Comparison of applying particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM), putty DBM and open flap debridement in periodontal horizontal bone defects. A 12-month longitudinal, multi-center, triple-blind, split-mouth, randomized, controlled clinical study. Part 1 - clinical and radiographic evaluation

Supra-Alveolar Bone Regeneration: Progress, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent disease that damages the supporting tissues of a tooth, including the alveolar bone. Alveolar bone loss owing to periodontitis is broadly categorized as supra-alveolar and intra-alveolar bone loss. In intra-alveolar bone loss, the defect has an angular or oblique orientation to the long axis of the tooth in an apical direction. In contrast, the defect is perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth in supra-alveolar bone loss. Unlike intra-alveolar bone defects, supra-alveolar bone defects lack supporting adjacent space, which makes supra-alveolar bone regeneration more challenging. In addition, the limited availability of resources in terms of vascularity and underlying tissues is another obstacle to supra-alveolar bone regeneration. Currently, supra-alveolar bone loss is the least predictable periodontal defect type in regenerative periodontal therapy. In addition, supra-alveolar bone loss is much more common than other alveolar bone loss. Despite its prevalence, research on supra-alveolar bone regeneration remains sparse, indicating an unmet need for significant research efforts in this area. This review summarize recent advances, obstacles, and future directions in the field of supra-alveolar bone regeneration. We discuss the biomaterials, bioactive molecules, and cells that have been tested for supra-alveolar bone regeneration, followed by pre-clinical and clinical approaches employed in this field. Additionally, we highlight obstacles and present future directions that will propel supra-alveolar bone research forward.

Demineralized bone matrix for repair and regeneration of maxillofacial defects: A narrative review

OBJECTIVES

Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is a well-established bone graft material widely accepted by dentists and the public for its favorable osteoconductivity and osteoinductive potential. This article aimed to provide a narrative review of the current therapeutic applications and limitations of DBM in maxillofacial bone defects.

STUDY SELECTION, DATA, AND SOURCES

Randomized controlled trials, prospective or retrospective clinical studies, case series and reports, and systematic reviews. MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using keywords.

CONCLUSIONS

Some evidence supported the therapeutic application of DBM in periodontal intrabony defects, maxillary sinus lifts, ridge preservation, ridge augmentation, alveolar cleft repair, orthognathic surgery, and other regional maxillofacial bone defects. However, the limitations of DBM should be considered when using it, including potential low immunogenicity, instability of osteoinductive potential, handling of the graft material, and patient acceptance.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

With the increasing demand for the treatment of maxillofacial bone defects, DBM is likely to play a greater role as a promising bone graft material. Safe and effective combination treatment strategies and how to maintain a stable osteoinductive potential will be the future challenges of DBM research.

Clinical and Radiologic Evaluation of Regenerative Potential of NHA Paste and DBM in the Treatment of Periodontal Intra-bony Defects -A Randomized Control Trial

INTRODUCTION

Previous studies have shown that Hydroxyapatite (HA) has shown good results in the treatment of intra-osseous periodontal defects. A newer variety of HA has been designed over a period of research which has nano-sized particles and is availed in a paste consistency called Nanocrystalline Hydroxyapatite paste (NHA paste). This variation in size and surface area of NHA paste can provide better results when used in intra-bony defects.

AIM

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes obtained with usage of NHA paste to those obtained with Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM) in the treatment of periodontal intra-bony defects.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A clinical trial was carried out for a period of 12 months. A total of 26 intra-bony defects in 10 patients were divided into experimental and control sites. The experimental sites were debrided and grafted with NHA paste. The control sites were debrided and grafted with DBM-Xenograft. Probing Depth, Clinical Attachment Level (DCAL) and Gingival Margin (GM) position were recorded at baseline 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Standardized radiographs were also documented at these recalls. The results were averaged (mean± standard deviation) for each parameter and Student t-test was used to determine intra-group statistical difference and One way analyses of variance (ANOVA) to test the difference between groups using Excel and SPSS (SPSS Inc, Chicago) software packages.

RESULTS

On completion of 12 months, the mean percentage of PD reduction achieved in the experimental and control sites was 67.45% and 69.03% respectively (p<0.05). The mean percentage of gain achieved in CAL was 63.58% and 61.42% in the experimental and control sites respectively (p<0.05). Gingival recession was seen to be non-significant in the experimental and control sites. The mean percentage of bone fill in the control group obtained was 48.16% where as the percentage of bone fill obtained in the experimental group was 48.64% (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Overall, both therapies led to significant improvements of the investigated parameters. The NHA paste was as effective in terms of improving clinical and radiographic parameters as DBM-Xenograft, which is an already established bone graft. There is a need for further long term controlled studies evaluating the adjunctive benefits of usage of NHA paste in the treatment of periodontal intra-bony defects.

