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Sperlich K, Bohn S, Reichert KM, Stolz H, Guthoff RF, Stachs O, Allgeier S. [Chromatic Swept-Source Laser Scanning - Concept for a Cell-Resolving Confocal Laser Slit Lamp?]. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2023; 240:1375-1382. [PMID: 38092004 DOI: 10.1055/a-2184-9382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The in vivo characterisation of corneal epithelial tissue morphology is of considerable importance for diagnosis, disease prognosis, and the development of a treatment strategy for ocular surface diseases. In contrast to many alternative methods, in vivo corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) not only provides a macroscopic description of the corneal tissue but also allows its visualisation with cellular resolution. However, the translation of CCM from research to clinical practice is significantly limited by the complex and still largely manual operation of available CCM systems. In addition, for cross-sectional images, and analogously to conventional slit lamp microscopy, volume data must be acquired in time-consuming depth scans due to the frontal orientation of the image field in CCM, from which depth slices can subsequently be calculated. The pure acquisition time is already in the range of seconds, and additionally, motion artefacts have to be corrected in a sophisticated way. MATERIALS AND METHODS This paper presents the concept and optics simulation of a new imaging technique based on a swept-source laser in combination with special chromatic optics. Here, the laser periodically changes its wavelength and is focused at different depths due to the wavelength-dependent aberration of the chromatic optics. RESULTS The optics simulation results promise good optical resolution at a total imaging depth of 145 µm. CONCLUSION The long-term goal is cell-resolving in vivo corneal confocal microscopy in real time with differently oriented sectioning directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Sperlich
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Deutschland
- Department Leben, Licht & Materie, Universität Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Bohn
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Deutschland
- Department Leben, Licht & Materie, Universität Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Klaus-Martin Reichert
- Institut für Automation und angewandte Informatik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Deutschland
| | | | - Rudolf F Guthoff
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Deutschland
- Department Leben, Licht & Materie, Universität Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Oliver Stachs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsmedizin Rostock, Deutschland
- Department Leben, Licht & Materie, Universität Rostock, Deutschland
| | - Stephan Allgeier
- Institut für Automation und angewandte Informatik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Deutschland
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Lee KS, Ravichandran NK, Yeo WJ, Hur H, Hyun S, Bae JY, Kim DU, Jong Kim I, Nam KH, Bog MG, Chang KS, Kim GH. Spectrally encoded dual-mode interferometry with orthogonal scanning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:10500-10511. [PMID: 37157595 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a high-speed reflectance confocal microscopy technique. Here, we present a method to integrate optical coherence tomography (OCT) and SECM for complementary imaging by adding orthogonal scanning to the SECM configuration. The co-registration of SECM and OCT is automatic, as all system components are shared in the same order, eliminating the need for additional optical alignment. The proposed multimode imaging system is compact and cost-effective while providing the benefits of imaging aiming and guidance. Furthermore, speckle noise can be suppressed by averaging the speckles generated by shifting the spectral-encoded field in the direction of dispersion. Using a near infrared (NIR) card and a biological sample, we demonstrated the capability of the proposed system by showing SECM imaging at depths of interest guided by the OCT in real time and speckle noise reduction. Interfaced multimodal imaging of SECM and OCT was implemented at a speed of approximately 7 frames/s using fast-switching technology and GPU processing.
