i.e. that it can be explained by the immunosuppressant effects of sunlight mediated via suppression of the secretion of the immunostimulatory neurohormone melatonin from the pineal gland. The effects of dietary fatty acids in multiple sclerosis also indicate the involvement of anti-inflammatory eicosanoids in its pathogenesis. We further suggest that the exceptions to the latitude gradient (e.g. Japan), which have previously been attributed to genetic factors, may in fact have a dietary basis. Since sunlight also influences the metabolism of fatty acids in the retina, it may also influence the development of retrobulbar optic neuritis-a common antecedent of multiple sclerosis. We suggest a re-examination of the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis based on an understanding of the immunological consequences of illumination of the retina by sunlight.
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Walton AJ, Snaith ML, Locniskar M, Cumberland AG, Morrow WJ, Isenberg DA. Dietary fish oil and the severity of symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis 1991; 50:463-6. [PMID: 1877851 PMCID: PMC1004457 DOI: 10.1136/ard.50.7.463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A prospective, double blind, cross over study assessing the effects of a low fat, high marine oil diet in 27 patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus has been performed. The patients were given 20 g daily of MaxEPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) or 20 g of olive oil (placebo) in matching capsules added to a standardised isoenergetic low fat diet. When individual outcome measures of the 17 patients who completed the full 34 week study were considered 14 who were receiving MaxEPA achieved useful or ideal status, whereas 13 receiving placebo were rated as worse or no change. The difference between the two types of capsule was statistically significant. No major side effects were noted, and it is suggested that dietary modification with additional marine oil may be a useful way of modifying disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Walton
- Bloomsbury Rheumatology Unit, University College, London
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