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Li C, Cao R, Qian S, Qiao C, Liu X, Zhou Z, Li Z. Clostridium butyricum CB1 up-regulates FcRn expression via activation of TLR2/4-NF-κB signaling pathway in porcine small intestinal cells. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 240:110317. [PMID: 34461425 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) mediates the bidirectional transport of immunoglobulin G (IgG) across hyperpolarized epithelial cells. Overexpression of FcRn increases serum IgG and humoral immune response. Probiotics can improve the host's serum and intestinal mucosal IgG. However, whether probiotics regulate FcRn and its specific mechanism are still unclear. Our research showed that heat inactivated Clostridium butyricum CB1 (heat-inactivated CB1) up-regulated FcRn expression in porcine small intestinal epithelial (IPI-2I) cells. Furthermore, heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Moreover, FcRn expression decreased after blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway by NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7028, suggesting that heat-inactivated CB1 induced FcRn expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Using small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), we found that knockdown of TLR2/4, MyD88 and TRIF reduced NF-κB activity induced by heat-inactivated CB1, as well as up-regulation of FcRn expression after heat-inactivated CB1 stimulation. Taken together, our data indicated that heat-inactivated CB1 up-regulated FcRn expression via TLR2/4-MyD88/TRIF-NF-κB signaling pathway. These results provided a new perspective for us to understand the enhancement of C. butyricum on intestinal mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaoju Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenyuan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zutao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
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Santos-Vigil KI, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, García-Hernández AL, Herrera-García JS, Moreno-Fierros L. Study of the allergenic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin following intra-gastric administration in a murine model of food-allergy. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:185-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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3
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Joshi SS, Barnett B, Doerrer NG, Glenn K, Herman RA, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hunst P, Kough J, Ladics GS, McClain S, Papineni S, Poulsen LK, Rascle JB, Tao AL, van Ree R, Ward J, Bowman CC. Assessment of potential adjuvanticity of Cry proteins. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 79:149-155. [PMID: 27105772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) crops have achieved success in the marketplace and their benefits extend beyond the overall increase in harvest yields to include lowered use of insecticides and decreased carbon dioxide emissions. The most widely grown GM crops contain gene/s for targeted insect protection, herbicide tolerance, or both. Plant expression of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crystal (Cry) insecticidal proteins have been the primary way to impart insect resistance in GM crops. Although deemed safe by regulatory agencies globally, previous studies have been the basis for discussions around the potential immuno-adjuvant effects of Cry proteins. These studies had limitations in study design. The studies used animal models with extremely high doses of Cry proteins, which when given using the ig route were co-administered with an adjuvant. Although the presumption exists that Cry proteins may have immunostimulatory activity and therefore an adjuvanticity risk, the evidence shows that Cry proteins are expressed at very low levels in GM crops and are unlikely to function as adjuvants. This conclusion is based on critical review of the published literature on the effects of immunomodulation by Cry proteins, the history of safe use of Cry proteins in foods, safety of the Bt donor organisms, and pre-market weight-of-evidence-based safety assessments for GM crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S Joshi
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Brian Barnett
- BASF Plant Science, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Nancy G Doerrer
- ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute, 1156 Fifteenth St., NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20005, USA.
| | - Kevin Glenn
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Rod A Herman
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | | | - Penny Hunst
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - John Kough
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Ariel Rios Building, MC 7511P, 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20460, USA.
| | - Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, 1090 Elkton Road, Newark, DE 19711, USA.
| | - Scott McClain
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 3054 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Sabitha Papineni
- Dow AgroSciences, 9330 Zionsville Rd, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA.
| | - Lars K Poulsen
- Allergy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital at Gentofte, Niels Andersens Vej 65, Dept. 22, 1st Floor, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rascle
- Bayer SAS, Bayer CropScience, 355 Rue Dostoïevski, 06903 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Ai-Lin Tao
- Guangzhou Medical University, 250 Changgang Road East, Guangzhou 510260, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Departments of Experimental Immunology and Otorhinolaryngology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Room K0-130, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jason Ward
- Monsanto Company, 800 North Lindbergh Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63167, USA.