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Ahn H, Bae J, Park J, Jin J. A Hybrid Non-destructive Measuring Method of Three-dimensional Profile of Through Silicon Vias for Realization of Smart Devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15342. [PMID: 30367137 PMCID: PMC6203746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33728-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart devices have been fabricated based on design concept of multiple layer structures which require through silicon vias to transfer electric signals between stacked layers. Because even a single defect leads to fail of the packaged devices, the dimensions of the through silicon vias are needed to be measured through whole sampling inspection process. For that, a novel hybrid optical probe working based on optical interferometry, confocal microscopy and optical microscopy was proposed and realized for enhancing inspection efficiency in this report. The optical microscope was utilized for coarsely monitoring the specimen in a large field of view, and the other methods of interferometry and confocal microscopy were used to measure dimensions of small features with high speed by eliminating time-consuming process of the vertical scanning. Owing to the importance of the reliability, the uncertainty evaluation of the proposed method was fulfilled, which offers a practical example for estimating the performance of inspection machines operating with numerous principles at semiconductor manufacturing sites. According to the measurement results, the mean values of the diameter and depth were 40.420 µm and 5.954 µm with the expanded uncertainty of 0.050 µm (k = 2) and 0.208 µm (k = 2), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heulbi Ahn
- Department of Science of Measurement, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Bae
- Department of Science of Measurement, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungjae Park
- Department of Science of Measurement, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
- Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghan Jin
- Department of Science of Measurement, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Physical Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Brachtel EF, Johnson NB, Huck AE, Rice-Stitt TL, Vangel MG, Smith BL, Tearney GJ, Kang D. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy for diagnosing breast cancer in excision and margin specimens. J Transl Med 2016; 96:459-67. [PMID: 26779830 PMCID: PMC5027883 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A large percentage of breast cancer patients treated with breast conserving surgery need to undergo multiple surgeries due to positive margins found during post-operative margin assessment. Carcinomas could be removed completely during the initial surgery and additional surgery avoided if positive margins can be determined intraoperatively. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a high-speed reflectance confocal microscopy technology that has a potential to rapidly image the entire surgical margin at subcellular resolution and accurately determine margin status intraoperatively. In this study, in order to test the feasibility of using SECM for intraoperative margin assessment, we have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of SECM for detecting various types of breast cancers. Forty-six surgically removed breast specimens were imaged with an SECM system. Side-by-side comparison between SECM and histologic images showed that SECM images can visualize key histomorphologic patterns of normal/benign and malignant breast tissues. Small (500 μm × 500 μm) spatially registered SECM and histologic images (n=124 for each) were diagnosed independently by three pathologists with expertise in breast pathology. Diagnostic accuracy of SECM for determining malignant tissues was high, average sensitivity of 0.91, specificity of 0.93, positive predictive value of 0.95, and negative predictive value of 0.87. Intra-observer agreement and inter-observer agreement for SECM were also high, 0.87 and 0.84, respectively. Results from this study suggest that SECM may be developed into an intraoperative margin assessment tool for guiding breast cancer excisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark G. Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital,Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Barbara L. Smith
- Gillette Center for Women’s Cancers and Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital,Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Harvard-MIT division of Health Sciences and Technology
| | - Dongkyun Kang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,Corresponding author: Dongkyun Kang, 40 Blossom St. BAR802, Boston, MA 02114, , Phone: 617-726-1699, Fax: 617-726-4103
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De Montigny E, Goulamhoussen N, Madore WJ, Strupler M, Gologan OE, Ayad T, Boudoux C. Tri-modal microscope for head and neck tissue identification. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:732-45. [PMID: 27231585 PMCID: PMC4866452 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel tri-modal microscope combining optical coherence tomography (OCT), spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) and fluorescence imaging is presented. This system aims at providing a tool for rapid identification of head and neck tissues during thyroid surgery. The development of a dual-wavelength polygon-based swept laser allows for synchronized, co-registered and simultaneous imaging with all three modalities. Further ameliorations towards miniaturization include a custom lens for optimal compromise between orthogonal imaging geometries as well as a double-clad fiber coupler for increased throughput. Image quality and co-registration is demonstrated on freshly excised swine head and neck tissue samples to illustrate the complementarity of the techniques for identifying signature cellular and structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne De Montigny
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nadir Goulamhoussen
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Wendy-Julie Madore
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mathias Strupler
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Tareck Ayad