The comparative effectiveness of demineralized bone matrix, beta-tricalcium phosphate, and bovine-derived anorganic bone matrix on inflammation and bone formation using a paired calvarial defect model in rats

BACKGROUND

In this study, the effectiveness of Iranian Tissue Bank-produced demineralized bone matrix (ITB-DBM), beta-tricalcium phosphate (βTCP), and Bio-Oss(®) (Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland) were evaluated and compared with double controls. The main goal was to measure the amount of new bone formation in the center of defects created in rat calvaria. Another goal was to compare the controls and evaluate the effects of each treatment material on their adjacent untreated (control) defects.

METHODS

In this study, 40 male Wistar rats were selected and divided into four groups, In each group, there were ten rats with two defects in their calvarias; one of them is considered as control and the other one was treated with ITB-DBM (group 1), BIO-OSS (group2), and βTCP (group 3), respectively. But in group 4, both defects were considered as control. The amount of inflammation and new bone formation were evaluated at 4 and 10 weeks. In the first group, one defect was filled with ITB-DBM; in the second group, one defect was filled with Bio-Oss; in the third group, one defect was filled with βTCP; and in the fourth group, both defects were left unfilled. Zeiss microscope (Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany) and Image Tool(®) (version 3.0; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX) software were used for evaluation. SPSS Statistics (IBM Corp, Somers, NY) was used for statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Maximum bone formation at 4 and 10 weeks were observed in the ITB-DBM group (46.960% ± 4.366%, 94.970% ± 0.323%), which had significant difference compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). Ranking second was the Bio-Oss group and third, the βTCP group. Bone formation in the group with two unfilled defects was much more significant than in the other controls beside the Bio-Oss and βTCP after 10 weeks (29.1 ± 2.065, 29.05 ± 1.649), while this group had the least bone formation compared with the other controls at week 4 (2.100% ± 0.758%, 1.630% ± 0.668%, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Overall, the ITB-DBM group showed the best results, although the results for other experimental groups were unfavorable. The authors conclude that human DBM (ITB-DBM) should be offered as an alternative for bone regeneration in animals, such as horses, as well as in humans, especially for jaw reconstruction. In relation to bone regeneration in control defects, the effect of experimental material on controls was apparent during the initial weeks.

Bone tissue engineering in oral surgery: a new method of bone development in periodontal surgery

This article describes the development of a new surgical approach to periodontal treatment. Twenty patients who suffered from bone defects without existing bony walls due to adult periodontitis were treated in three different groups using methods of bone tissue engineering. At that time no surgical technique existed that could be applied to those patients to generate new bone. The periodontal surgeries were performed between 2004 and 2008. All patients received follow-up examinations at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgical procedure. Measured parameters were compared to baseline. The surgical approach and the augmentation material have been improved based on the results of the previous group. This strategy was applied because of the ethical fact that a medical treatment of patients has to be carried out with the knowledge and experience of previous settings. All groups received recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 and platelet-rich plasma. The above-mentioned procedure had been approved in other indications in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The first group underwent conventional muco-periosteal flap technique and obtained an augmentation with absorbable collagen sponge (ACS). The second and third groups were treated using endoscopically assisted microsurgery due to wound healing disturbances that appeared in the first group. The augmentation was carried out with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) instead of ACS (group 2) or tricalciumphosphate as a further development instead of DBM (group 3). The radiological control 12 months (group 1), 18 months (group 2), and 2 years (group 3) after surgery proved the following results-first group: 1.7 mm (average) vertical bone development (VBD); second group: 2.5 mm (average) VBD; third group: 3.2 mm (average) VBD. These results of single patient treatment open new ways into periodontal surgery. They have to be confirmed by prospective case series and multicenter studies.

The use of platelet rich plasma, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and different scaffolds in oral and maxillofacial surgery - literature review in comparison with own clinical experience

Objectives

The purpose of this article was to review and critically assess the use of platelet rich plasma, recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 and different scaffolds (i.e. tricalciumphosphate, polycaprolactone, demineralized bone matrix and anorganic bovine bone mineral) in oral and maxillofacial surgery comparing the relevant literature and own clinical experience.

Material and Methods

A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, MEDPILOT and COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS. It concentrated on manuscripts and overviews published in the last five years (2006-2010). The key terms employed were platelet rich plasma, bone morphogenetic proteins and their combinations with the above mentioned scaffolds. The results of clinical studies and animal trials were especially emphasized. The statements from the literature were compared with authors’ own clinical data.

Results

New publications and overviews demonstrate the advantages of platelet rich plasma in bone regeneration. The results from the literature review were discussed and compared with the publications detailing authors' own experiences.

Conclusions

A favourable outcome concerning newly grown bone was achieved combining platelet rich plasma in addition to optimal matrices with or without recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2, depending on the clinical case. As a consequence, the paradigm shift from transplantation of autogenous bone to bone tissue engineering appears promising.