| | - Christal C Bowman
- Bayer CropScience, 2 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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4
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Moreno-Fierros L, Verdín-Terán SL, García-Hernández AL. Intraperitoneal Immunization with Cry1Ac Protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis Provokes Upregulation of Fc-Gamma-II/and Fc-Gamma-III Receptors Associated with IgG in the Intestinal Epithelium of Mice. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:35-47. [PMID: 25904149 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In humans, intestinal epithelial FcRn is expressed throughout life and mediates the bidirectional transport of IgG, but in mice, it is markedly expressed in neonatal intestine. In adults, its expression is only faintly upregulated after intestinal IgG induction such as that elicited by i.p. immunization with Cry1Ac protoxin (pCry1Ac) Bacillus thuringiensis. This led us to suggest that additional Fcγ receptors (Fcγ-R) may be participating in epithelial IgG uptake. So, first we determined whether CD16/32 [an epitope shared by Fcγ-RII (CD32) and Fcγ-RIII (CD16)] was expressed in the intestinal epithelia of mice. Using confocal microscopy and flow cytometry, we detected co-localization of IgG and CD16/32 in epithelial cells, whose frequency was increased by immunization with pCry1Ac. Western blot and cross-immunoprecipitation results with anti-CD16/32 and IgG antibodies in epithelial cell extracts suggested that epithelial cells bear both Fcγ-RII and Fcγ-RIII and contained IgG associated with Fcγ-RII/RIII. Using anti-CD32 and anti-CD16 antibodies, we confirmed by Western blot, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry that both Fcγ-RII and Fcγ-RIII were expressed and suggested that upregulation occurred upon immunization in intestinal epithelia. Finally, we examined the in vitro effect of anti-CD16/32, anti-CD16 and anti-CD32 antibodies on IgG uptake and transport by intestinal epithelial cells and found that it was partially reduced. Although further studies are still required, our results suggest that Fcγ-RII and Fcγ-RIII might participate in the uptake and/or transport of IgG through the intestinal epithelia of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moreno-Fierros
- Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - S L Verdín-Terán
- Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
| | - A L García-Hernández
- Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, FES-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Edo. de México, México
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5
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Mouse intestinal innate immune responses altered by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:954-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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No adjuvant effect of Bacillus thuringiensis-maize on allergic responses in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103979. [PMID: 25084284 PMCID: PMC4118972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified (GM) foods are evaluated carefully for their ability to induce allergic disease. However, few studies have tested the capacity of a GM food to act as an adjuvant, i.e. influencing allergic responses to other unrelated allergens at acute onset and in individuals with pre-existing allergy. We sought to evaluate the effect of short-term feeding of GM Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-maize (MON810) on the initiation and relapse of allergic asthma in mice. BALB/c mice were provided a diet containing 33% GM or non-GM maize for up to 34 days either before ovalbumin (OVA)-induced experimental allergic asthma or disease relapse in mice with pre-existing allergy. We observed that GM-maize feeding did not affect OVA-induced eosinophilic airway and lung inflammation, mucus hypersecretion or OVA-specific antibody production at initiation or relapse of allergic asthma. There was no adjuvant effect upon GM-maize consumption on the onset or severity of allergic responses in a mouse model of allergic asthma.
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Moreno-Fierros L, García-Hernández AL, Ilhuicatzi-Alvarado D, Rivera-Santiago L, Torres-Martínez M, Rubio-Infante N, Legorreta-Herrera M. Cry1Ac protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis promotes macrophage activation by upregulating CD80 and CD86 and by inducing IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1051-66. [PMID: 24157331 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac protoxin (pCry1Ac) is a promising mucosal adjuvant, but its action mechanism is unknown. We examined in vivo whether pCry1Ac promotes the activation of macrophages in the peritoneum, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes or in the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage after intraperitoneal or intranasal pCry1Ac administration, respectively, in BALB/c mice. pCry1Ac upregulated the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 in these macrophages, but with distinct kinetics. In vitro stimulation of resident macrophages with pCry1Ac upregulated CD80 and CD86 and enhanced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1. To investigate whether the pCry1Ac-induced activation was mediated through MAPK pathways, we pretreated RAW 264.7 cells with signaling inhibitors of MEK, JNK and p38 MAPKs (PD98059, SP600125 and SB203580, respectively). pCry1Ac-induced upregulation of CD86 and CD80 was partially inhibited by the MEK inhibitor. While LPS-induced upregulation mechanisms of CD80 and CD86 appear to be different; as these were particularly inhibited by MEK and JNK inhibitors, respectively. pCry1Ac-induced IL-6 and MCP-1 production was especially inhibited with the p38 MAPK inhibitor, whereas TNF-α was only slightly inhibited upon treatment with JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors. Therefore macrophage stimulation with pCry1Ac induced the upregulation of CD80 and CD86, and the production of IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1, possibly, through the MEK and p38 MAPK pathways. It also promoted the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50 and p65, the upregulation of MHC-II, and the activation of T CD4+ cells. These results suggest that pCry1Ac induced macrophage activation through mechanisms which differ partially from the LPS-induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Moreno-Fierros
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad en Mucosas, Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla 54090, Estado de México, México.
