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Parny M, Coste A, Aubouy A, Rahabi M, Prat M, Pipy B, Treilhou M. Differential immunomodulatory effects of six pesticides of different chemical classes on human monocyte-derived macrophage functions. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 163:112992. [PMID: 35395341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to pesticides through eyes, skin, ingestion and inhalation may affects human health by interfering with immune cells, such as macrophages. We evaluated, in vitro, the effect of six pesticides widely used in apple arboriculture on the functions of human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs). hMDMs were cultured for 4 or 24 h with or without pesticides (0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 μmol.L-1). We showed that chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, thiophanate, boscalid, and captan had little toxic effect at the tested concentrations, while dithianon had low-cytotoxicity at 10 μmol.L-1. While boscalid showed no effect on hMDMs function, thiophanate (0.01 μmol.L-1) stimulated with TPA and thiacloprid (1, 10 μmol.L-1) stimulated with zymosan activated ROS production. Chlorpyrifos, dithianon, and captan inhibited ROS production and TNF-α, IL-1β pro-inflammatory cytokines. We established that dithianon (0.01-1 μmol.L-1) and captan (0.1, 1 μmol.L-1) induced mRNA expression of NQO1 and HMOX1 antioxidant enzymes. Dithianon also induced the mRNA expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase-2 at 10 μmol.L-1. Together, these results show that exposure to chlorpyrifos, dithianon, and captan induce immunomodulatory effects that may influence the disease fighting properties of monocytes/macrophages while pesticides such as thiacloprid, thiophanate and boscalid have little influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Parny
- EA7417, BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France; PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Agnès Coste
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Agnès Aubouy
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Mouna Rahabi
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Melissa Prat
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Bernard Pipy
- PHARMADEV UMR 152, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA7417, BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France.
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Zhang ZH, Wang H, Zhang DN, Zhu GZ. Notch signaling suppresses CD14 + monocytes cells activity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. APMIS 2019; 127:642-652. [PMID: 31274210 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection always leads to chronic hepatitis via dysregulation of host immunity. Notch signaling also modulates the response of monocytes/macrophages. Thus, we aimed to investigate the regulatory role of Notch signaling to CD14+ monocytes. Forty patients with chronic hepatitis C and twenty normal controls (NC) were enrolled. CD14+ monocytes and CD4+ T cells were purified from peripheral bloods. Notch receptors' mRNA expression in CD14+ monocytes was semi-quantified by real-time PCR. Cytokine production by CD14+ monocytes in response to γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) was investigated by ELISA. GSI-induced CD14+ monocytes activity to HCV clearance in Huh7.5 cells and to CD4+ T cell differentiation was also assessed in direct and indirect contact co-culture system. Notch1 mRNA relative level was approximately 10-fold elevated in CD14+ monocytes from chronic hepatitis C patients when compared with NC. GSI stimulation resulted in enhanced cytokines production by CD14+ monocytes from chronic hepatitis C patients. GSI-stimulated CD14+ monocytes from chronic hepatitis C patients induced suppression of HCV RNA replication in both direct and indirect contact co-culture system of CD14+ monocytes and HCVcc-infected Huh7.5 cells, and this process was accompanied by elevation of interferon-γ production but not increased target cell death. Moreover, GSI stimulation also enhanced CD14+ monocytes-induced Th1 and Th17 cells activation, and this process required direct cell-to-cell contact. Effective antiviral therapy down-regulated Notch1 mRNA expression and promoted cytokine production by CD14+ monocytes from chronic hepatitis C. Current data revealed an important immunoregulatory property of Notch signaling to CD14+ monocytes in chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Dong-Na Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Ze Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Wahid A, Hamzawy MA, Khalifa MMA, Gad GFM, Bekhit A, Abdelwahab SF. RNA protein kinase SNP at -226 C<T is a biomarker for the clearance of HCV among Egyptian patients. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:211-221. [PMID: 30080984 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2018.1493496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA-dependant protein kinase R (PKR) is a primary mediator in the defence mechanism of interferon against viral replication and pathogenesis during Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. In the present study, we have examined the role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of PKR and the serum level of the same protein on the outcome of HCV-infected Egyptian patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from a total of 135 subjects, including 15 healthy controls, 40 HCV spontaneous resolvers (SRs), and 80 patients with chronic HCV infection. PKR genotyping was assessed using DNA sequencing. Finally, serum levels of PKR, TNF-α, INF-γ, and IL-10 were measured using ELISA technique. RESULTS Serum levels of PKR, TNF-α, and INF-γ showed a significant increase in SRs as compared to chronic HCV patients. On the other hand, serum levels of IL-10 were significantly higher in chronic HCV patients compared to SRs. The present study demonstrated two novel SNPs in the PKR promoter region: at -226 C/T and -141 C/G. The PKR SNP at -226 C < T correlated with HCV-infected patients (genotype 4a) outcome among Egyptians. Our data showed the unique presence of the TT genotype in SRs group (three patients: 7.5%) in PKR -226 C/T. Interestingly, subjects with the TT genotype were more likely to clear their HCV infection than those with the CC genotype. CONCLUSION Our work provides more detail about PKR gene polymorphism in HCV genotype 4a as a new clinical tool for anticipating HCV-4a infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Wahid