- Montreal University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- COPL, Department of Engineering Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Schlachter SC, Kang D, Gora MJ, Vacas-Jacques P, Wu T, Carruth RW, Wilsterman EJ, Bouma BE, Woods K, Tearney GJ. Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy of esophageal tissues at 100 kHz line rate. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1636-45. [PMID: 24049684 PMCID: PMC3771834 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a reflectance confocal microscopy technology that uses a diffraction grating to illuminate different locations on the sample with distinct wavelengths. SECM can obtain line images without any beam scanning devices, which opens up the possibility of high-speed imaging with relatively simple probe optics. This feature makes SECM a promising technology for rapid endoscopic imaging of internal organs, such as the esophagus, at microscopic resolution. SECM imaging of the esophagus has been previously demonstrated at relatively low line rates (5 kHz). In this paper, we demonstrate SECM imaging of large regions of esophageal tissues at a high line imaging rate of 100 kHz. The SECM system comprises a wavelength-swept source with a fast sweep rate (100 kHz), high output power (80 mW), and a detector unit with a large bandwidth (100 MHz). The sensitivity of the 100-kHz SECM system was measured to be 60 dB and the transverse resolution was 1.6 µm. Excised swine and human esophageal tissues were imaged with the 100-kHz SECM system at a rate of 6.6 mm(2)/sec. Architectural and cellular features of esophageal tissues could be clearly visualized in the SECM images, including papillae, glands, and nuclei. These results demonstrate that large-area SECM imaging of esophageal tissues can be successfully conducted at a high line imaging rate of 100 kHz, which will enable whole-organ SECM imaging in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Schlachter
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Michalina J. Gora
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paulino Vacas-Jacques
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Eric J. Wilsterman
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kevin Woods
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Kang D, Carruth RW, Kim M, Schlachter SC, Shishkov M, Woods K, Tabatabaei N, Wu T, Tearney GJ. Endoscopic probe optics for spectrally encoded confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:1925-36. [PMID: 24156054 PMCID: PMC3799656 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.001925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM) is a form of reflectance confocal microscopy that can achieve high imaging speeds using relatively simple probe optics. Previously, the feasibility of conducting large-area SECM imaging of the esophagus in bench top setups has been demonstrated. Challenges remain, however, in translating SECM into a clinically-useable device; the tissue imaging performance should be improved, and the probe size needs to be significantly reduced so that it can fit into luminal organs of interest. In this paper, we report the development of new SECM endoscopic probe optics that addresses these challenges. A custom water-immersion aspheric singlet (NA = 0.5) was developed and used as the objective lens. The water-immersion condition was used to reduce the spherical aberrations and specular reflection from the tissue surface, which enables cellular imaging of the tissue deep below the surface. A custom collimation lens and a small-size grating were used along with the custom aspheric singlet to reduce the probe size. A dual-clad fiber was used to provide both the single- and multi- mode detection modes. The SECM probe optics was made to be 5.85 mm in diameter and 30 mm in length, which is small enough for safe and comfortable endoscopic imaging of the gastrointestinal tract. The lateral resolution was 1.8 and 2.3 µm for the single- and multi- mode detection modes, respectively, and the axial resolution 11 and 17 µm. SECM images of the swine esophageal tissue demonstrated the capability of this device to enable the visualization of characteristic cellular structural features, including basal cell nuclei and papillae, down to the imaging depth of 260 µm. These results suggest that the new SECM endoscopic probe optics will be useful for imaging large areas of the esophagus at the cellular scale in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongKyun Kang
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Robert W. Carruth
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16 Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Simon C. Schlachter
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Milen Shishkov
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Kevin Woods
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nima Tabatabaei
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Guillermo J. Tearney
- Harvard Medical School and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Carignan CS, Yagi Y. Optical endomicroscopy and the road to real-time, in vivo pathology: present and future. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:98. [PMID: 22889003 PMCID: PMC3502368 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Epithelial cancers account for substantial mortality and are an important public health concern. With the need for earlier detection and treatment of these malignancies, the ability to accurately detect precancerous lesions has an increasingly important role in controlling cancer incidence and mortality. New optical technologies are capable of identifying early pathology in tissues or organs in which cancer is known to develop through stages of dysplasia, including the esophagus, colon, pancreas, liver, bladder, and cervix. These diagnostic imaging advances, together as a field known as optical endomicroscopy, are based on confocal microscopy, spectroscopy-based imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT), and function as "optical biopsies," enabling tissue pathology to be imaged in situ and in real time without the need to excise and process specimens as in conventional biopsy and histopathology. Optical biopsy techniques can acquire high-resolution, cross-sectional images of tissue structure on the micron scale through the use of endoscopes, catheters, laparoscopes, and needles. Since the inception of these technologies, dramatic technological advances in accuracy, speed, and functionality have been realized. The current paradigm of optical biopsy, or single-area, point-based images, is slowly shifting to more comprehensive microscopy of larger tracts of mucosa. With the development of Fourier-domain OCT, also known as optical frequency domain imaging or, more recently, volumetric laser endomicroscopy, comprehensive surveillance of the entire distal esophagus is now achievable at speeds that were not possible with conventional OCT technologies. Optical diagnostic technologies are emerging as clinically useful tools with the potential to set a new standard for real-time diagnosis. New imaging techniques enable visualization of high-resolution, cross-sectional images and offer the opportunity to guide biopsy, allowing maximal diagnostic yields and appropriate staging without the limitations and risks inherent with current random biopsy protocols. However, the ability of these techniques to achieve widespread adoption in clinical practice depends on future research designed to improve accuracy and allow real-time data transmission and storage, thereby linking pathology to the treating physician. These imaging advances are expected to eventually offer a see-and-treat paradigm, leading to improved patient care and potential cost reduction. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/5372548637202968.
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