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Kliwinski C, Cooper PR, Perkinson R, Mabus JR, Tam SH, Wilkinson TM, Giles-Komar J, Scallon B, Powers GD, Hornby PJ. Contribution of FcRn binding to intestinal uptake of IgG in suckling rat pups and human FcRn-transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G262-70. [PMID: 23220220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00340.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is transcytosed across intestinal epithelial cells of suckling mammals by the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn); however, the contribution of FcRn vs. FcRn-independent uptake to serum IgG levels had not been determined in either rat pups or human (h)FcRn-expressing mice (Tg276 and Tg32). In isoflurane-anesthetized rodents, serum levels were determined after regional intestinal delivery of human monoclonal antibodies (hIgG) with either wild-type (WT) Fc sequences or variants engineered for different FcRn binding affinities. Detection of full-length hIgG was by immunoassay; intestinal hFcRn and hIgG localization was by immunocytochemistry. High (μg/ml) serum levels of hIgG were detected after proximal intestinal delivery (0.1-10 mg/kg) in 2-wk-old rats. Human FcRn was visualized in epithelial cells of Tg276 mice, but low serum hIgG levels (<10 ng/ml) were obtained. In rat pups, intraintestinal hIgG1 WT administration resulted in dose-related and saturable uptake, whereas uptake of a low FcRn-binding affinity variant was nonsaturable. There were no differences in hIgG levels from systemic and hepatic portal vein serum samples, and intense hIgG immunostaining was noted in villi enterocytes and within lymphatic lacteal-like vessels. This study demonstrated that FcRn-mediated uptake in rat pups accounted for ~80% of serum hIgG levels and that IgG enters the circulation via the lymph and not the hepatic portal vein. The remaining uptake though the immature intestine is nonreceptor mediated. Intestinal epithelial cell hFcRn expression occurred in Tg276 mice, but receptor-mediated transport of IgG was not observed. The suckling rat pup intestine is a mechanistic model of FcRn-IgG-mediated transcytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kliwinski
- Biologics Toxicology, Biotechnology Center of Excellence, Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
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Gan H, Feng S, Wu H, Sun Y, Hu R, Zhao Z, Zhang Z. Neonatal Fc receptor stimulation induces ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase-1 overexpression in podocytes through activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Hum Pathol 2012; 43:1482-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Crossing the barrier: Targeting epithelial receptors for enhanced oral vaccine delivery. J Control Release 2012; 160:431-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Fonseca-Coronado S, Ruiz-Tovar K, Pérez-Tapia M, Mendlovic F, Flisser A. Taenia solium: Immune response against oral or systemic immunization with purified recombinant calreticulin in mice. Exp Parasitol 2011; 127:313-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 05/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Vaccine-induced intestinal immunity to ricin toxin in the absence of secretory IgA. Vaccine 2010; 29:681-9. [PMID: 21115050 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The RNA N-glycosidase ribosome inactivating proteins (RIPs) constitute a ubiquitous family of plant- and bacterium-derived toxins that includes the category B select agents ricin, abrin and shiga toxin. While these toxins are potent inducers of intestinal epithelial cell death and inflammation, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying mucosal immunity to these toxins. In the present study, we report that secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies are not required for intestinal immunity to ricin, as evidenced by the fact that mice devoid of SIgA, due to a mutation in the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, were impervious to the effects of intragastric toxin challenge following ricin toxoid immunization. Furthermore, parenteral administration of ricin-specific monoclonal IgGs, directed against either ricin's enzymatic subunit (RTA) or ricin's binding subunit (RTB), to wild type mice was as effective as monoclonal IgAs with comparable specificities in imparting intestinal immunity to ricin. These data are consistent with reports from others demonstrating that immunization of mice by routes known not to induce mucosal antibody responses (e.g., intramuscular and intradermal) is sufficient to elicit protection against both systemic and mucosal ricin challenges.
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Kuo TT, Baker K, Yoshida M, Qiao SW, Aveson VG, Lencer WI, Blumberg RS. Neonatal Fc receptor: from immunity to therapeutics. J Clin Immunol 2010; 30:777-89. [PMID: 20886282 PMCID: PMC2970823 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), also known as the Brambell receptor and encoded by Fcgrt, is a MHC class I like molecule that functions to protect IgG and albumin from catabolism, mediates transport of IgG across epithelial cells, and is involved in antigen presentation by professional antigen presenting cells. Its function is evident in early life in the transport of IgG from mother to fetus and neonate for passive immunity and later in the development of adaptive immunity and other functions throughout life. The unique ability of this receptor to prolong the half-life of IgG and albumin has guided engineering of novel therapeutics. Here, we aim to summarize the basic understanding of FcRn biology, its functions in various organs, and the therapeutic design of antibody- and albumin-based therapeutics in light of their interactions with FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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