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Alexandria University , Alexandria , Egypt
| | - Mustafa A Hamzawy
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Mohamad M A Khalifa
- c Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Gamal F M Gad
- d Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Amany Bekhit
- b Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- e Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine , Minia University , Minia , Egypt
- f Department of Microbiology , College of Pharmacy, Taif University , KSA
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Abstract
The mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), which consists of monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), and macrophages, plays a vital role in the innate immune defense against pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is efficient in evading the host immunity, thereby facilitating its development into chronic infection. Chronic HCV infection is the leading cause of end-stage liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Acquired immune response was regarded as the key factor to eradicate HCV. However, innate immunity can regulate the acquired immune response. Innate immunity-derived cytokines shape the adaptive immunity by regulating T-cell differentiation, which determines the outcome of acute HCV infection. Inhibition of HCV-specific T-cell responses is one of the most important strategies for immune system evasion. It is meaningful to illustrate the role of innate immune response in HCV infection. With the MPS being the important factor in innate immunity, therefore, understanding the role of the MPS in HCV infection will shed light on the pathophysiology of chronic HCV infection. In this review, we outline the impact of HCV infection on the MPS and cytokine production. We discuss how HCV is detected by the MPS and describe the function and impairment of MPS components in HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zheng-Kun Tu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130061, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xing-Kai Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Świątek-Kościelna B, Kałużna E, Strauss E, Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska D, Bereszyńska I, Wysocki J, Rembowska J, Barcińska D, Antosik D, Mozer-Lisewska I, Nowak J. Interleukin 10 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms in Polish patients with chronic hepatitis C: Analysis of association with severity of disease and treatment outcome. Hum Immunol 2016; 78:192-200. [PMID: 27793650 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is suggested that interleukin 10 (IL-10), as a modulator of immune response, is likely to influence the elimination of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the progression of chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and the response to interferon-based therapy in CHC patients. The aim of the study was to analyze the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-10 gene with severity of liver disease (degree of inflammation and stage of fibrosis) and outcome of pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin combined therapy (sustained virological response (SVR) and relapse) in 196 Polish CHC patients infected with HCV genotype 1. The analysis included IL-10 promoter SNPs: -1082(A/G) rs1800896, -819(C/T) rs1800871, -592(C/A) rs1800872 and SNP in the 3' UTR of IL-10 gene: +4529(A/G) rs3024498. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP and HRM analysis. It was demonstrated that the -592C allele is associated with mild hepatic inflammation. Moreover, it was found that the -819C allele might be associated with SVR and that the ACCA haplotype and intermediate IL-10 producer ACC haplotype are associated with SVR and non-relapse. It can be concluded that IL-10 SNPs are associated with severity of disease and response to therapy and may be considered as potential prognostic and predictive markers in CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Świątek-Kościelna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewelina Kałużna
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Ewa Strauss
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; Department of General and Vascular Surgery, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Długa 1/2, 61-848 Poznan, Poland
| | - Danuta Januszkiewicz-Lewandowska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland; Department of Medical Diagnostics, Dobra 38a, 60-595 Poznan, Poland; Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna 27/33, 60-572 Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Bereszyńska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska 3, 61-288 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jacek Wysocki
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 11, 60-179 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jolanta Rembowska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Dariusz Antosik
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Mozer-Lisewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szwajcarska 3, 61-288 Poznan, Poland
| | - Jerzy Nowak
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszynska 32, 60-479 Poznan, Poland
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Shaker OG, Abdel-Rahim MT, Bayoumi ST. Gene polymorphisms of IL-10 and MxA in responders and non-responders to interferon therapy in HCV Egyptian patients genotype 4. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:617-25. [PMID: 25239021 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic liver disease, with about 170 million people infected worldwide. The standard regimen for treatment of HCV consists of a combination of pegylated interferon with ribavirin. Failure of interferon-α treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection remains a challenging obstacle. Both viral and host environmental factors have been implicated in reducing responsiveness to IFN-α therapy. Host genetic diversity is also believed to contribute to the different clinical outcomes in HCV infection. The objective of the study was to investigate the association of both IL-10 (-819 and -592) and MxA (-88 and -123) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the promoter regions, with response to interferon (IFN) therapy in Egyptian patients infected with HCV genotype 4. Polymorphisms of both genes in 85 HCV patients and 100 controls were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The frequency of SNP was compared between sustained responders (n = 52) and non-responders (n = 33), as determined by biochemical and virological response to IFN and ribavirin combined therapy. The frequency of the -819T/T and the -592A/A genotypes of IL-10 was significantly higher among responders compared to non-responders (51.92 vs 39.4 %, P = 0.03; 51.92 vs 42.42 %;P = 0.046 respectively). The G/G genotype at position -88 of the MxA gene was significantly lower in responders than in non-responders (25 vs 75.76 %, P = 0.046), whereas heterozygotes (G/T) were more likely responders (65.38 vs 18.18 %, P = 0). The -123C/A genotype was significantly associated with responders (48.08 vs 30.30 %, P = 0.014). Findings suggest that homozygosity for both -819T/T and -592A/A polymorphisms of IL-10 gene and that heterozygosity for both -88G/T and -123C/A polymorphisms of the MxA gene are important host factors that influence the response to IFN therapy in patients with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat G Shaker
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt,
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Vu T, Rahimian A, Stybayeva G, Gao Y, Kwa T, Van de Water J, Revzin A. Reconfigurable microfluidic device with integrated antibody arrays for capture, multiplexed stimulation, and cytokine profiling of human monocytes. Biomicrofluidics 2015; 9:044115. [PMID: 26339315 PMCID: PMC4529433 DOI: 10.1063/1.4928128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes represent a class of immune cells that play a key role in the innate and adaptive immune response against infections. One mechanism employed by monocytes for sensing foreign antigens is via toll-like receptors (TLRs)-transmembrane proteins that distinguish classes of foreign pathogens, for example, bacteria (TLR4, 5, and 9) vs. fungi (TLR2) vs. viruses (TLR3, 7, and 8). Binding of antigens activates a signaling cascade through TLR receptors that culminate in secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Detection of these cytokines can provide valuable clinical data for drug developers and disease investigations, but this usually requires a large sample volume and can be technically inefficient with traditional techniques such as flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or luminex. This paper describes an approach whereby antibody arrays for capturing cells and secreted cytokines are encapsulated within a microfluidic device that can be reconfigured to operate in serial or parallel mode. In serial mode, the device represents one long channel that may be perfused with a small volume of minimally processed blood. Once monocytes are captured onto antibody spots imprinted into the floor of the device, the straight channel is reconfigured to form nine individually perfusable chambers. To prove this concept, the microfluidic platform was used to capture monocytes from minimally processed human blood in serial mode and then to stimulate monocytes with different TLR agonists in parallel mode. Three cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10, were detected using anti-cytokine antibody arrays integrated into each of the six chambers. We foresee further use of this device in applications such as pediatric immunology or drug/vaccine testing where it is important to balance small sample volume with the need for high information content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Ali Rahimian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Gulnaz Stybayeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Yandong Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Timothy Kwa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California at Davis School of Medicine , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Revzin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California , 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 2619, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Zabaleta A, D'Avola D, Echeverria I, Llopiz D, Silva L, Villanueva L, Riezu-Boj JI, Larrea E, Pereboev A, Lasarte JJ, Rodriguez-Lago I, Iñarrairaegui M, Sangro B, Prieto J, Sarobe P. Clinical testing of a dendritic cell targeted therapeutic vaccine in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2015; 2:15006. [PMID: 26029717 PMCID: PMC4444996 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The lack of antiviral cellular immune responses in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection suggests that T-cell vaccines may provide therapeutic benefit. Due to the central role that dendritic cells (DC) play in the activation of T-cell responses, our aim was to carry out a therapeutic vaccination clinical trial in HCV patients using DC. Five patients with chronic HCV infection were vaccinated with three doses of 5 × 106 or 107 autologous DC transduced with a recombinant adenovirus encoding NS3 using the adapter protein CFh40L, which facilitates DC transduction and maturation. No significant adverse effects were recorded after vaccination. Treatment caused no changes in serum liver enzymes nor in viral load. Vaccination induced weak but consistent expansion of T-cell responses against NS3 and adenoviral antigens. Patients’ DC, as opposed to murine DC or DC from healthy subjects, secreted high IL-10 levels after transduction, inducing the activation of IL-10–producing T cells. IL-10 blockade during vaccine preparation restored its ability to stimulate anti-NS3 Th1 responses. Thus, vaccination with adenovirus-transduced DC is safe and induces weak antiviral immune responses. IL-10 associated with vaccine preparation may be partly responsible for these effects, suggesting that future vaccines should consider concomitant inhibition of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aintzane Zabaleta
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Delia D'Avola
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itziar Echeverria
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Diana Llopiz
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Leyre Silva
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorea Villanueva
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Riezu-Boj
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esther Larrea
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alexander Pereboev
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain ; Division of Human Gene Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iago Rodriguez-Lago
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Iñarrairaegui
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bruno Sangro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain ; Liver Unit, Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Clínica Universidad de Navarra , Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sarobe
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra , Pamplona, Spain ; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IDISNA) , Pamplona, Spain
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Abstract
Many existing studies have demonstrated that genetic variants in interleukin (IL) genes might have an impact on an individual's susceptibility to IgA nephropathy (IgAN); but individually published results are inconclusive. This meta-analysis aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the relationships between IL genetic variants and IgAN risk. We searched CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and China BioMedicine (CBM) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases from inception through August 1, 2013. Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. Seven case-control studies were included with a total of 1135 IgAN patients and 1603 healthy controls. Our meta-analysis results revealed that genetic variants in IL-1 and IL-1RN genes were associated with an increased risk of IgAN. However, similar associations were not observed in IL-6, IL-10, and IL-22R genes. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that there were significant associations between IL genetic variants and an increased risk of IgAN among both Asian and Caucasian populations. Meta-regression analyses showed that gene types may be a major source of heterogeneity. No publication bias was detected in this meta-analysis. The present meta-analysis suggests that IL genetic variants may contribute to the risk of IgAN, especially in IL-1 and IL-1RN genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Jun Liu
- 1 Department of Nephrology, Shengjing Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Zheng J, Liang H, Xu C, Xu Q, Zhang T, Shen T, Lu F. An unbalanced PD-L1/CD86 ratio in CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes is correlated with HCV viremia during chronic HCV infection. Cell Mol Immunol. 2014;11:294-304. [PMID: 24531620 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating monocyte subsets with distinct functions play important roles in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the mechanisms have not been well studied. In this study, we analyzed the distributions and phenotypic characteristics of three circulating monocyte subsets-CD14(++)CD16(-), CD14(++)CD16(+) and CD14(+/dim)CD16(+)-in chronic HCV-infected patients, HCV spontaneous resolvers and healthy controls, and we evaluated the possible link between HCV viremia and disease progression. Our results indicated that the frequency of the CD14(++)CD16(+) monocyte subset was decreased, and negatively correlated with HCV RNA and core antigen levels during chronic HCV infection. PD-L1 expression and the PD-L1/CD86 ratio in CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes were higher during chronic HCV infection than in spontaneous HCV resolvers and healthy controls. The PD-L1/CD86 ratio positively correlated with HCV viral load and core antigen levels. Finally, PD-L1 was significantly increased, while cytokine secretions were dramatically decreased upon Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligand binding and HCV JFH-1stimulation. These findings indicates the compromised immune status of the CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes during chronic HCV infection and provides new insights into the specific role of the CD14(++)CD16(+) monocytes and their significance in chronic HCV infection.
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XU XIAODONG, YU XIAOJIE, DENG XIAOZHAO, YUE MING, ZHANG JINHAI, ZHU DANYAN, ZHOU ZHENXIAN, ZHAI XIANGJUN, XU KE, ZHANG YUN. Hepatitis C virus alternate reading frame protein decreases interferon-α secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:730-736. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2013.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
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12
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Xu X, Yu X, Deng X, Yue M, Zhang J, Zhu D, Zhou Z, Zhai X, Xu K, Zhang Y. Hepatitis C virus alternate reading frame protein decreases interferon-α secretion in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:730-6. [PMID: 24270940 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) alternate reading frame protein (ARFP or F protein) of the HCV 1b genotype is a double-frameshift product of the HCV core protein (Core). The discovery of HCV F protein challenges various biological functions attributed to Core. However, the specific characteristics of the host cellular immune response to F protein during HCV infection have yet to be fully elucidated. Therefore, the present study investigated the cytokine response to HCV Core or F protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) from patients with chronic HCV and healthy donors in vitro. The results demonstrated that the levels of interferon (IFN)-α, analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, secreted by PBMCs in patients positive for the anti-F protein antibody, were lower than those of patients negative for the anti-F protein antibody. Moreover, the frequency of PDCs in patients negative for the anti-F protein antibody, were higher than in the group positive for the anti-F protein antibody. Furthermore, HCV F protein and Core not only inhibited specific unmethylated CpG oligonucleotide sequences of type A (CpG‑A)-induced IFN-α production by PBMCs and PDCs, but also upregulated the production of interleukin (IL)-10 by PBMCs in patients with chronic HCV and healthy controls. Notably, following neutralization of IL-10 in the media and in vitro Core or F protein stimulation, levels of IFN-α were increased. Moreover, the results revealed that the roles of F protein and Core were similar with regard to the induction of apoptosis of PDCs in patients with chronic HCV. These findings suggest that F protein may inhibit PBMC IFN-α secretion by regulating the production of IL-10, and may contribute to an increase in the rates of apoptosis in PDCs. In conclusion, the results have revealed a potential involvement of F protein in the mechanisms of chronic hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhao Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yue
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Zhang
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Danyan Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxian Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nanjing Second Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210003, P.R. China
| | - Xiangjun Zhai
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Acute Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Province Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Huadong Research Institute for Medicine and Biotechnics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Miravète M, Dissard R, Klein J, Gonzalez J, Caubet C, Pecher C, Pipy B, Bascands JL, Mercier-Bonin M, Schanstra JP, Buffin-Meyer B. Renal tubular fluid shear stress facilitates monocyte activation toward inflammatory macrophages. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1409-17. [PMID: 22419690 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00409.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Modified urinary fluid shear stress (FSS) induced by variations of urinary fluid flow and composition is observed in early phases of most kidney diseases. Recently, we reported that renal tubular FSS promotes endothelial cell activation and subsequent adhesion of human monocytes, thereby suggesting that changes in urinary FSS can induce the development of inflammation (Miravète M, Klein J, Besse-Patin A, Gonzalez J, Pecher C, Bascands JL, Mercier-Bonin M, Schanstra JP, Buffin-Meyer B, BBRC 407: 813-817, 2011). Here, we evaluated the influence of tubular FSS on monocytes as they play an important role in the progression of inflammation in nephropathies. Human renal tubular cells (HK-2) were exposed to FSS 0.01 Pa for 30 min or 5 h. Treatment of human THP-1 monocytes with the resulting conditioned medium (FSS-CM) modified the expression of macrophage differentiation markers, suggesting differentiation toward the inflammatory M1-type macrophage. The effect was confirmed in freshly isolated human monocytes. In contrast to endothelial cells, the activation of monocytes by FSS-CM did not require TNF-α. Cytokine array analysis of FSS-CM showed that FSS modified secretion of cytokines by HK-2 cells, particularly by increasing secretion of TGF-β and by decreasing secretion of C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Neutralization of TGF-β or CCL2 supplementation attenuated the effect of FSS-CM on macrophage differentiation. Finally, FSS-injured HK-2 cells expressed and secreted early biomarkers of tubular damage such as kidney injury molecule 1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. In conclusion, changes in urinary FSS should now also be considered as potential insults for tubular cells that initiate/perpetuate interstitial inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Miravète
- INSERM U1048/I2MC-Equipe 12, 2Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Instituteof Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 1 Av. Jean Poulhès, Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Meunier E, Coste A, Olagnier D, Authier H, Lefèvre L, Dardenne C, Bernad J, Béraud M, Flahaut E, Pipy B. Double-walled carbon nanotubes trigger IL-1β release in human monocytes through Nlrp3 inflammasome activation. Nanomedicine 2012; 8:987-95. [PMID: 22100755 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Because of their outstanding physical properties, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are promising new materials in the field of nanotechnology. It is therefore imperative to assess their adverse effects on human health. Monocytes/macrophages that recognize and eliminate the inert particles constitute the main target of CNTs. In this article, we report our finding that double-walled CNTs (DWCNTs) synergize with Toll-like receptor agonists to enhance IL-1β release in human monocytes. We show that DWCNTs-induced IL-1β secretion is exclusively linked to caspase-1 and to Nlrp3 inflammasome activation in human monocytes. We also establish that this activation requires DWCNTs phagocytosis and potassium efflux, but not reactive oxygen specied (ROS) generation. Moreover, inhibition of lysosomal acidification or cathepsin-B activation reduces DWCNT-induced IL-1β secretion, suggesting that Nlrp3 inflammasome activation occurs via lysosomal destabilization. Thus, DWCNTs present a health hazard due to their capacity to activate Nlrp3 inflammasome, recalling the inflammation caused by asbestos and hence demonstrating that they should be used with caution.
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Peng C, Liu BS, de Knegt RJ, Janssen HLA, Boonstra A. The response to TLR ligation of human CD16⁺CD14⁻ monocytes is weakly modulated as a consequence of persistent infection with the hepatitis C virus. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1505-11. [PMID: 21531464 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the frequency and function of CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes from chronic HCV patients. We observed that the absolute numbers and ratio of CD16(+)CD14(-) to CD14(+)CD16(-) monocytes were similar between chronic HCV patients and healthy individuals. Functionally, we found that CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes are more responsive to TLR8-ligation and only weakly responsive to LPS stimulation in producing TNF as compared to CD14(+)CD16(-) monocytes. We found no overt impairment of the function of CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes from patients, except for an augmented induction of MIP-1β-producing CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes upon TLR4-ligation. However, the increased frequency of MIP-1β-producing CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes was not associated with viral load, ALT or fibrosis level. Our findings indicate that, different from other infectious diseases, the frequency and function of CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes are only minimally altered as a consequence of the persistent state of HCV infections, and our findings therefore do not suggest a role for CD16(+)CD14(-) monocytes in HCV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Liu BS, Groothuismink ZMA, Janssen HLA, Boonstra A. Role for IL-10 in inducing functional impairment of monocytes upon TLR4 ligation in patients with chronic HCV infections. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:981-8. [PMID: 21385948 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1210680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The consequences of chronic infection with the HCV on immunity to distinct pathogens are not fully appreciated, despite the potent modulatory effects of HCV on the immune system. We observed that upon TLR4 ligation, monocytes from chronic HCV patients demonstrated three to five times lower TNF and IL-12p40 production as compared with healthy individuals. However, augmented production of TNF, IL-12p40, and IL-12p70 by monocytes was observed upon stimulation with R848. Importantly, we observed that the levels of IL-10 in chronic HCV patients are higher in serum and that more IL-10 is produced by monocytes as compared with healthy individuals. The inhibitory effect of IL-10 on the production of proinflammatory cytokines by monocytes was only observed upon LPS stimulation but not upon R848 stimulation, showing that only the TLR4 pathway in monocytes is sensitive to the suppressive effects of IL-10. Interestingly, monocytes stimulated with the TLR4 agonist, but not TLR8 agonist, produced higher levels of IL-10 when exposed to patient serum as compared with serum from healthy individuals. Our results indicate that by differentially affecting TLR4 and TLR8 pathways, IL-10 may mediate highly selective modulation of the function of monocytes observed in chronic HCV patients. This suggests that there is no overall increased susceptibility to pathogens but a specific suppression of the functionality of TLR4 signaling pathway in monocytes, which is, at least partly, mediated via IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Sheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Younossi ZM, Limongi D, Stepanova M, Pierobon M, Afendy A, Mehta R, Baranova A, Liotta L, Petricoin E. Protein Pathway Activation Associated with Sustained Virologic Response in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C Treated with Pegylated Interferon (PEG-IFN) and Ribavirin (RBV). J Proteome Res 2011; 10:774-9. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100923u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zobair M. Younossi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Dolores Limongi
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Maria Stepanova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Mariaelena Pierobon
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Arian Afendy
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Rohini Mehta
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Ancha Baranova
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Lance. Liotta
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
| | - Emanuel. Petricoin
- Betty and Guy Beatty Center for Integrated Research, Inova Health System, and Center for Liver Diseases, Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia, 22042, United States, and Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine and Molecular and Microbiology Department, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, 22042, United States
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Oldstone MB, Campbell KP. Decoding arenavirus pathogenesis: essential roles for alpha-dystroglycan-virus interactions and the immune response. Virology 2011; 411:170-9. [PMID: 21185048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis following a virus infection results from interactions between the virus and its host. The outcome is determined by tipping the balance between virulence of the virus or susceptibility/resistance of the host to favor one or the other. This review focuses on two important members of the Old World arenavirus family: Lassa fever virus (LFV), a robust human pathogen that causes a severe acute hemorrhagic disease; and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), also a human pathogen but better known in the context of its rodent model. Research with this model has uncovered and illuminated many of our current concepts in immunobiology and viral pathogenesis. Presented here are recent advances that form the framework for a better understanding of how viruses induce and maintain persistent infection as well as for the pathogenesis associated with acute LFV infection. A major component for understanding the pathogenesis of these arenaviruses revolves around study of the interaction of virus with its receptor, alpha-dystroglycan (α-DG).
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Bengsch B, Thimme R, Blum HE. Role of host genetic factors in the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection. Viruses 2009; 1:104-125. [PMID: 21994541 PMCID: PMC3185494 DOI: 10.3390/v1020104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is determined by a complex interplay between host genetic, immunological and viral factors. This review highlights genes involved in innate and adaptive immune responses associated with different outcomes of HCV infection. For example, an association of HCV clearance with certain HLA alleles has been demonstrated. The mechanisms responsible for these associations have been linked to specific T cell responses for some particular alleles (e.g., HLA-B27). Genetic associations involved in T cell regulation and function further underline the role of the adaptive immune response in the natural history of HCV infection. In addition, some genes involved in innate NK cell responses demonstrate the complex interplay between components of the immune system necessary for a successful host response to HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Thimme
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +49-761-270-3280; Fax: +49-761-270-3725
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